Tuscish tung

Tuscan (Italian: dialetto toscano [djaˈlɛtto toˈskaːno; di.a-]; locally: vernacolo) is a set of Italo-Dalmatian varieties of Romance mainly spoken in Tuscany, Italy.

Standard Italian is based on Tuscan, specifically on its Florentine dialect, and it became the language of culture throughout Italy[1] due to the prestige of the works by Dante Alighieri, Petrarch, Giovanni Boccaccio, Niccolò Machiavelli, and Francesco Guicciardini. It would later become the official language of all the Italian states and of the Kingdom of Italy when it was formed.

Subdialects[edit]
Dialects and Languages of Italy by groups[2][3][4][5] (Tuscan dialect group in light azure).

In "De vulgari eloquentia", Dante Alighieri distinguishes four main subdialects about 1300: fiorentino (Florence), senese (Siena), lucchese (Lucca) and aretino (Arezzo).

Tuscan is a dialect complex composed of many local variants, with minor differences among them.

The main subdivisions are between Northern Tuscan dialects, the Southern Tuscan dialects, and Corsican.

The Northern Tuscan dialects are (from east to west): The Southern Tuscan dialects are (from east to west): Corsican on the island of Corsica and the Corso-Sardinian transitional varieties spoken in northern Sardinia (Gallurese and Sassarese) are classified by scholars as a direct offshoot from medieval Tuscan,[6] even though they now constitute a distinct linguistic group.
 * Fiorentino, the main dialect of Florence, Chianti and the Mugello region, also spoken in Prato and along the river Arno as far as the city of Fucecchio.
 * Pistoiese, spoken in the city of Pistoia and nearest zones (some linguists include this dialect in Fiorentino).
 * Pesciatino or Valdinievolese, spoken in the Valdinievole zone, in the cities of Pescia and Montecatini Terme (some linguists include this dialect in Lucchese).
 * Lucchese, spoken in Lucca and nearby hills (Lucchesia).
 * Versiliese, spoken in the historical area of Versilia.
 * Viareggino, spoken in Viareggio and vicinity.
 * Pisano-Livornese, spoken in Pisa, in Livorno, and the vicinity, and along the coast from Livorno to Cecina.
 * Aretino-Chianaiolo, spoken in Arezzo and the Valdichiana.
 * Senese, spoken in the city and province of Siena.
 * Grossetano, spoken in Grosseto and along the southern coast.
 * Elbano, spoken on the island of Elba.

Speakers[edit]
Excluding the inhabitants of Province of Massa and Carrara, who speak an Emilian variety of a Gallo-Italic language, around 3,500,000 people speak the Tuscan dialect.

Dialectal features[edit]
The Tuscan dialect as a whole has certain defining features, with subdialects that are distinguished by minor details.

Tuscan gorgia[edit]
The Tuscan gorgia affects the voiceless stop consonants /k/ /t/ and /p/. They are often pronounced as fricatives in post-vocalic position when not blocked by the competing phenomenon of syntactic gemination:
 * /k/ → [h]
 * /t/ → [θ]
 * /p/ → [ɸ]

Weakening of G and C[edit]
A phonetic phenomenon is the intervocalic weakening of the Italian soft g, the voiced affricate /dʒ/ (g as in judge) and soft c, the voiceless affricate /tʃ/ (ch as in church), known as attenuation, or, more commonly, as deaffrication.

Between vowels, the voiced post-alveolar affricate consonant is realized as voiced post-alveolar fricative (z of azure): /dʒ/ → [ʒ]. This phenomenon is very evident in daily speech (common also in Umbria and elsewhere in Central Italy): the phrase la gente, 'the people', in standard Italian is pronounced [la ˈdʒɛnte], but in Tuscan it is [la ˈʒɛnte].

Similarly, the voiceless post-alveolar affricate is pronounced as a voiceless post-alveolar fricative between two vowels: /tʃ/ → [ʃ]. The sequence /la ˈtʃena/ la cena, 'the dinner', in standard Italian is pronounced [la ˈtʃeːna], but in Tuscan it is [la ˈʃeːna]. As a result of this weakening rule, there are a few minimal pairs distinguished only by length of the voiceless fricative (e.g. [laʃeˈrɔ] lacerò 'it/he/she ripped' vs. [laʃʃeˈrɔ] lascerò 'I will leave/let').

