Staff A of the English Wordbook.
Basic abbreviations:
- OE = Old English
- ME = Middle English
- SC = Scots
- WF = West Frish
- NF = North Frish
- SF = Saterlandish Frish
- WLG = West Low Theech
- ELG = East Low Theech
- NL = Netherlandish
- NHG = New High Theech
- IC = Icelandish
- HIC = High Icelandish
- NO = Nornish
- SW = Swedish
- DN = Danish
- MLG = Middle Low Theech
- MNL = Middle Netherlandish
- MHG = Middle High Theech
- OF = Old Frish
- OS = Old Saxish
- OHG = Old High Theech
- ON = Old Norse
- GO = Gottish
- PWG = Or-West-Theedish
- PG = Or-Theedish
For a full list of etymological and other abbreviations used in these wordlists, see: Offshortenings.
Staffs under English Wordbook/A:
Aa Ab Ac Ad
Ae Af Ag Ah
Ai Aj Ak Al Am An Ao Ap Aq Ar As At Au Av
Aw Ax Ay Az
*Note: If you click on one of the links above, and nothing happens, then that means no words have been put forth for that bookstaff as of yet.
Chancery English | Class | Anglish/English | ||
Attested | Unattested | |||
Aa[] | ||||
aardvark (<Afrikaans) | n | ant bear, ant-bear, antbear | earthpig, earthswine, earthfarrow (cognate) | |
Ab[] | ||||
abacus | n | - | reckonboard (cf. NHG Rechenbrett) | |
abandon (non-Germanic prefix) | vb |
shed, forgo, forsake (Barnes) |
forban (cf. Old Frankish *ban (bor. OF à bandon), cf. OE bannan), forlet (UK dialectal ~ cf. OE forlǣtan, Fr. ferlitte, NL verlaten, NHG verlassen) of-give, up-give, forleave, forlese, unget, offyeave (<OE ofġiefan, ofġifan) | |
abandon (non-Germanic prefix) | n | 1: wantonness, recklessness
2: forsaking |
1:overgive, with-ban
2:forban | |
abandonment (non-Germanic prefix & suffix) | n | forsaking, forgoing | shedding, forbanning | |
abandoned (non-Germanic prefix) | adj/vb | left behind, forsaken, forgotten, forgone | forbanned, forlet, forleft, forleased, ungotten | |
abase | vb | cheapen, warp; shame, sink, belittle, lay low, fell, drop | unar, anether | |
abash | vb | faze, ashame | - | |
abate | vb | drain away, drop off, dwindle, ease, ebb, fall away, lessen, let up, lower, shrink, wane | - | |
abattoir | n | slaughterhouse | - | |
abbess | n | mother | overmother, headmother | |
abbreviation | n | short for, shorthand | offshortening, forshortening, shortening, shortshape, shortstaving | |
abdicate | vb | step down, step aside from | - | |
abdomen | n | -belly | kite, quith (<OE cwiþ), riff (<OE hrif), bouk (Eng., calque of all Ger. speeches) | |
abduct | vb | kidnap, steal, lead away, offlead, nab | - | |
aberrant | n | black-sheep, weird | - | |
aberration | n | freak, way-outness | unfollowing | |
abet (NL or ON origin) | vb | goad, spur, hearten | fuse (<ME fusen) | |
abhor | vb | hate, loathe, mislike | - | |
ability | n | skill, strength, might, craft, bent, ken, cunning, knack in-born: mother-wit |
formay (cf. NL vermogen) | |
abject | adj | low | heanly (<OE heanlic), downcast (Barnes) | |
abjure | vb | forswear, take back, unsay, withdraw | swear off (cf. NHG abschwören), aftercwethe | |
ablactate | vb | wean | - | |
ablation | n | offtaking, offferrying | - | |
ablative | adj | - | atbraidingly, shiftfall (<IC skiftafall) | |
ablaut | n | ablaut (already Germanic) | offlloud | |
able | adj | fit, skilled |
cunning, dow, stand (cf. DN, NO, NHG) | |
-able | sfx | -worthy, -some, -bearing, -ly, -wend (<OE -wende) |
-endly/-ingly, -bere, -cannish, -canny, -worth, (<OE -wierþe), -bear, -beare (cf. OE -bære, WF -ber, NHG -bar) | |
able to | phr | can, may, to be canny enough, to be cunning enough, up to | dow to, skilled to | |
ablution | n | washing, cleansing | furbing | |
abnegate | vb | forgo, forswear | - | |
abnormal | adj | amiss, unwonted, odd | unmean, unshapely (Barnes) | |
abolish | vb | end, let die out, die off, stop; quench, black out, stamp out, sweep away, wipe out, do away with |
fordo, forend, adiley (<OE ādīlegian), offship (cf. NHG abschaffen) | |
abominable | adj | awful, dreadful, evil, loathsome, sickening | shandful (<OE scandful, cf. NHG/NL schandvoll), slithely, besmearful, wargedly (<OE) | |
aboriginal | adj | inborn, dwelt before | firstfolkish, orfolkly (see or- ) | |
aborigine | n | - | orfolk (OE or 'origin') firstfolk, beginner-folk, (see or- ) | |
abort | vb | lay off, call off, end | - | |
abortion | n | misbirth | forbirthing, awaywarpness (<OE) | |
abound | vb | brim, teem, overflow | - | |
abrasion | n | graze, scrape | - | |
abridge | vb | cut back, forshorten, cut | littlen (<OE) | |
abrupt | adj | anon, at once, quick, fast, steep, short (in time) | shorn (<OE scoren) | |
abscess | n | swelling | atterboil (cf. NHG Eiterbeule, NL etterbuil) | |
abscond | vb | break out, run off, steal away | - | |
absence | n |
time off, lack, needfulness, want, dearth |
offwardness (<OE) | |
absent | adj | missing, wanting, out | offward (<OE) | |
absenteeism | n | how often out | offwardness | |
absent-mindedness | n | daydreaming, flighty, thoughtless, unheeding, unmindful, woolgathering | - | |
absinthe | n | wormwood drink | - | |
absolute | adj | unanswering, answering to none, God-king, outright, utter, full, rank | - | |
absolutely | adv | fully, wholly, dead | - | |
absolve | vb | forgive | offloosen (Barnes) | |
absorb | vb | drink, soak, sop, soak in, soak up, suck up, take up; grip; burn, drain, draw down, play out | bedrink (<OE bedrincan), up-soak, forsoak (Barnes) | |
abstain (from) | vb | forbear (Barnes), forego, withhold, hold back, swear off, do without | - | |
abstinence | n | - | forbearing, forhaveness (<OE forhæfnes) | |
abstract | vb | withdraw, take from, pull out, seethe out | - | |
abstract | adj | dreamlike, foggy, floating | fallenly, unbodied | |
abstract | n | withdrawal, outline | outpulling, outdraught, offdrawal (abstraction) | |
absurd | adj | -foolish, | unthasly, foul (<OE unþæslic, fúl) | |
abundance | n | wealth, lot | fullsomeness (<OE) | |
abundant | adj | teeming, swarming, overflowing, fulsome, rife, fat, thick, awash | - | |
abuse | vb | scathe, mishandle, smite, strike, harm, wound | hean (<OE hienan), smittle, misbrook | |
abysmal | adj | lowest, at bottom, deep, hellish, in the hole, hopeless, dreadful, fathomless, bottomless | netherly, unfathomly | |
abyss | n | hell, depth, ground, deep, pit, netherworld | newel (<OE neowol), offground (cf. NHG Abgrund, NL afgrond), yap (<OE gēap) | |
Ac[] | ||||
acacia | n | thorn tree, whistling thorn, wattle | thornbloom, hookthorn, wattletree (from Minecraft) | |
