Staff A of the English Wordbook.
Tongueshortenings:
- NE = New English
- ENE = Early New English
- ME = Middle English
- OE = Old English
- SC = Scots
- WF = West Frish
- NF = North Frish
- SF = Saterlandish Frish
- WO = Wangeroogish
- WLG = West Low Thetch
- EFLS = East Frish Low Saxish
- ELG = East Low Thetch
- NL = Netherlandish
- AF = Afrikaans
- NHG = New High Thetch
- IL = Icelandish
- HIL = High Icelandish
- FO = Faroish
- NO = Nornish
- SW = Swedish
- DN = Danish
- MLG = Middle Low Thetch
- MNL = Middle Netherlandish
- MHG = Middle High Thetch
- OF = Old Frish
- OS = Old Saxish
- OHG = Old High Thetch
- ON = Old Norse
- GO = Gottish
- PWG = Or-West-Theedish
- PG = Or-Theedish
Other shortenings:
- [ᛣ] = Loanwend
- [ᚹ] = Widened meaning given to a word for the sake of Anglish
- [ᛏ] = Transitive
- [ᚾ] = Intransitive
- [ᚩ] = Old and dead meaning of a living word
For a full list of etymological and other abbreviations used in these wordlists, see: Offshortenings.
Staffs under English Wordbook/A:
Aa Ab Ac Ad
Ae Af Ag Ah
Ai Aj Ak Al Am An Ao Ap Aq Ar As At Au Av
Aw Ax Ay Az
*Note: If you click on one of the links above, and nothing happens, then that means no words have been put forth for that bookstaff as of yet.
| Chancery English | Class | Anglish/English | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Attested | Unattested | ||
Aa[] | |||
| aardvark (<Afrikaans) | n | earthhog, earthpig, antbear, ant-bear | earthswine, earthfarrow (cognate) |
Ab[] | |||
| abacus | n | - | reckonboard (loanwend: NHG Rechenbrett) |
| abandon | vb | shed, forgo, forsake, forlet; give up, forget, let go of | forleese (‹ME forlẹ̄sen), forleave (‹ME forlēven), offyeave (‹OE ofgifan), of-give, up-give, unget, overgive |
| abandon | n | wantonness, recklessness; forsaking | forban |
| abandonment | n | forsaking, forgoing | shedding, forbanning |
| abandoned | adj/vb | forsaken, forlorn, forgotten, left behind, forgone | forbanned, forlet, forleft, ungotten |
| abase | vb | cheapen, warp; shame, sink, belittle, lay low, fell, drop | unar, anether |
| abash | vb | faze, ashame | - |
| abate | vb | drain away, drop off, dwindle, ease, ebb, fall away, lessen, let up, lower, shrink, wane | - |
| abattoir | n | slaughterhouse | - |
| abbess | n | mother | overmother, headmother |
| abbreviation | n | short for, shorthand | offshortening, forshortening, shortening, shortshape, shortstaving |
| abdicate | vb | step down, step aside from | - |
| abdomen | n | belly | bouk (‹ ENE bouk ⁊ ME bǒuk), riff (‹OE hrif), kite |
| abduct | vb | kidnap, steal, lead away, offlead, nab | - |
| aberrant | n | black-sheep, weird | - |
| aberration | n | freak, way-outness | unfollowing |
| abet | vb | goad, spur, hearten | fuse (<ME fusen) |
| abhor | vb | hate, loathe, mislike | - |
| ability | n | skill, strength, might, craft, bent, ken, cunning, knack in-born: mother-wit |
formay (cf. NL vermogen) |
| abject | adj | low | heanly (<OE heanlic), downcast (Barnes) |
| abjure | vb | forswear, take back, unsay, withdraw | swear off (cf. NHG abschwören), aftercwethe |
| ablactate | vb | wean | - |
| ablation | n | offtaking, offferrying | - |
| ablative | adj | - | atbraidingly, shiftfall (<IC skiftafall) |
| ablaut | n | ablaut (already Germanic) | offlloud |
| able | adj | fit, skilled | cunning, dow, stand (cf. DN, NO, NHG) |
| -able | sfx | -worthy, -some, -bearing, -ly, -wend (<OE -wende) |
-endly/-ingly, -bere, -cannish, -canny, -worth, (<OE -wierþe), -bear, -beare (cf. OE -bære, WF -ber, NHG -bar) |
| able to | phr | can, may, to be canny enough, to be cunning enough, up to | dow to, skilled to |
| ablution | n | washing, cleansing | furbing |
| abnegate | vb | forgo, forswear | - |
| abnormal | adj | amiss, unwonted, odd | unmean, unshapely (Barnes) |
| abolish | vb | end, let die out, die off, stop; quench, black out, stamp out, sweep away, wipe out, do away with |
fordo, forend, adiley (<OE ādīlegian), offship (cf. NHG abschaffen) |
| abominable | adj | awful, dreadful, evil, loathsome, sickening | shandful (<OE scandful, cf. NHG/NL schandvoll), slithely, besmearful, wargedly (<OE) |
| aboriginal | adj | inborn, dwelt before | firstfolkish, orfolkly (see or- ) |
| aborigine | n | - | orfolk (OE or 'origin') firstfolk, beginner-folk, (see or- ) |
| abort | vb | lay off, call off, end | - |
| abortion | n | misbirth, baby killing | forbirthing, awaywarpness (<OE) |
| abound | vb | brim, teem, overflow | - |
| abrasion | n | graze, scrape | - |
| abridge | vb | cut back, forshorten, cut | littlen (<OE) |
| abrupt | adj | anon, at once, quick, fast, steep, short (in time) | shorn (<OE scoren) |
| abscess | n | swelling | atterboil (cf. NHG Eiterbeule, NL etterbuil) |
| abscond | vb | break out, run off, steal away | - |
| absence | n |
time off, lack, needfulness, want, dearth |
offwardness (<OE) |
| absent | adj | missing, wanting, out | offward (<OE) |
| absenteeism | n | how often out | offwardness |
| absent-mindedness | n | daydreaming, flighty, thoughtless, unheeding, unmindful, woolgathering | - |
| absinthe | n | wormwood drink | - |
| absolute | adj | unanswering, answering to none, God-king, outright, utter, full, rank | - |
| absolutely | adv | fully, wholly, dead | - |
| absolve | vb | forgive | offloosen (Barnes) |
| absorb | vb | drink, soak, sop, soak in, soak up, suck up, take up; grip; burn, drain, draw down, play out | bedrink (<OE bedrincan), up-soak, forsoak (Barnes) |
| abstain (from) | vb | forbear (Barnes), forego, withhold, hold back, swear off, do without | - |
| abstinence | n | - | forbearing, forhaveness (<OE forhæfnes) |
| abstract | vb | withdraw, take from, pull out, seethe out | - |
| abstract | adj | dreamlike, foggy, floating | fallenly, unbodied |
| abstract | n | withdrawal, outline | outpulling, outdraught, offdrawal (abstraction) |
| absurd | adj | -foolish, | unthasly, foul (<OE unþæslic, fúl) |
| abundance | n | wealth, lot | fullsomeness (<OE) |
| abundant | adj | teeming, swarming, overflowing, fulsome, rife, fat, thick, awash | - |
| abuse | vb | scathe, mishandle, smite, strike, harm, wound | hean (<OE hienan), smittle, misbrook |
| Abyayala, Abya-Yala | n(p) | - | Ripefullkithe, Fullripekithe |
| abysmal | adj | lowest, at bottom, deep, hellish, in the hole, hopeless, dreadful, fathomless, bottomless | netherly, unfathomly |
| abyss | n | hell, depth, ground, deep, pit, netherworld | newel (<OE neowol), offground (cf. NHG Abgrund, NL afgrond), yap (<OE gēap) |
Ac[] | |||
| acacia | n | thorn tree, whistling thorn, wattle | thornbloom, hookthorn, wattletree (from Minecraft) |