Affrication of S[edit]
A less common phonetic phenomenon is the realization of "voiceless s" (voiceless alveolar fricative /s/) as the voiceless alveolar affricate [ts] when preceded by /r/, /l/, or /n/. /s/ → [ts]. For example, il sole (the sun), pronounced in standard Italian as [il ˈsoːle], would be in theory pronounced by a Tuscan speaker [il ˈtsoːle]. However, since assimilation of the final consonant of the article to the following consonant tends to occur in exactly such cases (see "Masculine definite articles" below) the actual pronunciation will be usually [is ˈsoːle]. Affrication of /s/ can more commonly be heard word-internally, as in falso (false) /ˈfalso/ → [ˈfaltso]. This is a common phenomenon in Central Italy, but it is not exclusive to that area; for example it also happens in Switzerland (Canton Ticino).

No dipththongization of /ɔ/[edit]
There are two Tuscan historical outcomes of Latin ŏ in stressed open syllables. Passing first through a stage /ɔ/, the vowel then develops as a diphthong [wɔ]. This phenomenon never gained universal acceptance, however, so that while forms with the diphthong came to be accepted as standard Italian (e.g. fuoco, buono, nuovo), the monophthong remains in popular speech (foco, bono, novo).

Accusative "te" for "tu"[edit]
A characteristic of Tuscan dialect is the use of the accusative pronoun te in emphatic clauses of the type "You! What are you doing here?".
 * Standard Italian: tu lo farai, no? ' You' ll do it, won't you?'
 * Tuscan: Te lo farai, no?
 * Standard Italian: tu, vieni qua! ' You' , come here!'
 * Tuscan: Te, vieni qua!

Double dative pronoun[edit]
A morphological phenomenon, cited also by Alessandro Manzoni in his masterpiece "I promessi sposi" (The Betrothed), is the doubling of the dative pronoun.

For the use of a personal pronoun as indirect object (to someone, to something), also called dative case, the standard Italian makes use of a construction preposition + pronoun a me (to me), or it makes use of a synthetic pronoun form, mi (to me). The Tuscan dialect makes use of both in the same sentence as a kind of intensification[citation needed] of the dative/indirect object: This usage is widespread throughout the central regions of Italy, not only in Tuscany, and is often considered redundant and erroneous by language purists.
 * In Standard Italian: a me piace or mi piace ("I like it"; literally, "it pleases me")
 * In Tuscan: a me mi piace ("I like it")

In some dialects the double accusative pronoun me mi vedi (lit: You see me me) can be heard, but it is considered an archaic form.

Masculine definite articles[edit]
The singular and plural masculine definite articles can both be realized phonetically as [i] in Florentine varieties of Tuscan, but are distinguished by their phonological effect on following consonants. The singular provokes lengthening of the following consonant: [i kkaːne] 'the dog', whereas the plural permits consonant weakening: [i haːni] 'the dogs'. As in Italian, masc. sing. lo occurs before consonants long by nature or not permitting /l/ in clusters is normal (lo zio 'the uncle', lo studente 'the student'), although forms such as i zio can be heard in rustic varieties.

Noi + impersonal si[edit]
A morpholosyntactic phenomenon found throughout Tuscany is the personal use of the particle identical to impersonal si (not to be confused with passive si or the reflexive si), as the first person plural. It is basically the same as the use of on in French.

It's possible to use the construction si + Third person in singular, which can be preceded by the first plural person pronoun noi. The phenomenon is found in all verb tenses, including compound tenses. In these tenses, the use of si requires a form of essere (to be) as auxiliary verb. If the verb is one that otherwise selects auxiliary avere in compound constructions, the past participle does not agree with the subject in gender and number: If the verb normally requires essere, the past participle is marked as plural: Usually si contracts before è: si è → s'è.
 * Standard Italian: Andiamo a mangiare (We're going to eat), Noi andiamo là (We go there)
 * Tuscan: Si va a mangià (We're going to eat), Noi si va là (We go there)
 * Italian: Abbiamo mangiato al ristorante.
 * Tuscan: S'è mangiato al ristorante.
 * Italian: Siamo andati al cinema.
 * Tuscan: S'è andati al cinema.