academia | n | - | learnedom, loredom, frod (<OE), lorekeep, brainhall, highspire, bookborough, mindthralldom | |
academic or academik | n/adj | highbrow, book-learned, bookish | moot, booksome, lorewise, mighty-brained n: loreman | |
academy | n | - | lorebold (lore + bold (wordlore 1)) lorebottle (lore + bottle (wordlore 2)) learningstead | |
açaí | n | - | koleberry | |
a cappella | avb/adj | singing | loneglee, mouthglee, mouthly | |
accede | vb | - | agree: thware (<OE) | |
accelerate | vb | speed up, spur, quicken (Barnes) | yare, swiften | |
acceleration | n | speeding up | yareness, swifteness | |
accent | n | twang, drawl, sound | tungfall (cf. NL tongval), word-strain (Barnes) | |
accept | vb | swallow, trust; bear, shoulder; intake (Barnes);
take; welcome |
thave, thware (<OE þwarian 'to bring into agreement, make harmonious') ontake, onfang (<OE onfon) | |
acceptable | adj | all right, fair, good; bearsome | thwaringly, thewsome,
quemely (<OE cwēmlīc) | |
access | n | doorway, gateway, key | infare, ingoing, togang (<OE tōgang) | |
accessible | adj | at hand | yea-fare, thuringly | |
accessory | n | trim | bykeeper, deedmate (Barnes) | |
accident | n | mishap; hap, luck, befall | unfall (cf. NHG Unfall) , hapliness (Barnes) | |
accidental | adj | unwitting | fallenly, happensome (Barnes) | |
accommodation | n | - | underbringing (cf. NHG Unterbringung) | |
accompany | vb | go with, follow, see off |
beglide (cf. NL begeleiden, NHG begleiten), samedsithe (<OE samodsīðian) | |
accomplish | vb phr | fulfill, fulldo, sew up, bring about, reach | fulcome (<ME fulcǒmen), fulbring (cf. NHG vollbringen) | |
accomplishment | n | deed | fullend, bringing(s)-forth (Shakespeare) | |
accord | n | deal, meeting of minds | thaving, thwaring | |
accordion | n | - | bellowharp | |
according to | adj | as of, by, true to
quoth |
nigh (cf. NHG nach), after, following (calque) | |
account | n | ledger, reckoning, log | reckonbook, reckonreme (reme - number) | |
account of | vb | take of, witness (give) | forof (on) | |
accountant | n | bookkeeper; reckoner | teller (cf. NL tal, NHG Zahl 'number') | |
accumulate | vb | heap, upheap, build up, gather up | - | |
accumulation | vb | unheaping | - | |
accurate | adj | right on, spot-on | suttle (<OE sweotol)
narrowkirry (calque of NL nauwkeurig, narrow + kir 'choice') | |
accusation | noun | bewraying (cf. Eng. bewrayment) | - | |
accusative (case) | adj/n | - | wrayingly (<OE wregendlic), end-case (Barnes); tholefall (cf. IC þolfall), whonefall (<OE hwone, the accusative of hwæt, refer to NHG wen and Wenfall) | |
accuse | vb | wray, guilt |
atwite, fromtyghtle (<OE frumtyhtle, originally meaning first accusation) falsely: forwray (<OE forwregan) | |
accustom | vb | wean, wean on, wean to | onwone (Barnes) | |
accustomed | adj | wont, used to | - | |
acephalous | adj | headless (Barnes) | - | |
acetone | n | - | sourghost | |
achieve | vb | - | areach (cf. NHG erreichen) | |
achievement | n | - | bringing(s)-forth (Shakespeare) | |
acid | adj/n | adj: sour | n: sour | |
acne | n | - | redmeal (OE mal 'spot') | |
aconite | n | wolfsbane | - | |
acoustics | n | - | dinlore | |
acquaint | vb | befriend, get to know | ken (<OE cunnan “to become acquainted with, to know”) | |
acquaintance | n | friend, neighbor, kith | kenning | |
acquiesce | vb | bow | thave (<OE) | |
acquire | vb | earn, foster, get, win | beget (<OE), awin (<OE āwinnan), avel (<PG *aflōną; whence IC afla) | |
acquisition | n |
windfall (unexpected) |
begetting | |
acrobat | n | tumbler, tumblester | stringtumb | |
acropolis | n | high town, upper town, show town | highborough, highbury | |
across | adv | over | thwarse, thweer, athwart (Barnes) | |
act | n | deed, work, play, behaving | - | |
act | vb | do, work, behave, happen | - | |
action | n | deed (Barnes), doing, work, do (as, 'all talk and no do'), liveliness, behaving, happening |
ishown (<OE ġescēon, cf. NHG Geschehen)
dodrive | |
activate | vb | switch on | astir (<ME astiren) | |
active | adj | switched on, snell, deedy, mettlesome, springy; hopping, tied-up, unruly | ongoing, doingsome (Barnes), doughty, sprack (Barnes) | |
activist | n | backer, upholder, fighter, diehard, busybody | - | |
activity | n | - | sprackdom, doingness | |
actor/actress | n | player, showman | showplayer [cf. NHG Schauspieler] | |
actual | adj | sooth, soothfast, true | new, nowly | |
actualism | n | - | beingdom | |
actually | adv | indeed, truly, soothly, forsooth, truthfully, all in all, truth to tell, word for word | workly, echtly (see echt), wittedly (<OE), deedsakely (NHG tatsächlich) | |
acupuncture | n | - | nailhealing, pinpricking, dry-needling (loosely) | |
acute | adj | sharp, high (Barnes), keen, honed; shrill (accent) | suttle | |
Ad[] | ||||
A.D. | adv | in the year of our lord | Y.L. | |
ad infinitum | adv | forevermore | at eke, ekely, for eke, unto everness | |
adamant | adj | unyielding, unswayed, loud | - | |
adamant | n | - | untamstone (un- + tame + stone) | |
adaptable | adj | - | onwending (cf. NL aanwendbaar) | |
adapter | n | - | eck-on, fayfitter | |
add | vb | fay, eke "fay to this wordbook!" | reckon up, put on, onput (Barnes), at-eke (OE) | |
add up | vb | cast up, tally up | - | |
addict | n | - | soughtier (cf. NHG Süchtiger) | |
addicted | adj | - | soughty (cf. NHG süchtig) | |
addiction | n | craving, yearning | sought (<ME soght cf. NHG Sucht) | |
addition | n | faying | togive | |
additional | adj | further | bycoming (NL bijkomend), coming by | |
additionally | adv |
again, also, besides, either, further, furthermore, likewise, moreover, then, too, withal, yet, over and above |
eke (also) | |
address | vb | call, name, clip, bespeak | at-speak, bequethe, hote | |
address | n | link | sitline (<OE asittan 'to live together'), callword | |
adept | adj | skillful, skilled, good, deft, cunning | - | |
adequate | adj | right, even, fair, fit, befitting, becoming | makeshift, make-do | |
adhere | vb | cling, stick, cleave to, follow, stand by | to cleave at (<OE) | |
adherence to good morals | n | - | thewfastness | |
adherent | n | follower, stalwart | - | |
adiposis | n | overweight | fat | |
adjacent | adj | near, next, neighboring, beside, by | - | |
adjective | n | - | mark-word (Barnes) | |
adjunct | n | helpmate, sidekick | - | |
adjust | vb | set, fit, gear | forstell (cf. NHG/NL verstellen) (see stell) | |
admonish | vb | - | formone (cf. NL vermanen) | |