| academia | n | - | learnedom, loredom, frod (<OE), lorekeep, brainhall, highspire, bookborough, mindthralldom |
| academic | n/adj | highbrow, book-learned, bookish | moot, booksome, lorewise, mighty-brained n: loreman |
| academy | n | - | lorebold (lore + bold (wordlore 1)) lorebottle (lore + bottle (wordlore 2)) learningstead |
| açaí | n | - | koleberry |
| a cappella | avb/adj | singing | loneglee, mouthglee, mouthly |
| accede | vb | - | agree: thware (<OE) |
| accelerate | vb | speed up, spur, quicken (Barnes) | yare, swiften |
| acceleration | n | speeding up | yareness, swifteness |
| accent | n | twang, drawl, sound | tungfall (cf. NL tongval), word-strain (Barnes) |
| accept | vb | swallow, trust; bear, shoulder; intake (Barnes);
take; welcome |
thave, thware (<OE þwarian 'to bring into agreement, make harmonious') ontake, onfang (<OE onfon) |
| acceptable | adj | all right, fair, good; bearsome | thwaringly, thewsome,
quemely (<OE cwēmlīc) |
| access | n | doorway, gateway, key | infare, ingoing, togang (<OE tōgang) |
| accessible | adj | at hand | yea-fare, thuringly |
| accessory | n | trim | bykeeper, deedmate (Barnes) |
| accident | n | mishap; hap, luck, befall | unfall (cf. NHG Unfall) , hapliness (Barnes) |
| accidental | adj | unwitting | fallenly, happensome (Barnes) |
| accommodation | n | - | underbringing (cf. NHG Unterbringung) |
| accompany | vb | go with, follow, see off |
beglide (cf. NL begeleiden, NHG begleiten), samedsithe (<OE samodsīðian) |
| accomplish | vb phr | fulfill, fulldo, sew up, bring about, reach | fulcome (<ME fulcǒmen), fulbring (cf. NHG vollbringen) |
| accomplishment | n | deed | fullend, bringing(s)-forth (Shakespeare) |
| accord | n | deal, meeting of minds | thaving, thwaring |
| accordion | n | - | bellowharp |
| according to | adj | as of, by, true to
quoth |
nigh (cf. NHG nach), after, following (calque) |
| account | n | ledger, reckoning, log | reckonbook, reckonreme (reme - number) |
| account of | vb | take of, witness (give) | forof (on) |
| accountant | n | bookkeeper; reckoner | teller (cf. NL tal, NHG Zahl 'number') |
| accumulate | vb | heap, upheap, build up, gather up | - |
| accumulation | vb | unheaping | - |
| accurate | adj | right on, spot-on | suttle (<OE sweotol)
narrowkirry (calque of NL nauwkeurig, narrow + kir 'choice') |
| accusation | noun | bewraying (cf. Eng. bewrayment) | - |
| accusative (case) | adj/n | - | wrayingly (<OE wregendlic), wrayingfall, end-case (Barnes); tholefall (cf. IC þolfall), whonefall (<OE hwone, the accusative of hwæt, refer to NHG wen and Wenfall) |
| accuse | vb | wray, guilt |
atwite, fromtyghtle (<OE frumtyhtle, originally meaning first accusation) falsely: forwray (<OE forwregan) |
| accustom | vb | wean, wean on, wean to | onwone (Barnes) |
| accustomed | adj | wont, used to | - |
| acephalous | adj | headless (Barnes) | - |
| acetone | n | - | sourghost |
| achieve | vb | - | areach (cf. NHG erreichen) |
| achievement | n | - | bringing(s)-forth (Shakespeare) |
| acid | adj/n | adj: sour | n: sour |
| acidic | adj | sour | ober (<OE ābor/āfor) |
| acne | n | - | redmeal (OE mal 'spot') |
| aconite | n | wolfsbane | - |
| acoustics | n | - | dinlore |
| acquaint | vb | befriend, get to know | ken (<OE cunnan “to become acquainted with, to know”) |
| acquaintance | n | friend, neighbor, kith | kenning |
| acquiesce | vb | bow | thave (<OE) |
| acquire | vb | earn, foster, get, win | beget (<OE), awin (<OE āwinnan), avel (<PG *aflōną; whence IC afla) |
| acquisition | n |
windfall (unexpected) |
begetting |
| acrobat | n | tumbler, tumblester | stringtumb |
| acropolis | n | high town, upper town, show town | highborough, highbury |
| across | adv | over | thwarse, thweer, athwart (Barnes) |
| act | n | deed, work, play, behaving | - |
| act | vb | do, work, behave, happen | - |
| action | n | deed (Barnes), doing, work, do (as, 'all talk and no do'), liveliness, behaving, happening |
ishown (<OE ġescēon, cf. NHG Geschehen)
dodrive |
| activate | vb | switch on | astir (<ME astiren) |
| active | adj | switched on, snell, deedy, mettlesome, springy; hopping, tied-up, unruly | ongoing, doingsome (Barnes), doughty, sprack (Barnes) |
| activist | n | backer, upholder, fighter, diehard, busybody | - |
| activity | n | - | sprackdom, doingness |
| actor/actress | n | player, showman | showplayer [cf. NHG Schauspieler] |
| actual | adj | sooth, soothfast, true | new, nowly |
| actualism | n | - | beingdom |
| actually | adv | indeed, truly, soothly, forsooth, truthfully, all in all, truth to tell, word for word | workly, echtly (see echt), wittedly (<OE), deedsakely (NHG tatsächlich) |
| acupuncture | n | - | nailhealing, pinpricking, dry-needling (loosely) |
| acute | adj | sharp, high (Barnes), keen, honed; shrill (accent) | suttle |
Ad[] | |||
| A.D. | adv | in the year of our lord | Y.L. |
| ad infinitum | adv | forevermore | at eke, ekely, for eke, unto everness |
| adamant | adj | unyielding, unswayed, loud | - |
| adamant | n | - | untamstone (un- + tame + stone) |
| adaptable | adj | - | onwending (cf. NL aanwendbaar) |
| adapter | n | - | eck-on, fayfitter |
| add | vb | fay, eke "fay to this wordbook!" | reckon up, put on, onput (Barnes), at-eke (OE) |
| add up | vb | cast up, tally up | - |
| addict | n | - | soughtier (cf. NHG Süchtiger) |
| addicted | adj | - | soughty (cf. NHG süchtig) |
| addiction | n | craving, yearning | sought (<ME soght cf. NHG Sucht) |
| addition | n | faying, eking | togive |
| additional | adj | further | bycoming (NL bijkomend), coming by |
| additionally | adv |
again, also, besides, either, further, furthermore, likewise, moreover, then, too, withal, yet, over and above |
eke (also) |
| address | vb | call, name, clip, bespeak | at-speak, bequethe, hote |
| address | n | link | sitline (<OE asittan 'to live together'), callword |
| adept | adj | skillful, skilled, good, deft, cunning | - |
| adequate | adj | right, even, fair, fit, befitting, becoming | makeshift, make-do |
| adhere | vb | cling, stick, cleave to, follow, stand by | to cleave at (<OE) |
| adherence to good morals | n | - | thewfastness |
| adherent | n | follower, stalwart | - |
| adiposis | n | overweight | fat |
| adjacent | adj | near, next, neighboring, beside, by | - |
| adjective | n | - | mark-word (Barnes) |
| adjunct | n | helpmate, sidekick | - |
| adjust | vb | set, fit, gear | forstell (cf. NHG/NL verstellen) (see stell) |
| admonish | vb | - | formone (cf. NL vermanen) |
| administer | vb | wield, deal, lot, begive | bewit |
