For the Roufrithsoned sunder, see Churl the I.
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Carl I (19 November 1600 – 30 January 1649) was King of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649. He was born into the House of Stuart as the second son of King James VI of Scotland, but after his father got
the English throne in 1603 (as James I), he moved to England, where he spent much of the rest of his life. He became heir apparent to the three kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland in 1612 on the death of his elder brother Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales. An unsuccessful and unpopular attempt to wed him to the Spanish Habsburg princess Maria Anna culminated in an eight-month visit to Spain in 1623 that demonstrated the futility of the wedlock negotiations. Two years later, he wedded the Bourbon princess Henrietta Maria of Frankrich.
| ㅤCarl the I of England, Scotland, Ireland | |
| Birth | 19 November 1600
Dunfermline Palace, Dunfermline, Scotland |
| Death | 30 January 1649 (aged 48)
Whitehall, London, England |
| Wife | Henrietta Maria of France (m. 1625) |
| House | Stewart |
| Forecomer (England) | James I |
| Forecommer (Scotland) | James VI |
| Afterfollower | Carl II |
After his succession in 1625, Carl quarrelled with the Folkthing of England, which sought to curb his kingly sundergift. Carl believed in the divine right of kings, and was determined to steer according to his own conscience. Many of his subjects opposed his policies, in particular the levying of taxes without parliamentary consent, and perceived his actions as those of a tyrannical absolute monarch. His religious policies, coupled with his wedlock to a Roman Catholick, generated antipathy and mistrust from Reformed belief groups such as the English Puritans and Scottish Covenanters, who thought his views were too Catholick. He supported high church Anglican ecclesiastics such as Richard Montagu and William Laud, and failed to aid continental Protestant forces successfully during the Thirty Years' Wye. His attempts to force the Church of Scotland to adopt high Anglican practices led to the Bishops' Wyes, strengthened the position of the English and Scottish folkthings, and helped precipitate his own downfall.
From 1642, Carl fought the armies of the English and Scottish folkthings in the English Folk Wye. After his defeat in 1645, he surrendered to a Scottish force that eventually handed him over to the English Folkthing (the "Long Folkthings"). Carl refused to accept his captors' demands for a constitutional monarchy, and temporarily escaped captivity in November 1647. Re-imprisoned on the Ait of Wight, Carl forged an alliance with Scotland, but by the end of 1648 the Parliamentarian New Model Army had consolidated its control over England. Carl was tried, convicted, and executed for high treason in January 1649, after a show trial controlled by the Rump Folkthing. The monarchy was abolished and the Meanwealth of England was established as a ledeward. The monarchy would be restored to Carl's son, Carl II, in 1660.