administer | vb | wield, deal, lot, begive | bewit | |
administration | n | dealing, shire, begiveness | shiredom, shirecraft, richdom, forwield, forwielding (cf. NHG Verwaltung) | |
admiral | n | - | fleethelm, fleetleader, fleetwielder (wielder < OE walda) | |
admiralty | n | - | fleetwieldery, fleetdom | |
admire | vb | look up to | bewonder, belook | |
admission | n | doorway | thwaring | |
admit | vb |
let in, acknowledge, welcome, greet, take in confess: own up |
andet (<OE andhetan), give to (cf. NHG zugeben, NL toegeven)
confess: beknow (Eng.) sense to join a club, society, admit to hospital, etc: instep, onsend, tosend, intake | |
admonish | vb | chide, forewarn, upbraid, warn | tell off, man (<OE manian) | |
adolescence | n | youthhood, growing up | teenhood | |
adolescent | n | youth, youngling, youngster, teen | - | |
adopt | vb | take on, follow; take in, mother, rear, foster, bring up, take care of |
intake | |
adoption | n | fostering | intaking | |
adorable | adj | comely, lovely, looksome, dear, sweet | - | |
adorn | vb | bedight, bedeck, yare, trim, bedizen |
breen (<OE berenian) with precious stones: astean (<OE āstænan) | |
adrenaline | n | - | thringweald | |
adulation | n | - | hallowing | |
adult | n | grown-up | fullwaxener (<NL volwassene) | |
adulthood | n | - | fullwaxenhood (<NL volwassenheid) | |
adulterous | adj | forlear, woughhammend | ||
adultery | adj | - | wedlock breach, wedbreach, bedswerving. 2. forlearness (<OS Farlegarnessi (also attested in OE); see OE leġer), woughhamd | |
adumbrate | vb | outline | - | |
advance | vb | make inroads, forward, further, go (on)
trans. put forth |
forthgo, forespring, wade on | |
advance | n | inroads, headway; breakthrough in advance: beforehand |
forthgoing, forespring | |
advanced | adj | quick, ahead, higher, better, hard, tough, skilfull, clever, manifold, knotted, snarled | forthstridden, foresprang | |
advancement | n | furthering | ||
advancing | adj | striding, forespringing | - | |
advantage | n | boon, foredeal, high ground, upper-hand | boot, behoof, upside | |
advantageous | adj | helpful, worthwhile | behovely, frimful/frimly (<OE frimlic) | |
advection | n | - | tobearing, atbearing, onbearing | |
advent | n | coming, onset, showing up, calling on, coming forth | incoming, fore-yule, fore-yuletide, (fore-christmas) | |
adventure | n | happening, time; flutter, throw, undertaking, fare | rose (<OE rās), wayspell (cf. SW vågspel), darefare | |
adventurous | adj | daring, free-swinging, gutsy, bold | rosey, free-ghostly | |
adverb | n | - | byword (cf. OE bīword, WF bywurd, NL bijwoord, Limburgish biewaord/beiwoad) | |
adversarial | n | - | thwartsome (Barnes), witherlike, gainsaying, fiendish, foelike | |
adversary | n | foe, witherling, fiend | withersake (<OE wiþersaca, cf. NHG Widersacher) | |
adversity | n | ill, knock, mishap; hardship, hurdle, pitfall | thwartsomeness, hardhap, witherness | |
adversive | n | - | thwartsome, withersome | |
advertize | vb | boost, play up, show off | showmede | |
advertisement | n | boostering, showing | - | |
advice | n | tip, help, read, reading | rede (<OE rēd, cf. SF Räid, NL raad, NHG Rat) | |
advisable | adj | - | redesome (cf. NHG ratsam) | |
advise | vb | Beread, Berede | berede, mind | |
advocacy | n | boost, boostership, backing | forespeech (<OE forespræc, cf. NHG Fürsprache, NL voorspraak) | |
advocate | n/vb | plead for, uphold, back up; spokesman, stand up for |
forspeak (<OE foresprecan, cf. NHG fürsprechen) | |
Ae[] | ||||
aerial | adj | skywards, aloft, lofty, soaring, spirelike | liften (<OE lyften) | |
aerodynamic | adj | streamlined | wind deft, windfit, loftlithe | |
aerodynamics | n | - | loftcraft (calque Gk.) | |
aeronaut | n | flyer | roomfarer (room = space; cf. NHG Raum) | |
aerospace | n | skycraft, skyworks | loftroom | |
Æsir | n | ghosts, gods, undead, fiends, wicked wights; foes | Ese (<OE ese; see The Elder Gods by Stephen Pollington), wodes | |
aesthetic | adj | comely, fair, seemly, befitting, good looks | litey (<OE wlitig) | |
Af[] | ||||
affable | adj | friendly | word-winsome, welcoming, kindly (particularly, in speech) | |
affair | n | fling; blowout; handiwork; happening; business |
inting (<OE intinga) | |
affect | vb | lead to, strike, inflow, sway; wend, shift, switch, awork (<OE awyrcan) | forother (cf. WF feroarje, NL veranderen) | |
affection | n | dearness, fondness; illness; leaning; hallmark; sweetness | ist (<PWG *unsti; cf. NHG Gunst)
child: barnlove (<OE bearnlufe) | |
affectionate | adj | loving, warm-hearted, indearing, sweet | lovesome (Barnes) | |
affiance | vb | betroth | - | |
affinity | n | leaning, kinship, sibred | sibhood | |
affirm | vb | - |
foraye (Barnes), seethe (<OE sēþan) | |
affirmative | int | aye, yea, so, yes, yeah, yep | - | |
affix | n | - | wordfastening | |
afflict | vb | ail, smite, dretch |
swench (<OE swinc), beweal (<OE bewælan), thrish (<OE geþryscan) | |
affluence | n | wealth, riches, fat | weal, ethe | |
affluent | adj | wealthy, well-off, well-to-do rich, fat |
- | |
afraid | adj | afeared, adread, fearful, aghast, frightened | eyen (from PTCP of PG *aganą; cf. OE ege ⁊ OE ōga) | |
Africa | n(p) | - | Africk (<ME Affrīk ⁊ <OE Affrica); Hefferyard (<? + er (as in earth) + yard) | |
Ag[] | ||||
age | n | oldness, world, time, tide | eld, tide (era) | |
age | vb | olden: mellow, ripen, elden | eld | |
aged | adj | elderly, old(en), yore | forolden, full-blown, full-fledged, grown | |
agenda | n | to-do-list, ledger | worklist (cf. WF wurklist), reckonleaf | |
agent | n | follower | - | |
agglomerate | vb | huddle | clodden (Barnes) | |
agglomeration | n | crowding, heaping, clodding, | swelltown | |
agglutinate | vb | wordlink | upcleam (Barnes) | |
aggression | n | go-getting | fightsomeness (built on Barnes), winsomeness | |
aggressive | adj | go-getting | fightsome (Barnes), winsome | |
aggressor | n | raider | scather | |
agile | adj | nimble, limber, lithe, light-footed, yare | - | |
agitate | vb | stir, toss | - | |
agitation | n | worry | mindfret, seething, churning | |
aglet | n | - | needling, shoestring tip | |
agony | n | throe, ache | sussel (<OE sūsl) | |
agoraphobia | n | - | steadfear | |
agree | vb | settle on, fit, hold with (Barnes), stand [with], stick [with], yeasay | aspeak (<OE gesprecan), thwear (<OE þwǽrian), thave (<OE þafian), forewird (<OE forewyrdan) | |
agreeable | adj | - | likeworthy | |
agreed | adj | - | oneread (<ME ānrēd <OE ānrǣd) | |