| administration | n | dealing, shire, begiveness | shiredom, shirecraft, richdom, forwield, forwielding (cf. NHG Verwaltung), dealward |
| admiral | n | - | fleethelm, fleetleader, fleetwielder (wielder < OE walda) |
| admiralty | n | - | fleetwieldery, fleetdom |
| admire | vb | look up to | bewonder, belook |
| admission | n | doorway | thwaring |
| admit | vb |
let in, acknowledge, welcome, greet, take in confess: own up |
andet (<OE andhetan), give to (cf. NHG zugeben, NL toegeven)
confess: beknow (Eng.) sense to join a club, society, admit to hospital, etc: instep, onsend, tosend, intake |
| admonish | vb | chide, forewarn, upbraid, warn | tell off, man (<OE manian) |
| adolescence | n | youthhood, growing up | teenhood |
| adolescent | n | youth, youngling, youngster, teen | - |
| adopt | vb | take on, follow; take in, mother, rear, foster, bring up, take care of |
intake |
| adoption | n | fostering | intaking |
| adorable | adj | comely, lovely, looksome, dear, sweet | - |
| adorn | vb | bedight, bedeck, yare, trim, bedizen |
breen (<OE berenian) with precious stones: astean (<OE āstænan) |
| adrenaline | n | - | thringweald |
| adulation | n | - | hallowing |
| adult | n | grown-up | fullwaxener (<NL volwassene) |
| adulthood | n | - | fullwaxenhood (<NL volwassenheid) |
| adulterous | adj | forlear, woughhammend | |
| adultery | adj | - | wedlock breach, wedbreach, bedswerving. 2. forlearness (<OS Farlegarnessi (also attested in OE); see OE leġer), woughhamd |
| adumbrate | vb | outline | - |
| advance | vb | make inroads, forward, further, go (on)
trans. put forth |
forthgo, forespring, wade on |
| advance | n | inroads, headway; breakthrough in advance: beforehand |
forthgoing, forespring |
| advanced | adj | quick, ahead, higher, better, hard, tough, skilfull, clever, manifold, knotted, snarled | forthstridden, foresprang |
| advancement | n | furthering | |
| advancing | adj | striding, forespringing | - |
| advantage | n | boon, foredeal, high ground, upper-hand | boot, behoof, upside |
| advantageous | adj | helpful, worthwhile | behovely, frimful/frimly (<OE frimlic) |
| advection | n | - | tobearing, atbearing, onbearing |
| advent | n | coming, onset, showing up, calling on, coming forth | incoming, fore-yule, fore-yuletide, (fore-christmas) |
| adventure | n | happening, time; flutter, throw, undertaking, fare | rose (<OE rās), wayspell (cf. SW vågspel), darefare |
| adventurous | adj | daring, free-swinging, gutsy, bold | rosey, free-ghostly |
| adverb | n | - | byword (cf. OE bīword, WF bywurd, NL bijwoord, Limburgish biewaord/beiwoad) |
| adversarial | n | - | thwartsome (Barnes), witherlike, gainsaying, fiendish, foelike |
| adversary | n | foe, witherling, fiend | withersake (<OE wiþersaca, cf. NHG Widersacher) |
| adversity | n | ill, knock, mishap; hardship, hurdle, pitfall | thwartsomeness, hardhap, witherness |
| adversive | n | - | thwartsome, withersome |
| advertize | vb | boost, play up, show off | showmede |
| advertisement | n | boostering, showing | - |
| advice | n | tip, help, read, reading | rede (<OE rēd, cf. SF Räid, NL raad, NHG Rat) |
| advisable | adj | - | redesome (cf. NHG ratsam) |
| advise | vb | Beread, Berede | berede, mind |
| advocacy | n | boost, boostership, backing | forespeech (<OE forespræc, cf. NHG Fürsprache, NL voorspraak) |
| advocate | n/vb | plead for, uphold, back up; spokesman, stand up for |
forspeak (<OE foresprecan, cf. NHG fürsprechen) |
Ae[] | |||
| aerial | adj | skywards, aloft, lofty, soaring, spirelike | liften (<OE lyften) |
| aerodynamic | adj | streamlined | wind deft, windfit, loftlithe |
| aerodynamics | n | - | loftcraft (calque Gk.) |
| aeronaut | n | flyer | roomfarer (room = space; cf. NHG Raum) |
| aerospace | n | skycraft, skyworks | loftroom |
| Æsir | n | ghosts, gods, undead, fiends, wicked wights; foes | Ese (<OE ese; see The Elder Gods by Stephen Pollington), wodes |
| aesthetic | adj | comely, fair, seemly, befitting, good looks | litey (<OE wlitig) |
Af[] | |||
| affable | adj | friendly | word-winsome, welcoming, kindly (particularly, in speech) |
| affair | n | fling; blowout; handiwork; happening; business |
inting (<OE intinga) |
| affect | vb | lead to, strike, inflow, sway; wend, shift, switch, awork (<OE awyrcan) | forother (cf. WF feroarje, NL veranderen) |
| affection | n | dearness, fondness; illness; leaning; hallmark; sweetness | ist (<PWG *unsti; cf. NHG Gunst)
child: barnlove (<OE bearnlufe) |
| affectionate | adj | loving, warm-hearted, indearing, sweet | lovesome (Barnes) |
| affiance | vb | betroth | - |
| affinity | n | leaning, kinship, sibred | sibhood |
| affirm | vb | - |
foraye (Barnes), seethe (<OE sēþan) |
| affirmative | int | aye, yea, so, yes, yeah, yep | - |
| affix | n | - | wordfastening |
| afflict | vb | ail, smite, dretch |
swench (<OE swinc), beweal (<OE bewælan), thrish (<OE geþryscan) |
| affluence | n | wealth, riches, fat | weal, ethe |
| affluent | adj | wealthy, well-off, well-to-do rich, fat |
- |
| afraid | adj | afeared, adread, fearful, aghast, frightened | eyen (from PTCP of PG *aganą; cf. OE ege ⁊ OE ōga) |
| Africa | n(p) | - | Africk (<ME Affrīk ⁊ <OE Affrica); Hefferyard (<? + er (as in earth) + yard) , Sweltkithe, Weestkithe, Droughtkithe (related to the Saharan Desert; kithe being spelled differently than kith ('region') to show the vowel is long) |
Ag[] | |||
| age | n | oldness, world, time, tide | eld, tide (era) |
| age | vb | olden: mellow, ripen, elden | eld |
| aged | adj | elderly, old(en), yore | forolden, full-blown, full-fledged, grown |
| agenda | n | to-do-list, ledger | worklist (cf. WF wurklist), reckonleaf |
| agent | n | follower | - |
| agglomerate | vb | huddle | clodden (Barnes) |
| agglomeration | n | crowding, heaping, clodding, | swelltown |
| agglutinate | vb | wordlink | upcleam (Barnes) |
| aggression | n | go-getting | fightsomeness (built on Barnes), winsomeness |
| aggressive | adj | go-getting | fightsome (Barnes), winsome |
| aggressor | n | raider | scather |
| agile | adj | nimble, limber, lithe, light-footed, yare | - |
| agitate | vb | stir, toss | - |
| agitation | n | worry | mindfret, seething, churning |
| aglet | n | - | needling, shoestring tip |
| agnatic | adj | - | fatherkinly |
| agony | n | throe, ache | sussel (<OE sūsl) |
| agoraphobia | n | - | steadfear |
| agree | vb | settle on, fit, hold with (Barnes), stand [with], stick [with], yeasay | aspeak (<OE gesprecan), thwear (<OE þwǽrian), thave (<OE þafian), forewird (<OE forewyrdan) |
| agreeable | adj | - | likeworthy |
| agreed | adj | - | oneread (<ME ānrēd <OE ānrǣd) |