Fo (faccio) and vo (vado)[edit]
Another morphological phenomenon in the Tuscan dialect is what might appear to be shortening of first singular verb forms in the present tense of fare (to do, to make) and andare (to go). These forms have two origins. Natural phonological change alone can account for loss of /d/ and reduction of /ao/ to /o/ in the case of /vado/ > */vao/ > /vo/. A case such as Latin: sapio > Italian so (I know), however, admits no such phonological account: the expected outcome of /sapio/ would be */sappjo/, with a normal lengthening of the consonant preceding yod.
 * Fare: It. faccio Tusc. fo (I do, I make)
 * Andare: It. vado Tusc. vo (I go)

What seems to have taken place is a realignment of the paradigm in accordance with the statistically minor but highly frequent paradigms of dare (give) and stare (be, stay). Thus so, sai, sa, sanno (all singulars and 3rd personal plural of 'know') come to fit the template of do, dai, dà, danno ('give'), sto, stai, sta, stanno ('be, stay'), and fo, fai, fa, fanno ('make, do') follows the same pattern. The form vo, while quite possibly a natural phonological development, seems to have been reinforced by analogy in this case.

Loss of infinitival "-re" [edit]
A phonological phenomenon that might appear to be a morphological one is the loss of the infinitival ending -re of verbs. Stress remains on the same vowel that is stressed in the full form, so that the infinitive can come to coincide with various conjugated singulars: pèrde 'to lose', pèrde 's/he loses'; finì 'to finish', finì 's/he finished'. This homophony seldom, if ever, causes confusion, as they usually appear in distinct syntactic contexts.
 * andàre → andà
 * pèrdere → pèrde
 * finìre → finì

While the infinitive without -re is universal in some subtypes such as Pisano-Livornese, in the vicinity of Florence alternations are regular, so that the full infinitive (e.g. vedere 'to see') appears when followed by a pause, and the clipped form (vedé) is found when phrase internal. The consonant of enclitics is lengthened if preceded by stressed vowel (vedèllo 'to see it', portàcci 'to bring us'), but not when the preceding vowel of the infinitive is unstressed (lèggelo 'to read it', pèrdeti 'to lose you').

A similar process is found in Catalan and its dialects. Final infinitive -r is not pronounced, so anar is realised as /ə'na/.

The biggest differences among dialects is in the lexicon, which also distinguishes the different subdialects. The Tuscan lexicon is almost entirely shared with standard Italian, but many words may be perceived as obsolete or literary by non-Tuscans. There are a number of strictly regional words and expressions too.

Lexicon
Characteristically Tuscan words:
 * accomodare (which means "to arrange" in standard Italian) for riparare (to repair)
 * babbo (standard form in Italian before the French loanword papa) for papà (dad)
 * bove (literary form in standard Italian) for bue (ox)
 * cacio for formaggio (cheese), especially for Pecorino
 * calzoni (literary form in standard Italian) for pantaloni
 * camiciola for canottiera (undervest)
 * cannella (cinnamon in standard Italian) for rubinetto (tap).
 * capo (literary form in standard Italian) for testa (head)
 * cencio for straccio (rag, tatters) (but also straccio is widely used in Tuscany)
 * chetarsi (literary form in standard Italian) for fare silenzio (to be silent)
 * codesto (literary form in standard Italian) is a pronoun which specifically identifies an object far from the speaker, but near the listener (corresponding in meaning to Latin iste).
 * costì or costà is a locative adverb which refers to a place far from the speaker, but near the listener. It relates to codesto as qui/qua relates to questo, and lì/là to quello
 * desinare (literary form in standard Italian) for pranzare (to have lunch)
 * diaccio for ghiacciato, freddo (frozen, cold)
 * essi for sii (second-person singular imperative form of 'to be')
 * furia (which means "fury" in standard Italian) for fretta (hurry)
 * golpe for volpe (fox)
 * garbare for piacere (to like) (but also piacere is sometimes used in Tuscany)
 * gota (literary form in standard Italian) for guancia (cheek)
 * ire for andare (to go) (only some forms as ito (gone))
 * lapis for matita (pencil) (cfr. Spanish lápiz)
 * popone for melone (cantaloupe)
 * punto for per nulla or niente affatto (not at all) in negative sentences (cf. French ne ... point)
 * rigovernare for lavare i piatti (to do/wash the dishes)
 * sciocco (which means "silly" or "stupid" in standard Italian) for insipido (insipid)
 * sistola for tubo da giardinaggio (garden hose)
 * sortì for uscire (to exit) (cfr. French sortir)
 * sudicio for spazzatura (garbage) as a noun and for sporco (dirty) as an adjective
 * termosifone or radiatore for calorifero (radiator)
 * tocco for le 13 (one p.m.), lunch time