agreement | n | deal, meeting of minds | mirth, thwaring, thaving, soom (<OE sóm) | |
agricultural | adj | field (Barnes) | - | |
agriculture | n | tilth, tilling, harvest | earth-tilth (Barnes), acretilth, cropcraft, landwardship (calque of NHG Landwirtschaft) | |
agrostology | n | - | grasslore | |
Ah[] | ||||
Ai[] | ||||
aichmophobia | n | needlefright | - | |
aid | n | helpmate, sidekick, backing, helping hand, leg up | filst (<OE fylst), atstall (<OE ætstæl), fultum (<OE fultum/fulteam) | |
aid | vb | help, bestead | filst (<OE fylstan), anfilst (<OE andfylstan) | |
aimsome | adj | single-minded (Barnes) | - | |
AIDS | n | - | Earned Bodyweir Scantness Sickness | |
aim | n | goal, mark | tile (<OE tilian "to aim", cf. NHG Ziel); ettle | |
aim at | vb | sight, take sight on | eye for, nought in, tile (<OE tilian, NHG zielen) | |
air | n/vb |
wind, breath vb: broadcast; freshen |
loft (<OE loft (through Old Norse) ), lift (<ME lift; cf. SF Luft, NF Locht (Sylt), NL lucht), life's breath (poetic) | |
air force | n | sky might | loftmight (cf. NL luchtmacht), skyheer (< OED heer "army"), liftfleet (calque of NL luchtvloot), skyfyrd | |
airless | adj | - | liftless | |
airplane / aeroplane | n | wing craft, kite (slang), flightcraft | flycraft, loftcraft, stycraft from OE upstigen to move up rise ascend), wingwain, flysere, flytoy, flysarrow, flywile, serefowl/searfowl, sarrowbird (sarrow - technical wonder); tinbird (NZ slang) | |
airport | n | flight field (< Ice) landing field, sky harbor, landing strip | flyfield, lofthub, lofthaven (calque) | |
airship | n | skyship | loftship | |
aisle | n | path, lane | gangway | |
Aj[] | ||||
Ak[] | ||||
Al[] | ||||
a la carte | adj | - | by-the-list | |
a la mode | adj | trendy, running, (beef) cooked with wine | (beef) wine-stewed, (pie) with ice salve | |
alarm clock | n | - | waker (cf. NHG Wecker, NL wekker), lilter, uprouser | |
alas | interj | alack, ay, woe | welaway, lackaday, alack | |
albedo | n | - | whiteness (<ME <OE hwítness) | |
albino | n | - | whiteling | |
album | n | - | whitebook
music album (f.b, Thriller): gleebook | |
albumen | n | egg white | egg lime | |
alchemy | n | - | orecraft | |
alcohol | n | booze, firewater | wineghost | |
alcoholic | adj | boozer | - | |
alcoholic | n | sot, drunkard, boozer | malt-worm | |
alert | adj | awake, mindful, watchful, heedful, wary, numble, sharp-witted, ready, willing | gleg, rathe (<OE), wakesome (cf. NHG wachsam) | |
alien | n/adj | way-out, fremd, outlandish | - | |
alien | n | outsider, evil ghost, kidnapper | elster, elend, otherling | |
alienate | vb | - | befremd (calque: NHG befremden) | |
alienation | n | unfriendliness | befremding | |
align | vb | set up, fit, shape (into a line) | - | |
allegiance (Germanic origin) | n | - | truthness | |
allegory | n | likeness | forlikening (Barnes) | |
allergy | n | - | overfeeling, haysneezing, fremdcasting (an allergic reaction casts out foreign cells such as pollens) | |
alleviate | vb | allay, lighten, soften | - | |
alley | n | walk, lane, byroad, pathway, walkway, gangway, laneway, ginnel | - | |
alliance | n | bond, band, tie, team (informal) | - | |
allied | adj | banded, befriended, teamed (informal) | fayed | |
alligator | n | - | broadmouthnix | |
alliteration | n | - | staffrime (cf. DN stavrim, NHG Stabreim), staverime, mate-penning (Barnes) | |
alliterative | adj | - | staffriming | |
allium | n | - | leek (broad meaning; see OE lēac) | |
allocate | vb | let, deal out, earmark | fordeal | |
allotment | n | dole, share | fordealing | |
allow | vb | let (Barnes), leave, give the green light for | thwore (<OE þwárian), thave (<OE þafian), aleave (<OE ālīefan, cf. NHG erlauben) | |
allowable | adj | - | thwaresome, thavesome | |
alloy | n | mix, blend, meld | mastling | |
All Saints Day | n | Allhallowsmas, Hallowmas, All Hallows’ | - | |
allude | vb | hint (at), touch (on), link (to), liken (to) | anent | |
allure | vb | draw to, beguile, ensnare | spane (<OE spanan), adwell | |
ally | n | - | ithoft, ifolk, ihild, ifight, ilie, ilay | |
almanac | n | yearbook | - | |
aloe | n | - | dufthart, duft (fragrant) + hart (resin) | |
alphabet | n |
ABCs |
staverow (<OE stæfrǣw), abecede, runeline, runebook, staffhoard, runestaff | |
altar | n | weved (<OED, wigh bed, “holy bed”) | giftboard, worship board, glowstead, gleedstead (<OE glédstede), wighbed (<OE wigbed, “holy bed”), harrow (<OE hearg, cf. OHG harug) | |
alter | vb | shift, wend | forother (cf. WF feroarje, NL veranderen, NHG verändern) | |
altercation | n | flite, brangle, brawl, row, dust-up | - | |
alternate | v | waver, switch, become, shift | - | |
alternative | adj | other | - | |
altitude | n | height | - | |
altruism | n | selflessness | - | |
altruistic | adj | selfless, unselfish | - | |
aluminum/aluminium | n | - | canshaft | |
alvinophilia | n | - | navellust | |
Alzheimers | n | the long goodbye | - | |
Am[] | ||||
A.M. (ante meridiem) | adv | in the morning | B.M. (before midday), F.M. (foremidday; cf. SW förmiddag), forenoon | |
amass | vb | gather, heap, huddle | mill | |
amateur | n | greenhorn, beginner, starter, newcomer, newbie | - | |
amazement (foreign suffix) | n | amazedness | amazing, forwondering (cf. NHG Verwunderung, NL verwondering), wonderhood | |
ambassador | n | middleman | richesboder, landspellsman | |
amber | n | - | ealsand (<OE eolhsand), brimstone, glarestone, burnstone | |
ambidextrous | adj | both-handed, two-handed, either-handed | umberight, umbecrafty, umbehandy | |
ambience | n | mood, feeling | roomfeel | |
ambiguous | adj | - | twiwordy (<OE twiwyrdig), twisided (Barnes), twi-meaning, unsifer | |
ambiguity | n | - | twiwordiness | |
ambition | n | drivenness | - | |
ambivalence | n | - | waver | |
ambivert | n | - | twigoer | |
ambiverted | adj | - | twigoing | |
ambulance | n | - | sickwain (calque: NL ziekenwagen), crankwain (calque: NHG Krankenwagen) | |
ambulant | adj | roving, wandering, wayfaring | - | |
ambush | n/vb | net, web; waylay (Barnes), forlay | seat (<OE sǣt ⁊ sǣtian) | |
ameliorate | vb | better | eather | |
amen | interj |
- |
soothly (<ME sōthlī), so be it (used in the early English Reformation), true dat (colloquial), yelayay | |
Amendment | n | - | Lawshift | |
America | n | New World | Markland (<OE mearcland "borderland", cognate to ON markland, the name given by Leif Eriksson to a Labrador shoreline; the element mark, incidentally, shares the same three consonant sounds as America), Westlands, Amalrich | |