| agreement | n | deal, meeting of minds | mirth, thwaring, thaving, soom (<OE sóm) |
| agricultural | adj | field (Barnes) | - |
| agriculture | n | tilth, tilling, harvest | earth-tilth (Barnes), acretilth, cropcraft, landwardship (calque of NHG Landwirtschaft) |
| agrimony | n | clive | - |
| agrostology | n | - | grasslore |
Ah[] | |||
Ai[] | |||
| aichmophobia | n | needlefright | - |
| aid | n | helpmate, sidekick, backing, helping hand, leg up | filst (<OE fylst), atstall (<OE ætstæl), fultum (<OE fultum/fulteam) |
| aid | vb | help, bestead | filst (<OE fylstan), anfilst (<OE andfylstan) |
| aimsome | adj | single-minded (Barnes) | - |
| AIDS | n | - | Earned Bodyweir Scantness Sickness |
| aim | n | goal, mark | tile (<OE tilian "to aim", cf. NHG Ziel); ettle |
| aim at | vb | sight, take sight on | eye for, nought in, tile (<OE tilian, NHG zielen) |
| air | n/vb |
wind, breath vb: broadcast; freshen |
loft (<OE loft (through Old Norse) ), lift (<ME lift; cf. SF Luft, NF Locht (Sylt), NL lucht), life's breath (poetic) |
| air force | n | sky might | loftmight (cf. NL luchtmacht), skyheer (< OED heer "army"), liftfleet (calque of NL luchtvloot), skyfyrd |
| airless | adj | - | liftless |
| airplane / aeroplane | n | wing craft, kite (slang), flightcraft | flycraft, loftcraft, stycraft from OE upstigen to move up rise ascend), wingwain, flysere, flytoy, flysarrow, flywile, serefowl/searfowl, sarrowbird (sarrow - technical wonder); tinbird (NZ slang) |
| airport | n | flight field (< Ice) landing field, sky harbor, landing strip | flyfield, lofthub, lofthaven (calque) |
| airship | n | skyship | loftship |
| aisle | n | path, lane | gangway |
Aj[] | |||
Ak[] | |||
Al[] | |||
| a la carte | adj | - | by-the-list |
| alacrity | n | - | coafship (<OE cāfsċiepe) |
| a la mode | adj | trendy, running, (beef) cooked with wine | (beef) wine-stewed, (pie) with ice salve |
| alarm clock | n | - | waker (cf. NHG Wecker, NL wekker), lilter, uprouser |
| alas | interj | alack, ay, woe | welaway, lackaday, alack |
| albedo | n | - | whiteness (<ME <OE hwítness) |
| albino | n | - | whiteling |
| album | n | - | whitebook
music album (f.b, Thriller): gleebook |
| albumen | n | egg white | egg lime |
| alchemy | n | - | orecraft |
| alcohol | n | booze, firewater, tipple | wineghost |
| alcoholic | adj | boozer | - |
| alcoholic | n | sot, drunkard, boozer | malt-worm |
| alert | adj | awake, mindful, watchful, heedful, wary, numble, sharp-witted, ready, willing | gleg, rathe (<OE), wakesome (cf. NHG wachsam) |
| algorithm | n | - | turing sare/workrig, keersare (<OE cyre "choice") |
| alien | n/adj | way-out, fremd, outlandish | - |
| alien | n | outsider, evil ghost, kidnapper | elster, elend, otherling |
| alienate | vb | - | befremd (calque: NHG befremden) |
| alienation | n | unfriendliness | befremding |
| align | vb | set up, fit, shape (into a line) | - |
| allegiance (Germanic origin) | n | - | truthness |
| allegory | n | likeness | forlikening (Barnes) |
| allergy | n | - | overfeeling, haysneezing, fremdcasting (an allergic reaction casts out foreign cells such as pollens) |
| alleviate | vb | allay, lighten, soften | - |
| alley | n | walk, lane, byroad, pathway, walkway, gangway, laneway, ginnel | - |
| alliance | n | bond, band, tie, team (informal) | - |
| allied | adj | banded, befriended, teamed (informal) | fayed |
| alligator | n | - | broadmouthnix |
| alliteration | n | - | staffrime (cf. DN stavrim, NHG Stabreim), staverime, mate-penning (Barnes) |
| alliterative | adj | - | staffriming |
| allium | n | - | leek (broad meaning; see OE lēac) |
| allocate | vb | let, deal out, earmark | fordeal |
| allotment | n | dole, share | fordealing |
| allow | vb | let (Barnes), leave, give the green light for | thwore (<OE þwárian), thave (<OE þafian), aleave (<OE ālīefan, cf. NHG erlauben) |
| allowable | adj | - | thwaresome, thavesome |
| alloy | n | mix, blend, meld | mastling |
| All Saints Day | n | Allhallowsmas, Hallowmas, All Hallows’ | - |
| allude | vb | hint (at), touch (on), link (to), liken (to) | anent |
| allure | vb | draw to, beguile, ensnare | spane (<OE spanan), adwell |
| ally | n | - | ithoft, ifolk, ihild, ifight, ilie, ilay |
| almanac | n | yearbook | - |
| almond | n | mandle (<PWG mandalā, cf. NHG Mandel) | - |
| aloe | n | - | dufthart, duft (fragrant) + hart (resin) |
| alopecia | n | hair loss | callow (<OE calwa) |
| alphabet | n |
ABCs |
staverow (<OE stæfrǣw), abecede, runeline, runebook, staffhoard, runestaff |
| altar | n | weved (<OED, wigh bed, “holy bed”) | giftboard, worship board, glowstead, gleedstead (<OE glédstede), wighbed (<OE wigbed, “holy bed”), harrow (<OE hearg, cf. OHG harug) |
| alter | vb | shift, wend | forother (cf. WF feroarje, NL veranderen, NHG verändern) |
| altercation | n | flite, brangle, brawl, row, dust-up | - |
| alternate | v | waver, switch, become, shift | - |
| alternative | adj | other | - |
| altitude | n | height | - |
| altruism | n | selflessness | - |
| altruistic | adj | selfless, unselfish | - |
| aluminum/aluminium | n | - | canshaft |
| alveolus | n | tooth cup | lungsack, liftsack, loftsack |
| alvinophilia | n | - | navellust |
| Alzheimers | n | the long goodbye | - |
Am[] | |||
| A.M. (ante meridiem) | adv | in the morning | B.M. (before midday), F.M. (foremidday; cf. SW förmiddag), forenoon |
| amass | vb | gather, heap, huddle | mill |
| amateur | n | greenhorn, beginner, starter, newcomer, newbie | - |
| amazement (foreign suffix) | n | amazedness | amazing, forwondering (cf. NHG Verwunderung, NL verwondering), wonderhood |
| ambassador | n | middleman | richesboder, landspellsman |
| amber | n | - | ealsand (<OE eolhsand), brimstone, glarestone, burnstone |
| ambidextrous | adj | both-handed, two-handed, either-handed | umberight, umbecrafty, umbehandy |
| ambience | n | mood, feeling | roomfeel |
| ambiguous | adj | - | twiwordy (<OE twiwyrdig), twisided (Barnes), twi-meaning, unsifer |
| ambiguity | n | - | twiwordiness |
| ambition | n | drivenness | - |
| ambivalence | n | - | waver |
| ambivert | n | - | twigoer |
| ambiverted | adj | - | twigoing |
| ambulance | n | - | sickwain (calque: NL ziekenwagen), crankwain (calque: NHG Krankenwagen) |
| ambulant | adj | roving, wandering, wayfaring | - |
| ambush | n/vb | net, web; waylay (Barnes), forlay | seat (<OE sǣt ⁊ sǣtian) |
| ameliorate | vb | better | eather |
| amen | interj |
- |
soothly (<ME sōthlī), so be it (used in the early English Reformation), true dat (colloquial), yelayay |
| Amendment | n | - | Lawshift |