amethyst | n | - | drunklack (from Minecraft), purple imm (<ME yimme) | |
amiable | adj | friendly, sweet, kind | lovesome (<OE lufsum) | |
amicable | adj | friendly, hail-fellow-well-met | blithe | |
amigo | n | friend | - | |
ammonia | n | - | hartshorn | |
amnesia | n | blackout | eftmind loss | |
amoeba | n | - | shapeshifter, slimebrick, slimedeer (cf. IC slímdýr) | |
amorphous | adj | shapeless | - | |
amount | n | score, lot, whit, deal (Barnes) | andeven (<OE andefn) | |
amount | vb | come up, draw up | - | |
ampersand | n | - | andtoken | |
amphibian | n | - | frogdeer (calque: IC froskdýr), lurrow (cf. NHG Lurche), shoredeer | |
amphibious | adj | - | two-breathed (Barnes) | |
amphitheater | n | - | playstow, umbewitstow | |
ample | adj | broad, large, roomy | - | |
amplifier | n | - | forstronger | |
amplify | vb | - | outbroaden (Barnes) | |
amplitude | n | breadth, reach, width | - | |
amputate | v | cut (off), rend, snithe, forcarve, limb, belimb | - | |
amputated | v/adj | cut (off), rent/rended, snothe/snithed, forcorve/forcarved, limbed, belimbed | - | |
amputation | n | cutting (off), rending, snithing, forcaving, limbing, belimbing | rendness | |
amusement | n | fun, game, fun and games | - | |
amusing | adj | - | listing | |
An[] | ||||
-an | pfx | -en, -ish, -er (demonym), | - | |
anachronism | n | mistiming (Barnes) | - | |
anaconda | n | - | whipsnake | |
anesthetic | adj | unsightly | dwale | |
anagram | n | - | stavewrixel | |
anal | adj | bottom | arsely, arsen | |
analgesic | n | numbing | anwark | |
analog | adj | gear-driven | - | |
analogy | n | - | alikeword | |
analyze | vb | look at | forloosen (Barnes), think through, unthread, unriddle, onlight, onseek,
forloosen, uploosen, upsunder, nease (<OE to search, to find out by inquiry), anease | |
anarchism | n/adj | - | lawlessholth, lawlesshood | |
anarchy | n | lawlessness |
redelacking, ethellessness | |
anastomosis | n | shunt | - | |
anathema | n | - | forputting (calque Gk. anathema) | |
anatomy | n | - | bodylore | |
ancestor | n | forebearer, forefather, elder, forerunner, fore-elder, alder-father, spearside, spindleside, forekin | foremother, foreolder, alder-mother | |
ancestry | n | strain, seed, bloodties, house | strind | |
ancient | adj | hoary, olden, old-time, foreold (Barnes) | fern (<OE fyrn), orold (cf. NHG uralt), yoren, gamle (<OE gamol) | |
ancient times | n | yoretide | - | |
andesite | n | - | andestone (calque) | |
andiron | n | firedog | firegoat | |
androgyny | n | - |
werewifehood (Calque of the Greek + hood) | |
android | n | - | manhue/werehue (cf. Greek andros 'man' and oeidēs 'hue' (<OE hiw)) | |
anemometer | n | - | windmeter (Barnes) | |
anemone | n | - | windrose | |
anesthesia | n | - | unfeeler (calque), number (one who numbs) | |
angel | n | - | errandghost (<OE ærendgást), ingle (<OE engel), rotherer | |
anger (ON loanword) | n | madness, wrath, uptightness, waspishness | grame (<OE grama), waspness | |
angle | n | nook, bight, winkle | nookspan, nookwidth, hook, hurn (<OE hyrne), whem (<OE hwemm) | |
angry (ON loanword) | adj | mad, wrathful, uptight, waspish, wasp | - | |
anguish | n | woe, sorrow, heartbreak, heartache, throe | angsomeness, bosom-hell, susle (<OE sūsl) | |
angular | adj | - | nook-shot, sharp-nooked, straight-edged, hirned (<OE hyrnen), edgy | |
animal | n | being, deer (obsolete or Shakespearean) | wight (<OE wiht), wilder, soulend, livle, neat (<OE; like neatsfoot oil) | |
animate | vb | liven, enliven literary: quicken (Barnes) |
besoul (cf. NHG beseelen, NL bezielen) | |
animation | n | drawn film | - | |
anime | n | - | dawnlandish livedrawing | |
animosity | n | hate(red) | - | |
annals | n | - | year-bookings | |
annelid | n | ringworm | - | |
annex | vb | - | onend (on+end) (calque of NHG Anschluss) | |
annihilate | vb | wipe out | fornaughten (Barnes) benothing (Eng.) | |
annihilation | n | wrecking | fornaughting, spild (OE) | |
anniversary | n | yearday, yeartide (Barnes), Frealstide (<OE a festival of the church, an anniversary), Year-imind (<OE) | mindday (<OE gemynddaeg) | |
Anno Domini | adv | in the year of our lord | - | |
annotate | vb | mark | bemark | |
annotation | n | marking | bemarking (cf. NHG Bemerkung) | |
announce | vb | ban, bode, bid, kithe | mield (<OE meldian, cf. NHG/NL melden), forthspell, spell out | |
announcement | n | - | oncouthing (cf. NHG Ankündigung) | |
annoy | vb | irk (Barnes), nettle, dretch, grill | each (<PG *aikijaną, kin: NO eikja?) | |
annoying | adj | irksome (Barnes) | - | |
annual | adj | yearly | - | |
annual | n | yearbook | - | |
annul | vb | fordo, call off | - | |
annuli astronomici | n | Gemma's Rings | - | |
annulus | n | ring | - | |
anoint | v | smear, salve (<ME, cf. NHG Salbe; do not confuse with Leeden homonym) | anele, throughsmear (<OE þūrhsmyrian) | |
anonymous | adj | nameless, unnamed, unknown | - | |
anorexia nervosa | n | - | foodshy, eatshy, fastlust | |
antagonist | n |
fiend, foe |
witherling, gainstander | |
antarctic | adj | - | southend | |
Antarctica | n | - | South End, South Hern, Underland | |
antecedence | n | beforemath, foregoing | - | |
antediluvian | adj | - | foreflood | |
antenna | n | - | yardhorn, sailyard, feelers (biology) | |
Ante Meridiem | phr | - | Before Midday (calque) | |
antelope | n | pronghorn (specifically American antelopes) | sawhorn, wildbuck | |
anterior | adj | foreward; foregoing, former | - | |
anterior | n | fore, foreside | - | |
anthem | n | - | folksong, landsong | |
anthocyanin | n | - | bloomblue, blossomblue | |
anthophilia | n | - | bloomlust | |
anthology | n | reader | fayness | |
Anthropocene | n | - | Mantide | |
anthropology | n | - | theedlore, manlore, werelore | |
antibiotic | n | - | gainrodlifeanwork | |
anticipate | vb | foretell, foresee | forethink (<OE foreþencan) | |
anticlockwise | adj/adv | widdershins | withclockwise, withershins | |
antics | n | - | odd behaveness, childishness | |
anticonstitutionally | adv | - | witherlawwritly, withlawwritly | |
antidisestablishmentarianism | n | - | gainunstathelingmanness | |
antidote | n | - | atterloathe (<ME atterllothe) | |
antigen | n | - | offweirstuff | |
antihero | n | - | banestar, gainheleth, withheleth, witherheleth, unheleth, unhield | |
antilope | n | - | buck (cf. Afr. bok), bloomgoat | |
antimatter | n | - | gainshaft, withershaft, unbeing, unshaft | |
antipathy | n | mislike | - | |
antipope | n | - | gainfather (cf. NHG Gegenpapst) | |
antiquated | adj | careworn, timestruck | - | |
antique | n | - | eldern, barn-find, timeless-ware(s) | |
antique | adj | - | barn-find (antique: more than a hundred years old; vintage: several decades old) | |
antiquity | n | olden days; oldness, elderliness |
afern (<OE fyrn 'former, ancient') | |
antiseptic | adj | - | withersmite | |
antistatism | n | - |
witherlawwardness | |
antistatist | adj | - | witherlawmootish | |
antistatist | n | - | leedward witherling | |
antitoxin | n | - | gainatter | |
antler | n | - | blowhorn (<OE blōwan) | |
antonym | n | - | witherword gainword (cf. NHG Gegenwort) | |
anus | n | arsehole (vulgar), asshole (American, vulgar; note that arse is not said as often in America) | arse-thirl (OE: earsþerl), back-tharm, endring | |
anxiety | n | angst, fear, worry | angness, angens, moodcare | |
Ao[] | ||||
aorta | n | - | loftleat | |
Ap[] | ||||
apart | adj | cleaved, sundered, shedded | - | |
apart from | adv | aside, asunder | - | |
apartment | n | flat, room, by-room | woning (cf. NHG Wohnung) | |
apathetic | adj | aloof, samewise | - | |
aperture | n | opening, breech, hole | - | |
apex | n | tip, yop, top | - | |
aphid | n | greenfly, blackfly | wortlice | |
aphrodisiac | n | - | lustdrive | |
apiculture | n | beekeeping | - | |
apogee | n | - | hightip | |
apocalypse | n | shock, mishap, mess, outbreak, breakout, end times, doomsday | worldend, alldeath | |
apologise | vb | say sorry, ask forgiveness |
forshild, unshild (cf. NL verontschuldigen, NHG entschuldigen, see shild) | |
apology | n | sorry | rueword, sorroword, belading (<OE) defense: besaying, forespeech (<OE forespræc) | |
apostate | n | backslider, withersake | - | |
apostasy | n | backsliding | backslideness, backslidehood, withersaking, withersakeness, withersakehood | |
apostle | n | errand-bearer | errander, errand-wakener (<OE ærendwrecca), sendling, fro-sent | |
apothecary | n | - | libshop, salveseller | |
apparel | n | clothes, wear, threads, weed | glad rags, donnings, step-outs | |
apparent | adj | seeming | eyeshinely (cf. NHG augenscheinlich, NL ogenschijnlijk) | |
apparently | adv/phr | seemingly, at first sight, in name only, on the outside, openly, to the eye, as it shows | staringly, eyeshinely (cf. NHG augenscheinlich, NL ogenschijnlijk) | |
appeal | vb | call (upon) | ask, beckon, clepe | |
appealing | adj | fair, winsome, sightly | - | |
appear | vb | show up, beseem | atew (<ME atẹ̄wien), forshine (calque: NL verschijnen; cf. NHG erscheinen), ale (<OE alan; PST: ool; PTCP: alen) | |
appearance | n | leer, eyeshine (cf. NHG Augenschein) | ||
appease | vb | soothe, allay | frithen | |
appellation | n | name | - | |
appendage | n | limb | - | |
appendicitis | n | - | blindgut addle | |
appendix | n | - | organ: blindgut, blindtharm (cf. WF blineterm, NHG Blinddarm) book: tack-on, onhang (cf. NHG Anhang) | |
appetite | n | craving, hunger | - | |
appetizer | n | starter | foremeal | |
application | n | bearing, putting-on | - | |
applause | n | standing and clapping | byfall (cf. NHG Beifall, NL bijval) | |
apply | vb | beseech, lay on, spread | bewharve (cf. NHG bewerben, see wharve) | |
appoint | vb | afix, set up, earmark, deem, settle, name, pick | wend out, aset (<OE āsettan and <ME asetten) | |
appreciate | vb | be thankful | - | |
apprehension | n | foreboding, misgiving | - | |
apprentice | n | beginner, learner | learnend | |
approach | vb | near, be nigh, draw near to, come forth, creep up on | nighletch (<OE neahlæcan) | |
approach | n | means, way | - | |
approaching | adj | nearing, forthcoming, upcoming, oncoming | nighleching | |
appropriate | adj | befitting, seemly, meet | roadly (cf. OE geradlic) | |
approve | vb | let, bid
approve of: laud |
- | |
approximate | adj | rough, near, broad, | woolly | |
approximately | adv | about, roughly, nearly, nigh, thereabouts, more or less, something like, in and about | - | |
appurtenance | n | - | sidemarking, nethermark | |
April | n | - | Eastermonth | |
apron | n | - | barmcloth | |
apt | adj | fit | deve (<OE defe), aroadly (<OE gerādlic) | |
Aq[] | ||||
aqua- | pref | - | water | |
aquaculture | n | fish-farming | - | |
aquafarming | n | fish-farming | - | |
aqualung | n | - | waterlung | |
aquamarine | adj | seagreen | - | |
aquaphobia | n | - | waterfear | |
aquaphobic | adj | afraid of (the) water | - | |
aquaplaning | n | - | watergliding | |
aquarium | n | - | fishglass, waterglass | |
aquatic | adj | waterly | - | |
aqueduct | n | - | waterleat | |
aqueous | adj | watery, water like, water bearing | - | |
Ar[] | ||||
Arabic | adj | - | Arabish (<OE Arabisc) | |
arable | adj | - | ploughsome | |
arachnid | n | - | eight-legger | |
arboreal | adj | - | treewise | |
arbitrary | adj | whimsy | fallenly (cf. NL toeval), willkirely (<OE willa + cyre 'choice' + -ly) | |
arboretum | n | - | treestead | |
arc | n | bow | - | |
arcade | n | - | playhall (cf. NL speelhal, NHG Spielhalle) | |
arch | n | bow | biel (<OE bígels) | |
archaic | adj. | timeworn | forold (cf. NHG veraltet) | |
archangel | n | - | highangel | |
archeology | n | - | olddomlore (cf. NHG Altertumskunde), delvelore, fernfrod (cf. IC fornleifafræði), oldhoodlore (NL oudheidkunde), olddelving (cf. SW fornforskning) | |
archeopterix | n | - | stoneset orfowl (cf. NHG Urvogel), stonelayed oldenwing | |
archer | n | bowman, bow-bearer | Bow-bearer, shooter (<OE scytta) | |
archery | n | bowmanship | bowcraft | |
archfoe | n | devil | godfoe | |
archipelago | n | - | island cluster, island band | |
architect | n | - | highcrafter (<OE) | |
architecture | n | shell, framework | buildlore, buildcraft, timberlore, timbercraft, orshafting | |
architrave | n | - | silebeam | |
archive | n | backup | leafwritsam (cf. IC skjalasafn), logsam, deedsam, writsam, backlog | |
arctic | adj | - | bear- (Ursa Minor), far-northern | |
Arctic | n | Land of the Midnight Sun | Northend, Northland | |
ardor | n | keenness, lust | hotheartedness (<OE hatheortnes) | |
arduous | n | back-breaking | - | |
area | n | land, landspan, swathe, ard (<OE), snad, sned (<OE), yard | field of knowledge: breadth | |
argent | n | silver | - | |
Argentina | n | - | Silverland | |
argon | n | - | idleshaft | |
arguable | adj | moot | sakebere | |
argue | vb | flite, wrestle, squabble, wrangle, bicker, tilt | chide | |