| America | n | New World | Markland (<OE mearcland "borderland", cognate to ON markland, the name given by Leif Eriksson to a Labrador shoreline; the element mark, incidentally, shares the same three consonant sounds as America), Westlands, Amalrich |
| amethyst | n | - | drunklack (from Minecraft), purple imm (<ME yimme) |
| amiable | adj | friendly, sweet, kind | lovesome (<OE lufsum) |
| amicable | adj | friendly, hail-fellow-well-met | blithe |
| amigo | n | friend | - |
| ammonia | n | - | hartshorn |
| amnesia | n | blackout | eftmind loss |
| amoeba | n | - | shapeshifter, slimebrick, slimedeer (cf. IC slímdýr) |
| amorphous | adj | shapeless | - |
| amount | n | score, lot, whit, deal (Barnes) | andeven (<OE andefn) |
| amount | vb | come up, draw up | - |
| ampersand | n | - | andtoken |
| amphibian | n | - | frogdeer (calque: IC froskdýr), lurrow (cf. NHG Lurche), shoredeer |
| amphibious | adj | - | two-breathed (Barnes) |
| amphitheater | n | - | playstow, umbewitstow |
| ample | adj | broad, large, roomy | - |
| amplifier | n | - | forstronger |
| amplify | vb | - | outbroaden (Barnes) |
| amplitude | n | breadth, reach, width | - |
| amputate | v | cut (off), rend, snithe, forcarve, limb, belimb | - |
| amputated | v/adj | cut (off), rent/rended, snothe/snithed, forcorve/forcarved, limbed, belimbed | - |
| amputation | n | cutting (off), rending, snithing, forcaving, limbing, belimbing | rendness |
| amusement | n | fun, game, fun and games | - |
| amusing | adj | - | listing |
An[] | |||
| -an | pfx | -en, -ish, -er (demonym), | - |
| anachronism | n | mistiming (Barnes) | - |
| anaconda | n | - | whipsnake |
| anesthetic | adj | unsightly | dwale |
| anagram | n | - | stavewrixel |
| anal | adj | bottom | arsely, arsen |
| analgesic | n | numbing | anwark |
| analog | adj | gear-driven | - |
| analogy | n | - | alikeword |
| analyze | vb | look at | forloosen (Barnes), think through, unthread, unriddle, onlight, onseek,
forloosen, uploosen, upsunder, nease (<OE to search, to find out by inquiry), anease |
| anarchism | n/adj | - | lawlessholth, lawlesshood |
| anarchy | n | lawlessness |
redelacking, ethellessness |
| anastomosis | n | shunt | - |
| anathema | n | - | forputting (calque Gk. anathema) |
| anatomy | n | - | bodylore |
| ancestor | n | forebearer, forefather, elder, forerunner, fore-elder, alder-father, spearside, spindleside, forekin | foremother, foreolder, alder-mother, erer (<GOT airiza) |
| ancestry | n | strain, seed, bloodties, house | strind |
| ancient | adj | hoary, olden, old-time, foreold (Barnes) | fern (<OE fyrn), orold (cf. NHG uralt), yoren, gamle (<OE gamol) |
| ancient times | n | yoretide | - |
| andesite | n | - | andestone (calque) |
| andiron | n | firedog | firegoat |
| androgyny | n | - |
werewifehood (Calque of the Greek + hood) |
| android | n | - | manhue/werehue (cf. Greek andros 'man' and oeidēs 'hue' (<OE hiw)) |
| anemometer | n | - | windmeter (Barnes) |
| anemone | n | - | windrose |
| anesthesia | n | - | unfeeler (calque), number (one who numbs) |
| angel | n | - | errandghost (<OE ærendgást), ingle (<OE engel), rotherer |
| anger (ON loanword) | n | madness, wrath, uptightness, waspishness | grame (<OE grama), waspness |
| angle | n | nook, bight, winkle | nookspan, nookwidth, hook, hurn (<OE hyrne), whem (<OE hwemm) |
| angry (ON loanword) | adj | mad, wrathful, uptight, waspish, wasp | - |
| anguish | n | woe, sorrow, heartbreak, heartache, throe | angsomeness, bosom-hell, susle (<OE sūsl) |
| angular | adj | - | nook-shot, sharp-nooked, straight-edged, hirned (<OE hyrnen), edgy |
| animal | n | being, deer (obsolete or Shakespearean) | wight (<OE wiht), wilder, soulend, livle, neat (<OE; like neatsfoot oil) |
| animate | vb | liven, enliven literary: quicken (Barnes) |
besoul (cf. NHG beseelen, NL bezielen) |
| animation | n | drawn film | - |
| anime | n | - | dawnlandish livedrawing |
| animosity | n | hate(red) | - |
| annals | n | - | year-bookings |
| annelid | n | ringworm | - |
| annex | vb | - | onend (on+end) (calque of NHG Anschluss) |
| annihilate | vb | wipe out | fornaughten (Barnes) benothing (Eng.) |
| annihilation | n | wrecking | fornaughting, spild (OE) |
| anniversary | n | yearday, yeartide (Barnes), Frealstide (<OE a festival of the church, an anniversary), Year-imind (<OE) | mindday (<OE gemynddaeg) |
| Anno Domini | adv | in the year of our lord | - |
| annotate | vb | mark | bemark |
| annotation | n | marking | bemarking (cf. NHG Bemerkung) |
| announce | vb | ban, bode, bid, kithe | mield (<OE meldian, cf. NHG/NL melden), forthspell, spell out |
| announcement | n | - | oncouthing (cf. NHG Ankündigung) |
| annoy | vb | irk (Barnes), nettle, dretch, grill | each (<PG *aikijaną, kin: NO eikja?) |
| annoying | adj | irksome (Barnes) | - |
| annual | adj | yearly | - |
| annual | n | yearbook | - |
| annul | vb | fordo, call off | - |
| annuli astronomici | n | Gemma's Rings | - |
| annulus | n | ring | - |
| anoint | v | smear, salve (<ME, cf. NHG Salbe; do not confuse with Leeden homonym) | anele, throughsmear (<OE þūrhsmyrian) |
| anonymous | adj | nameless, unnamed, unknown | - |
| anorexia nervosa | n | - | foodshy, eatshy, fastlust |
| antagonist | n |
fiend, foe |
witherling, gainstander |
| antarctic | adj | - | southend |
| Antarctica | n | - | South End, South Hern, Underland, Icekithe, Iceswathekithe, Frozenkithe |
| antecedence | n | beforemath, foregoing | - |
| antechamber | n | - | foreroom (calque), anth (<PG *anþō) |
| antediluvian | adj | - | foreflood |
| antenna | n | - | yardhorn, sailyard, feelers (biology) |
| Ante Meridiem | phr | - | Before Midday (calque) |
| antelope | n | pronghorn (specifically American antelopes) | sawhorn, wildbuck |
| anterior | adj | foreward; foregoing, former | - |
| anterior | n | fore, foreside | - |
| anthem | n | - | folksong, landsong |
| anthocyanin | n | - | bloomblue, blossomblue |
| anthophilia | n | - | bloomlust |
| anthology | n | reader | fayness |
| Anthropocene | n | - | Mantide |
| anthropology | n | - | theedlore, manlore, werelore |
| anti- | pref | - | an- (<OE and-), un- |
| antibiotic | n | - | gainrodlifeanwork |
| anticipate | vb | foretell, foresee | forethink (<OE foreþencan) |
| anticlockwise | adj/adv | widdershins | withclockwise, withershins |
| antics | n | - | odd behaveness, childishness |
| anticommunism | n | - | anallownership, angemeandom |
| anticonstitutionally | adv | - | witherlawwritly, withlawwritly |
| antidisestablishmentarianism | n | - | gainunstathelingmanness |
| antidote | n | - | atterloathe (<ME atterllothe) |
| antifascism | n | - | anbundlerichkedom |