argument | n | flite, fightback, comeback, back-answer, answer | rake (<OE racu) | |
argus-eyed | adj | all-seeing, open-eyed, unsleeping | - | |
aridity | n | drought, dryness | rainlack, dryth | |
Aries | n | The Fleecy Star | - | |
aristocratic | adj | full-blooded, highborn, highbred | rikeborn, richborn, athelborn | |
arithmetic | n | - | tellcraft (<OE getælcræft) | |
arm | vb | - | beweapon | |
arm | n | - | handweapon | |
armadillo | n | - | girdledeer (cf. NHG Gürteltier, NL gordeldier), shellbear, shieldling | |
armillary sphere | n | - | ringkuggle | |
arming | n | - | weaponing, outrysting (cf. NHG Ausrüstung) | |
armistice | n | truce | weaponstandstill (cf. NHG Waffenstillstand) | |
armor/armour | n | shield, byrnie, iweapon, iweaponings (<OE), gouthreaf, gouthsear, gouthsare (<OE) | shieldwear, shieldcloth, helmcladding, heraweed (<OE herewǣde), firedskeerp (<OE fierdsceorp), rysting (<OE hyrstan, cf. NHG Rüstung), hereclad | |
armor/armour | vb | - | begear, beshield, ryst/rist (<OE hrystan, cf. NHG rüsten) iron (<OE ísenian) | |
armory/armoury | n | shieldhouse | shieldwearhouse, helmcladdenhouse, heraweedhouse, firedskeerphouse, weaponhouse (<OE wæpenhūs), rysthouse | |
army | n | fyrd, ferd, landfyrd | landferd, dright, weremight, ganghere (foot men), thrim (<OE þrymm; cf. NE trim), here (<OE here), herg | |
aroma | n | smell | swetch (<OE swecc) | |
aromantic | n | - | lovewulderless (rough calque), nonelover | |
around | prep/adj/ adv | about | um, umb, umbe | |
arouse | vb | stir, awake, arear | - | |
arquebus | n | matchlock, firelock | hookbox (cf. MLG hake + busse, MHG Hakenbüchse), hookgun (calque, historical), matchgun | |
arrange | vb | fix, set, settle; draw up, lay out, Endbeird (<OE), Fade (<OE) | stight | |
arrangement | n | layout | - | |
array | vb | lay out, set out, bedight | - | |
arrest | vb | nab, avast, halt, stop | haft (<OE hæftan) | |
arrival | n | incoming | - | |
arrive at | vb | reach, come upon, get to | oncome (<OE ancuman) | |
arrogant | adj | proud, highhanded, overbearing, overweening | lonk (<OE wlank) | |
arsenal | n | - | weaponhoard | |
arsonist | n | fire-raiser | firestarter | |
art | n | craft, list (archaic) | - | |
artery | n | - | loftblood adder | |
artesian | adj | - | thringrising | |
arthritis | n | - | lithbollow (cf. IC liðbólga) | |
artichoke | n | - | eatthistle (cf. IC ætiþistill) | |
article | n | thing, write-up | writ, leaf (obsolete)
grammar: lithword (calque of NL lidwoord) | |
artificer | n | maker, craftsman, smith, wright | worldcrafter (<OE woruldcræfta) | |
artificial | adj | man-made, craftly | - | |
artillery | n | gunware, big guns (slang) | - | |
artisan | n | craftsman, craftswoman, craft worker, hand(i)craftsman, handcrafter, handworker, handyman, tradesman (based on trade in the sense of a skill), workman | crafter | |
artisanal | adj | handy, crafty | trade-some/tradesome (derived from Standard English tradesman) | |
artisanal art | adj | handiwork, trade, skill, craft | - | |
art(s), artistry | n | craft, deftness, handiwork, trade, skill | - | |
As[] | ||||
Asatru(ar) (maður) | n | - | Esetroth(er), Ostroth(er) | |
asbestos | n | - | thrumstone, stone-flax, earthflax, (sl) devil dust, devil's dust. | |
ascend | vb | climb, sty | upcome (<OE ūpcuman and <ME upcǒmen) | |
Ascension Day | n | - | Gang-Day (<OE gangdæg) | |
ascent | n | upgoing, rise, upgang (UK) | - | |
asexual | n | - | swiveless, noneluster | |
Asia | n | the East | Easterngreatland, Morrowland (cf. NHG Morgenland) | |
Asian (race) | n | Far-Eastern | - | |
asparagus | n | sparrowgrass | earthnavel (<OE eorðnafela) | |
asphalt | n | - | streettar | |
aspin | n | - | philipdog | |
assail | vb | scathe lay into col.; beset, raid, storm | - | |
assassin | n | hitman, murderer, banesman. | - | |
assassinate | vb | kill, murder | amurther (cf. NHG ermorden) | |
assault | v | onset, onrush, beset, onfall | - | |
assault | n | onset, onrush, besetting, onfall |
- | |
assemble | vb | cleave, gather, huddle, band, frame, build, set up, forgather | sam, samen, (<OE samnian, cf. ON samna, NHG sammeln, NL zamelen), evencome (<OE efencuman) | |
assembly | n | forgathering, ingathering, meeting, church, get-together, huddle, moot | samening (<OE samnung, still retained in NHG Sache, which has both meanings.), day (cf. NHG -tag, SW -dag) summoning (phono-semantic matching of samening with already existing Anglo-Norman word summon) | |
assent | n | - | samethink, samethick (cf. SW samtycke, IC samþykki, DN/NO samtykke) | |
asset | n | holding | - | |
assiduous | adj | hopping, tied-up, working, abiding | workfast | |
assign | vb | foreset, deed, trust | - | |
assimilate | vb | - | inblend, uptake/upnim (cf. NHG aufnehmen) | |
assist | vb | help, bestead, prop up | filst (<OE fylstan) | |
assistance | n | help, backing, helping hand, lift | filst (<OE fylst), midhelp (<OE midhelp), atstall (<OE ætstæl), fultum (<OE fultum), byhelp (cf. NHG Beihilfe) | |
assistant | n | helper |
filstend (<OE fylstend), atstandand (<OE ætstandend) | |
associate | vb/n | - | noun: ichurl, iformeng verb: formeng (<OE formengan) | |
association | n | hookup, linkup, tie-up, brotherhood, guild, club, fellowship | underbind, forband (cf. NHG Verband), dowith (<OE dōn + wiþ) | |
assume | vb | deem; foreguess, bear, shoulder, ontake, undertake, inim [OE ge-nyman: to take up, to take on, assume] |
hie/huy(<OE hycgan 'bear in mind, confide, trust), smigh (<OE smēagan | |
assure | vb | - | forsicker (<SW försäkra 'to insure; to get an insurance for', to ensure; to make certain, to assure; to give someone confidence in the trustworthiness of something) | |
aster | n | - | starbloom | |
asterisk | n | star | starling; starkin, starmark | |
asteroid | n | - | roomrock, rock wanderer | |
asthma | n | - | angbreast (<OE angbreost) | |
astonish | vb | astound, dumbfound, amaze, bewilder, bewonder, startle, baffle | offwonder (<OE ofwundrian) | |
astonished | n | astounded, dumbfounded, amazed, bewildered, bewondered, startled |
offwondered | |
astonishing | adj | amazing, astounding, blindsiding, eye-opening startling, stunning, wonderful | bewondering | |
astral | adj | - | rotherly (<OE rodor), starly, star- | |
astrarium | n | - | tungletimer | |
Astrarium of Giovanni Dondi dell'Orologio |
n | - | liefbound tungletimer | |
astrolabe | n | - | starreckoner | |
astrology | n | starcraft | tungle sway, tungleshed (<OE tungolgescead) | |