| antigen | n | - | offweirstuff |
| antihero | n | - | banestar, gainheleth, withheleth, witherheleth, unheleth, unhield |
| antilope | n | - | buck (cf. Afr. bok), bloomgoat |
| antimatter | n | - | gainshaft, withershaft, unbeing, unshaft |
| antipathy | n | mislike | - |
| antipope | n | - | gainfather (cf. NHG Gegenpapst) |
| antiquated | adj | careworn, timestruck | - |
| antique | n | - | eldern, barn-find, timeless-ware(s) |
| antique | adj | - | barn-find (antique: more than a hundred years old; vintage: several decades old) |
| antiquity | n | olden days; oldness, elderliness | afern (<OE fyrn 'former, ancient') |
| antiseptic | adj | - | withersmite |
| antistatism | n | - | witherlawwardness |
| antistatist | adj | - | witherlawmootish |
| antistatist | n | - | leedward witherling |
| antitoxin | n | - | gainatter |
| antivillain | n | - | unwretch |
| antler | n | - | blowhorn (<OE blōwan) |
| antonym | n | - | witherword gainword (cf. NHG Gegenwort) |
| anus | n | arsehole (vulgar), asshole (American, vulgar; note that arse is not said as often in America) | arse-thirl (OE: earsþerl), back-tharm, endring |
| anxiety | n | angst, fear, worry | angness, angens, moodcare |
Ao[] | |||
| aorta | n | - | loftleat |
Ap[] | |||
| apart | adj | cleaved, sundered, shedded | - |
| apart from | adv | aside, asunder | - |
| apartment | n | flat, room, by-room | woning (cf. NHG Wohnung) |
| apathetic | adj | aloof, samewise | - |
| aperture | n | opening, breech, hole | - |
| apex | n | tip, yop, top | - |
| aphid | n | greenfly, blackfly | wortlice |
| aphrodisiac | n | - | lustdrive |
| apiculture | n | beekeeping | - |
| apogee | n | - | hightip |
| apocalypse | n | shock, mishap, mess, outbreak, breakout, end times, doomsday | worldend, alldeath |
| apologise | vb | say sorry, ask forgiveness |
forshild, unshild (cf. NL verontschuldigen, NHG entschuldigen, see shild) |
| apology | n | sorry | rueword, sorroword, belading (<OE) defense: besaying, forespeech (<OE forespræc) |
| apostate | n | backslider, withersake | - |
| apostasy | n | backsliding | backslideness, backslidehood, withersaking, withersakeness, withersakehood |
| apostle | n | errand-bearer | errander, errand-wakener (<OE ærendwrecca), sendling, fro-sent |
| n | - | staffhidemark, hidingmark | |
| apothecary | n | - | libshop, salveseller |
| apparel | n | clothes, wear, threads, weed | glad rags, donnings, step-outs |
| apparent | adj | seeming | eyeshinely (cf. NHG augenscheinlich, NL ogenschijnlijk) |
| apparently | adv/phr | seemingly, at first sight, in name only, on the outside, openly, to the eye, as it shows | staringly, eyeshinely (cf. NHG augenscheinlich, NL ogenschijnlijk) |
| appeal | vb | call (upon) | ask, beckon, clepe |
| appealing | adj | fair, winsome, sightly | - |
| appear | vb | show up, beseem | atew (<ME atẹ̄wien), forshine (calque: NL verschijnen; cf. NHG erscheinen), ale (<OE alan; PST: ool; PTCP: alen) |
| appearance | n | leer, eyeshine (cf. NHG Augenschein) | |
| appease | vb | soothe, allay | frithen |
| appellation | n | name | - |
| appendage | n | limb | - |
| appendicitis | n | - | blindgut addle |
| appendix | n | - | organ: blindgut, blindtharm (cf. WF blineterm, NHG Blinddarm) book: tack-on, onhang (cf. NHG Anhang) |
| appetite | n | craving, hunger | - |
| appetizer | n | starter | foremeal |
| application | n | bearing, putting-on | - |
| applause | n | standing and clapping | byfall (cf. NHG Beifall, NL bijval) |
| apply | vb | beseech, lay on, spread | bewharve (cf. NHG bewerben, see wharve) |
| appoint | vb | afix, set up, earmark, deem, settle, name, pick | wend out, aset (<OE āsettan and <ME asetten) |
| appreciate | vb | be thankful | - |
| apprehension | n | foreboding, misgiving | - |
| apprentice | n | beginner, learner | learnend |
| approach | vb | near, be nigh, draw near to, come forth, creep up on | nighletch (<OE neahlæcan) |
| approach | n | means, way | - |
| approaching | adj | nearing, forthcoming, upcoming, oncoming | nighleching |
| appropriate | adj | befitting, seemly, meet | roadly (cf. OE geradlic) |
| approve | vb | let, bid
approve of: laud |
- |
| approximate | adj | rough, near, broad, | woolly |
| approximately | adv | about, roughly, nearly, nigh, thereabouts, more or less, something like, in and about | - |
| appurtenance | n | - | sidemarking, nethermark |
| April | n | - | Eastermonth |
| apron | n | - | barmcloth |
| apt | adj | fit | deve (<OE defe), aroadly (<OE gerādlic) |
Aq[] | |||
| aqua- | pref | - | water |
| aquaculture | n | fish-farming | - |
| aquafarming | n | fish-farming | - |
| aqualung | n | - | waterlung |
| aquamarine | adj | seagreen | - |
| aquaphobia | n | - | waterfear |
| aquaphobic | adj | afraid of (the) water | - |
| aquaplaning | n | - | watergliding |
| aquarium | n | - | fishglass, waterglass |
| aquatic | adj | waterly | - |
| aqueduct | n | - | waterleat |
| aqueous | adj | watery, water like, water bearing | - |
Ar[] | |||
| Arabic | adj | - | Arabish (<OE Arabisc) |
| arable | adj | - | ploughsome |
| arachnid | n | - | eight-legger |
| arboreal | adj | - | treewise |
| arbitrary | adj | whimsy | fallenly (cf. NL toeval), willkirely (<OE willa + cyre 'choice' + -ly) |
| arboretum | n | - | treestead |
| arc | n | bow | - |
| arcade | n | - | playhall (cf. NL speelhal, NHG Spielhalle) |
| arch | n | bow | biel (<OE bígels) |
| archaic | adj. | timeworn | forold (cf. NHG veraltet) |
| archangel | n | - | highangel |
| archeology | n | - | olddomlore (cf. NHG Altertumskunde), delvelore, fernfrod (cf. IC fornleifafræði), oldhoodlore (NL oudheidkunde), olddelving (cf. SW fornforskning) |
| archeopterix | n | - | stoneset orfowl (cf. NHG Urvogel), stonelayed oldenwing |
| archer | n | bowman, bow-bearer | Bow-bearer, shooter (<OE scytta) |
| archery | n | bowmanship | bowcraft |
| archfoe | n | devil | godfoe |
| archipelago | n | - | island cluster, island band |
| architect | n | - | highcrafter (<OE) |
| architecture | n | shell, framework | buildlore, buildcraft, timberlore, timbercraft, orshafting |
| architrave | n | - | silebeam |
| archive | n | backup | leafwritsam (cf. IC skjalasafn), logsam, deedsam, writsam, backlog |
| arctic | adj | - | bear- (Ursa Minor), far-northern |
| Arctic | n | Land of the Midnight Sun | Northend, Northland, Freezingswathe |
| ardor | n | keenness, lust | hotheartedness (<OE hatheortnes) |
| arduous | n | back-breaking | - |
| area | n | land, landspan, swathe, ard (<OE), snad, sned (<OE), yard | field of knowledge: breadth |
| argent | n | silver | - |
| Argentina | n | - | Silverland |
| argon | n | - | idleshaft |
| arguable | adj | moot | sakebere |
| argue | vb | flite, wrestle, squabble, wrangle, bicker, tilt | chide |
| argument | n | flite, fightback, comeback, back-answer, answer | rake (<OE racu) |
| argus-eyed | adj | all-seeing, open-eyed, unsleeping | - |
| aridity | n | drought, dryness | rainlack, dryth |
| Aries | n | The Fleecy Star | - |
| aristocratic | adj | full-blooded, highborn, highbred | r richborn, athelborn |
| arithmetic | n | - | tellcraft (<OE getælcræft) |
| arm | vb | - | beweapon |
| arm | n | - | handweapon |
| armadillo | n | - | girdledeer (cf. NHG Gürteltier, NL gordeldier), shellbear, shieldling |
| armed | adj | - | weaponed, wapt, wapped |
| armillary sphere | n | - | ringkuggle |
| arming | n | - | weaponing, outrysting (cf. NHG Ausrüstung) |
| armistice | n | truce | weaponstandstill (cf. NHG Waffenstillstand) |
| armor/armour | n | shield, byrnie, iweapon, iweaponings (<OE), gouthreaf, gouthsear, gouthsare (<OE) | shieldwear, shieldcloth, helmcladding, heraweed (<OE herewǣde), firedskeerp (<OE fierdsceorp), rysting (<OE hyrstan, cf. NHG Rüstung), hereclad |
| armor/armour | vb | - | begear, beshield, ryst/rist (<OE hrystan, cf. NHG rüsten) iron (<OE ísenian) |
| armory/armoury | n | shieldhouse | shieldwearhouse, helmcladdenhouse, heraweedhouse, firedskeerphouse, weaponhouse (<OE wæpenhūs), rysthouse |
| army | n | fyrd, ferd, landfyrd | landferd, dright, weremight, ganghere (foot men), thrim (<OE þrymm; cf. NE trim), here (<OE here), herg |
| aroma | n | smell | swetch (<OE swecc) |
| aromantic | n | - | lovewulderless (rough calque), nonelover |
| around | prep/adj/ adv | about | um, umb, umbe |
| arouse | vb | stir, awake, arear | - |
| arquebus | n | matchlock, firelock | hookbox (cf. MLG hake + busse, MHG Hakenbüchse), hookgun (calque, historical), matchgun |
| arrange | vb | fix, set, settle; draw up, lay out, Endbeird (<OE), Fade (<OE) | stight |
| arrangement | n | layout | - |
| array | vb | lay out, set out, bedight | - |
| arrest | vb | nab, avast, halt, stop | haft (<OE hæftan) |
| arrival | n | incoming | - |
| arrive at | vb | reach, come upon, get to | oncome (<OE ancuman) |
| arrogant | adj | proud, highhanded, overbearing, overweening | lonk (<OE wlank) |
| arsenal | n | - | weaponhoard |
| arsonist | n | fire-raiser | firestarter |
| art | n | craft, list (archaic) | connest (cf. NHG kunst) |
| artery | n | - | loftblood adder |
| artesian | adj | - | thringrising |
| arthritis | n | - | lithbollow (cf. IC liðbólga) |
| artichoke | n | - | eatthistle (cf. IC ætiþistill) |
| article | n | thing, write-up | writ, leaf (obsolete)
grammar: lithword (calque of NL lidwoord) |
| artificer | n | maker, craftsman, smith, wright | worldcrafter (<OE woruldcræfta) |
| artificial | adj | man-made, craftly | - |
| artillery | n | gunware, big guns (slang) | - |
| artisan | n | craftsman, craftswoman, craft worker, hand(i)craftsman, handcrafter, handworker, handyman, tradesman (based on trade in the sense of a skill), workman | crafter |
| artisanal | adj | handy, crafty | trade-some/tradesome (derived from Standard English tradesman) |
| artisanal art | adj | handiwork, trade, skill, craft | - |
| art(s), artistry | n | craft, deftness, handiwork, trade, skill | - |
As[] | |||
| Asatru(ar) (maður) | n | - | Esetroth(er), Ostroth(er) |
| asbestos | n | - | thrumstone, stone-flax, earthflax, (sl) devil dust, devil's dust. |
| ascend | vb | climb, sty | upcome (<OE ūpcuman and <ME upcǒmen) |
| Ascension Day | n | - | Gang-Day (<OE gangdæg) |
| ascent | n | upgoing, rise, upgang (UK) | - |
| asexual | n | - | swiveless, noneluster |
| Asia | n | the East | Easterngreatland, Morrowland (cf. NHG Morgenland), Morrowkithe |
| Asian (race) | n | Far-Eastern | - |
| asparagus | n | sparrowgrass | earthnavel (<OE eorðnafela) |
| asphalt | n | - | streettar |
| aspin | n | - | philipdog |
| assail | vb | scathe lay into col.; beset, raid, storm | - |
| assassin | n | hitman, murderer, banesman. | - |
| assassinate | vb | kill, murder | amurther (cf. NHG ermorden) |
| assault | v | onset, onrush, beset, onfall | - |
| assault | n | onset, onrush, besetting, onfall |
- |
| assemble | vb | cleave, gather, huddle, band, frame, build, set up, forgather | sam, samen, (<OE samnian, cf. ON samna, NHG sammeln, NL zamelen), evencome (<OE efencuman) |
| assembly | n | forgathering, ingathering, meeting, church, get-together, huddle, moot | samening (<OE samnung, still retained in NHG Sache, which has both meanings.), day (cf. NHG -tag, SW -dag) summoning (phono-semantic matching of samening with already existing Anglo-Norman word summon) |
| assent | n | - | samethink, samethick (cf. SW samtycke, IC samþykki, DN/NO samtykke) |
| asset | n | holding | - |
| assiduous | adj | hopping, tied-up, working, abiding | workfast |
| assign | vb | foreset, deed, trust | - |
| assimilate | vb | - | inblend, uptake/upnim (cf. NHG aufnehmen) |
| assist | vb | help, bestead, prop up | filst (<OE fylstan) |
| assistance | n | help, backing, helping hand, lift | filst (<OE fylst), midhelp (<OE midhelp), atstall (<OE ætstæl), fultum (<OE fultum), byhelp (cf. NHG Beihilfe) |
| assistant | n | helper |
filstend (<OE fylstend), atstandand (<OE ætstandend) |
| associate | vb/n | - | noun: ichurl, iformeng verb: formeng (<OE formengan) |
| association | n | hookup, linkup, tie-up, brotherhood, guild, club, fellowship | underbind, forband (cf. NHG Verband), dowith (<OE dōn + wiþ) |
| assume | vb | deem; foreguess, bear, shoulder, ontake, undertake, inim [OE ge-nyman: to take up, to take on, assume] |
hie/huy(<OE hycgan 'bear in mind, confide, trust), smigh (<OE smēagan |
| assure | vb | - | forsicker (<SW försäkra 'to insure; to get an insurance for', to ensure; to make certain, to assure; to give someone confidence in the trustworthiness of something) |
| aster | n | - | starbloom |
| asterisk | n | star | starling; starkin, starmark |
| asteroid | n | - | roomrock, rock wanderer |
| asthma | n | - | angbreast (<OE angbreost) |
| astonish | vb | astound, dumbfound, amaze, bewilder, bewonder, startle, baffle | offwonder (<OE ofwundrian) |
| astonished | n | astounded, dumbfounded, amazed, bewildered, bewondered, startled |
offwondered |
| astonishing | adj | amazing, astounding, blindsiding, eye-opening startling, stunning, wonderful | bewondering |
| astral | adj | - | rotherly (<OE rodor), starly, star- |
| astrarium | n | - | tungletimer |
| Astrarium of Giovanni Dondi dell'Orologio |
n | - | liefbound tungletimer |
| astrolabe | n | - | starreckoner |