astronaut | n | - | starman, heavensfarer, skyfarer, skytaker
star sailor (calque) | |
astronomy | n | starlore, starlooking | heavenlore | |
astute | adj | shrewd, cunning, smart sharp, quick-witted |
yepe (<OE geap), glew (<OE glēaw) | |
asymmetrical | adj | lopsided | - | |
asylum | n | grith, haven; madhouse | - | |
asymptote | n | - | ameetend | |
At[] | ||||
atavism | n | throwback | - | |
atelier | n | workshop | - | |
atheism | n | godlessness | - | |
atheïst | adj | godless | liefless, unliefsome, ungodsome | |
athlete | n | ironman, larker | - | |
-ative | suffix | - | -ingly | |
atlas | n | - | land book | |
atmosphere | n | - |
welkin, lifthelm (<OE lyfthelm) welkintrindle, lofttrindle, eathom (<OE ǣþm "breath, air atmosphere?") | |
atoll | n | ring-shaped island | - | |
atom | n | grot (ME, <OE grōt, "particle") | formote, uncleft | |
atomic | adj | grot-like, grotly | formote-like, formotely, uncleft-like, uncleftly | |
atrocious | adj | frightful, rotten | - | |
atrophy | n | withering, dying, waning | - | |
attach | v | - | link | |
attack | n | onslaught, onset, beset, onrush, strike, blow, hit | hildrush, onshot, ongripe (<OE ongrype), infall | |
attack | vb | raid, rush, strike, bestorm | infall | |
attack helicopter | n | - | strikechopper, strikespinner | |
attain | vb | reach | acome, fulcome (<OE fullcuman) or (cf. NHG vollkommen)
areach (<ME arēchen) | |
attempt | n | bid, crash, fling, go, shot, whack, whirl | cunning, fanding, minting | |
attempt | vb | seek | cun (<OE cunnian), fand, mint | |
attend | vb | hearken, mind; care, oversee, watch | - | |
attendant | n | steward | thew, theen, atstandand (<OE ætstandend) | |
attention | n | heed, mind, aught | bemarking | |
attest | vb | witness, swear, bear out | beshine (NHG bescheinigen), besteady (NHG bestätigen) | |
attested | adj | logged | - | |
attic | n | loft | thackroom | |
attire | n | cladding | - | |
attitude | n | standing, outlook, mood, ways, behaving | instelling (cf. NL instelling) | |
attorney | n | lawman | - | |
attract | vb | draw, draw in |
span (<OE spannan), adwell (<OE adwellan) | |
attractive | adj | comely, fair, good-looking, handsome, winsome, sightly | litey (<OE wlitig) | |
attraction | n | - | wondersight | |
attribute | n | ownship | - | |
Au[] | ||||
aubergine | n | madapple | eywort, windhealwort | |
auction | n | - | biddingsale | |
audacious | adj | daring, bold, ballsy, fearless, unafeared, cheeky, dare-all, dareful, unfearing, reckless, stoor | thriste | |
audacity | n | gall, guts, mettle, hardihood, hardiness, boldness, boldhood | - | |
audible | adj | - | hearly, hearsome | |
audience | n | listeners, listenership, onlookers, gathering, crowd, throng, turn out, hearing | eargathering, greetinghouse (<OE) | |
audio | n | loud | listenet (listen + -et, cf. Eng. thicket) | |
augment | vb | eke | bemore | |
August | n | - | Weedmonth (<OE Wēodmōnaþ) | |
augury | n | - | freit (<ME freit), ontoken | |
auk (<IC) | n | - | alk (<PG *allakǭ) | |
aunt | n | - | paternal: fathe (<OE faðe or faðu), fathersister (<IC föðursystir) maternal: modrey, mothrey (<OE modrige or modrie), mothersister (<IC móðursystir) | |
aura | n | skin glow | - | |
aurora | n |
dawning, daylight |
- | |
aurora australis | n | southern lights | - | |
aurora borealis | n | northern lights | - | |
aurum | n | gold | yellow dust | |
auscultation | n | harkening | lossening (<OE hlosnian: to listen wait, be on the lookout for) | |
austere | adj | - | yarewit | |
austerity | n | hardliness | tighthold | |
Australia | n | New Holland | Andland (cf. HIC proposal Andland, found here); The Great Southland, Great Southern Lands, the Sutherlands, Thiefland (slang), Downunder | |
Austria | n | Austrick (Scots) | Eastrich (<ME Estrich) | |
autarchy | n | thralldom | owndom, selfrich, selfkingdom, ownrich | |
authentic | adj | true | echt | |
author | n | writer | bookwright | |
authoress | n | - | bookwright, writster | |
authority | n | headship, shark, deathgrip | elderdom (<OE ealdordóm), learnedom, lorewdom (<OE láréowdóm), swinge | |
auto- | pref | self- | - | |
autocracy | n | - | selfwield | |
autodidact | adj | selftaught | selflearned | |
autoignite | vb | self-light | - | |
automaker | n | wainwright | - | |
automatic | adj | knee-jerk
gunning: self-loading, half-tilt, full-tilt |
machinery: selfworking, selfdriving, selfdriven | |
automobile | n | - | wain (widened the meaning), selfshifter (calque) | |
autonomy | n | - | selflaw, selfstanding | |
autonym | n | selfname | - | |
autopsy | n | - | open body underseeking, deathreading | |
Autotune | n | - | Selftune | |
autumn | n | fall | till, harvest | |
auxiliary | adj | backup, fallback-, helping | eke | |
Av[] | ||||
avail | vb | - | dow (< archaic NE dow <ME duʒen < OE dugan; cf. SC dow), frim, miling | |
available | adj | free, ready, in stock, at hand, forthcoming | arworthsome (calque), athandsome, atputsome | |
avalanche | n | snowslide | barrowfall, fellfall | |
avant garde | n | forhead | - | |
avant garde | adj | cutting edge | - | |
avarice | n | greed | yetsing (<OE gitsung) | |
avatar | n | - | fleshbilth | |
avenge | vb | wreak | - | |
avenue | n | - | drive | |
average | adj | middling | - | |
avert | vb | forestall, head off, stave off | mithe, forecome, offwend, umbewend (redirect), unwend (cf. NHG entwenden) | |
aviary | n | birdhouse, birdstow. | - | |
aviation | n | flight | flyingcraft | |
aviator | n | birdman, flyer | loftman, rotherer | |
avid | adj | raring | - | |
avocado | n | butter pear; soft apple | - | |
avoid | vb | miss, shun, ware, forbear, keep away, sidestep, ward off, duck, flee, shake, withdraw, jump, skip |
mithe (obs.), forecome, forbow (<ME forbǒuen), umgang, umgo | |
avow | vb | swear, trow, own | yea-say | |
Aw[] | ||||
award | vb | bestow, acknowledge | - | |
Ax[] | ||||
axiom | n | - | orsend (cf. IC frumsenda), orquid (cf. IC frumsetning, Fin. peruslause) groundforeguess (cf. NHG Grundannahme), starting ord (cf. NHG Ausgangspunkt), wisser (cf. Polish pewnik) | |
axis | n | axle, shaft | - | |
axolotl | n | - | waterhelper (from Minecraft) | |
Ay[] | ||||
aye (<ON) | adv | - | ever, always | |
aye (<ON) | interj. | yeah, yep, yah | yes | |
Az[] | ||||
azalea | n | - | drywort (from Minecraft) | |
azimuth | n | - | south hern (cf. IC attarhorn) | |
azure | adj | - | swail, blee (<OE blēo), hewen (<OE hǣwen) | |
azure bluet | n | - | hewenling (from Minecraft) |