| astrology | n | starcraft | tungle sway, tungleshed (<OE tungolgescead) |
| astronaut | n | - | starman, heavensfarer, skyfarer, skytaker
star sailor (calque) |
| astronomy | n | starlore, starlooking | heavenlore |
| astute | adj | shrewd, cunning, smart sharp, quick-witted |
yepe (<OE geap), glew (<OE glēaw) |
| asymmetrical | adj | lopsided | - |
| asylum | n | grith, haven; madhouse | - |
| asymptote | n | - | ameetend |
At[] | |||
| atavism | n | throwback | - |
| atelier | n | workshop | - |
| atheism | n | godlessness | - |
| atheïst | adj | godless | liefless, unliefsome, ungodsome |
| athlete | n | ironman, larker | - |
| -ative | suffix | - | -ingly |
| atlas | n | - | land book |
| atmosphere | n | - |
welkin, lifthelm (<OE lyfthelm) welkintrindle, lofttrindle, eathom (<OE ǣþm "breath, air atmosphere?") |
| atoll | n | ring-shaped island | - |
| atom | n | grot (ME, <OE grōt, "particle") | formote, uncleft |
| atomic | adj | grot-like, grotly | formote-like, formotely, uncleft-like, uncleftly |
| atrocious | adj | frightful, rotten | - |
| atrophy | n | withering, dying, waning | - |
| attach | v | - | link |
| attack | n | onslaught, onset, beset, onrush, strike, blow, hit | hildrush, onshot, ongripe (<OE ongrype), infall |
| attack | vb | raid, rush, strike, bestorm | infall |
| attack helicopter | n | - | strikechopper, strikespinner |
| attain | vb | reach | acome, fulcome (<OE fullcuman) or (cf. NHG vollkommen)
areach (<ME arēchen) |
| attempt | n | bid, crash, fling, go, shot, whack, whirl | cunning, fanding, minting |
| attempt | vb | seek | cun (<OE cunnian), fand, mint |
| attend | vb | hearken, mind; care, oversee, watch | - |
| attendant | n | steward | thew, theen, atstandand (<OE ætstandend) |
| attention | n | heed, mind, aught | bemarking, aughting (cf. NHG achtung), wershow (cf. NHG wahrschau) |
| attest | vb | witness, swear, bear out | beshine (NHG bescheinigen), besteady (NHG bestätigen) |
| attested | adj | logged | - |
| attic | n | loft | thackroom |
| attire | n | cladding | - |
| attitude | n | standing, outlook, mood, ways, behaving | instelling (cf. NL instelling) |
| attorney | n | lawman | - |
| attract | vb | draw, draw in |
span (<OE spannan), adwell (<OE adwellan) |
| attractive | adj | comely, fair, good-looking, handsome, winsome, sightly | litey (<OE wlitig) |
| attraction | n | - | wondersight |
| attribute | n | ownship | - |
Au[] | |||
| aubergine | n | madapple | - |
| auction | n | - | biddingsale |
| audacious | adj | daring, bold, ballsy, fearless, unafeared, cheeky, dare-all, dareful, unfearing, reckless, stoor | thriste |
| audacity | n | gall, guts, mettle, hardihood, hardiness, boldness, boldhood | - |
| audible | adj | - | hearly, hearsome |
| audience | n | listeners, listenership, onlookers, gathering, crowd, throng, turn out, hearing | eargathering, greetinghouse (<OE) |
| audio | n | loud | listenet (listen + -et, cf. Eng. thicket) |
| augment | vb | eke | bemore |
| August | n | - | Weedmonth (<OE Wēodmōnaþ) |
| augury | n | - | freit (<ME freit), ontoken |
| auk (<IC) | n | - | alk (<PG *allakǭ) |
| aunt | n | - | paternal: fathe (<OE faðe or faðu), fathersister (<IC föðursystir) maternal: modrey, mothrey (<OE modrige or modrie), mothersister (<IC móðursystir) |
| aura | n | skin glow | whith (<OE hwiþa) |
| aurora | n |
dawning, daylight |
- |
| aurora australis | n | southern lights | - |
| aurora borealis | n | northern lights | - |
| aurum | n | gold | yellow dust |
| auscultation | n | harkening | lossening (<OE hlosnian: to listen wait, be on the lookout for) |
| austere | adj | - | yarewit |
| austerity | n | hardliness | tighthold |
| Australia | n | New Holland | Andland (cf. HIC proposal Andland, found here); The Great Southland, Great Southern Lands, the Sutherlands, Thiefland (slang), Downunder |
| Austria | n | Austrick (Scots) | Eastrich (<ME Estrich) |
| autarchy | n | thralldom | owndom, selfrich, selfkingdom, ownrich |
| authentic | adj | true | echt |
| author | n | writer | bookwright |
| authoress | n | - | bookwright, writster |
| authority | n | headship, shark, deathgrip | elderdom (<OE ealdordóm), learnedom, lorewdom (<OE láréowdóm), swinge |
| auto- | pref | self- | - |
| autocracy | n | - | selfwield |
| autodidact | adj | selftaught | selflearned |
| autoignite | vb | self-light | - |
| automaker | n | wainwright | - |
| automatic | adj | knee-jerk
gunning: self-loading, half-tilt, full-tilt |
machinery: selfworking, selfdriving, selfdriven |
| automobile | n | - | wain (widened the meaning), selfshifter (calque) |
| autonomy | n | - | selflaw, selfstanding |
| autonym | n | selfname | - |
| autopsy | n | - | open body underseeking, deathreading |
| Autotune | n | - | Selftune |
| autumn | n | fall | till, harvest |
| auxiliary | adj | backup, fallback-, helping | eke |
Av[] | |||
| avail | vb | - | dow (< archaic NE dow <ME duʒen < OE dugan; cf. SC dow), frim, miling |
| available | adj | free, ready, in stock, at hand, forthcoming | arworthsome (calque), athandsome, atputsome |
| avalanche | n | snowslide | barrowfall, fellfall |
| avant garde | n | forhead | - |
| avant garde | adj | cutting edge | - |
| avarice | n | greed | yetsing (<OE gitsung) |
| avatar | n | - | fleshbilth, lifebuild, soulstead |
| avenge | vb | wreak | - |
| avenue | n | - | drive |
| average | adj | middling | - |
| avert | vb | forestall, head off, stave off | mithe, forecome, offwend, umbewend (redirect), unwend (cf. NHG entwenden) |
| aviary | n | birdhouse, birdstow. | - |
| aviation | n | flight | flyingcraft |
| aviator | n | birdman, flyer | loftman, rotherer |
| avid | adj | raring | - |
| avocado | n | butter pear; soft apple | - |
| avoid | vb | miss, shun, ware, forbear, keep away, sidestep, ward off, duck, flee, shake, withdraw, jump, skip |
mithe (obs.), forecome, forbow (<ME forbǒuen), umgang, umgo |
| avow | vb | swear, trow, own | yea-say |
Aw[] | |||
| award | n | - | beleaning |
| award | vb | bestow, acknowledge | belean |
Ax[] | |||
| axiom | n | - | orsend (cf. IC frumsenda), orquid (cf. IC frumsetning, Fin. peruslause) groundforeguess (cf. NHG Grundannahme), starting ord (cf. NHG Ausgangspunkt), wisser (cf. Polish pewnik) |
| axis | n | axle, shaft | - |
| axolotl | n | - | waterhelper (from Minecraft) |
Ay[] | |||
| aye (<ON) | adv | - | ever, always |
| aye (<ON) | interj. | yeah, yep, yah | yes |
Az[] | |||
| azalea | n | - | drywort (from Minecraft) |
| azimuth | n | - | south hern (cf. IC attarhorn) |
| azure | adj | - | swail, blee (<OE blēo), hewen (<OE hǣwen) |
| azure bluet | n | - | hewenling (from Minecraft) |