Staff A of the English Wordbook.
Basic abbreviations:
- OE = Old English
- ME = Middle English
- SC = Scots
- WF = West Frish
- NF = North Frish
- SF = Saterlandish Frish
- WLG = West Low Theech
- ELG = East Low Theech
- NL = Netherlandish
- NHG = New High Theech
- IC = Icelandish
- HIC = High Icelandish
- NO = Nornish
- SW = Swedish
- DN = Danish
- MLG = Middle Low Theech
- MNL = Middle Netherlandish
- MHG = Middle High Theech
- OF = Old Frish
- OS = Old Saxish
- OHG = Old High Theech
- ON = Old Norse
- GO = Gottish
- PWG = Or-West-Theedish
- PG = Or-Theedish
For a full list of etymological and other abbreviations used in these wordlists, see: Offshortenings.
| Chancery English | Class | Anglish/English | ||
| Attested | Unattested | |||
| a Capella | n | mouthglee | ||
| aardvark | n | ant bear, ant-bear, antbear | earthpig, earthswine, earthfarrow | |
| abandon | vb |
shed, forgo, forsake (Barnes) |
forlet UK dialectal ~ cf. Fr. ferlitte, Du. verlaten, Nw. forlate, NHG verlassen) of-give, up-give, forleave, forlese, unget | |
| abandon | n | wantonness, recklessness | - | |
| abandonment | n | forsaking | shedding | |
| abase | vb | cheapen, warp; shame, sink | unar, anether | |
| abash | vb | faze, rattle | - | |
| abate | vb | drain away, drop off, dwindle, ease, ebb fall (away), lessen, let up, lower, shrink, wane | - | |
| abattoir | n | slaughterhouse | - | |
| abbess | n | - | overmother | |
| abbreviation | n | - | forshortening | |
| abdicate | vb | step down, step aside from | - | |
| abdomen | n | midriff, belly | kite, quith (<OE cwiþ) riff (<OE hrif) | |
| abduct | vb | kidnap, steal, lead away, offlead, nab | - | |
| aberrant | n | black-sheep | - | |
| aberration | n | - | unfollowing | |
| abet | vb | goad, spur, hearten | fuse (<ME fusen) | |
| abhor | vb | hate, loathe, mislike | - | |
| ability | n | skill, might, craft, knack in-born: mother-wit |
- | |
| abject | adj | low | heanly (<OE heanlic), downcast (Barnes) | |
| abjure | vb | foreswear, take back, unsay, withdraw | of-swear, aftercwethe | |
| ablactate | vb | wean | - | |
| ablation | n | offtaking, offferrying | - | |
| ablative | adj | - | atbraidingly | |
| ablaut | n | - | offlloud | |
| able | adj | fit, skilled |
dow, stand (cf. Dn, Nw, NHG) | |
| -able | sfx | -worthy |
-endly/-ingly, -cannish, -canny -worth (<OE -wierþe) -ber (cf. OE -bære, Fr. -ber, NHG -bar) -some | |
| able to | phr | can, may | dow to, skilled to | |
| ablution | n | washing, cleansing | furbing | |
| abnegate | vb | forgo, forswear | - | |
| abnormal | adj | amiss, unwonted, odd | unmean, unshapely (Barnes) | |
| abolish | vb | black out, stamp out, sweep away, wipe out |
fordo, forend, adileg (<OE ādīlegian) | |
| abominable | n | aweful, dreadful, evil, loathsome, sickening | shandful (<OE scandful, cf. NGH/Du. schandvoll), slithely, besmearful, wargedly (<OE) | |
| aboriginal | adj | inborn | orfolkish, orfolkly firstfolkish | |
| aborigine | n | - | orfolk (OE or 'origin') firstfolk | |
| abort | vb | lay off, call off | - | |
| abortion | n | misbirth | forbirthing, awaywarpness (<OE) | |
| abound | vb | brim, teem, overflow | - | |
| abrasion | n | graze, scrape | - | |
| abridge | vb | cut back, forshorten, cut, | littlen (<OE) | |
| abrupt | adj | quick, fast, steep | scorn (<OE scoren) | |
| abscess | n | swelling | - | |
| abscond | vb | break out, run off, steal away | - | |
| absence | n |
time off, lack, needfulness, want; dearth |
offwardness (<OE) | |
| absent | adj | missing, wanting | offward (<OE) | |
| absenteeism | n | - | offwardness | |
| absent-mindedness | n | daydreaming, flighty, thoughtless, unheeding, unmindful, woolgathering | - | |
| absinthe | n | wormwood | - | |
| absolute | adj |
outright, utter, full, rank |
- | |
| absolutely | adv | fully, wholly, dead | - | |
| absolve | vb | forgive | offloosen (Barnes) | |
| absorb | vb | drink, soak up, suck up, take up; grip; burn, drain, draw down, play out | bedrink (<OE bedrincan) up-soak, forsoak (Barnes) | |
| abstain | vb | forbear (Barnes), forego withhold, hold back |
- | |
| abstinence | n | - | forbearing, forhaveness (<OE forhæfnes) | |
| abstract | vb | withdraw, take from, pull out | - | |
| abstract | adj | - | fallenly | |
| abstract | n | withdrawal, outline | outpulling, outdraught, offdrawal (abstraction) | |
| abundance | n | wealth, lot | fullsomeness (<OE) | |
| abundant | adj | teeming, swarming overflowing, fulsome rife, fat, thick, awash |
- | |
| abuse | vb | scathe, mishandle | hean (<OE hienan), smittle, misbrook | |
| abysmal | adj | 1. hellish, hopeless, dreadful 2. fathomless, bottomless |
netherly, unfathomly | |
| abyss | n | 1. hell 2. depth, ground, deep, pit, netherworld |
newel (<OE neowol)
offground (cf. NGH. Abgrund, Du. Afgrond) | |
| acacia | n | thorn tree, whistling thorn, wattle | thornbloom, hookthorn | |
| academia | n | - | learnedom, loredom, frod (<OE) | |
| academic | n/adj | highbrow, book-learned | moot, booksome, lorewise, mighty-brained n: loreman | |
| accede | vb | - | agree: thware (<OE) | |
| accelerate | vb | speed up, spur, quicken (Barnes) | yare, swiften | |
| acceleration | n | speeding up | yareness | |
| accent | n | - | tungfall (cf. Du. tongval ), word-strain (Barnes) | |
| accept | vb | swallow, trust; bear, shoulder; intake (Barnes) |
thave, thware (<OE þwarian 'to bring into agreement, make harmonious') ontake, onfang (<OE onfon) | |
| acceptable | adj | all right, fairish, good | thwaringly, thewsome | |
| access | n | doorway, gateway, key | infare, ingoing | |
| accessible | adj | at hand | yea-fare, thuringly | |
| accessory | n | - | bykeeper, deedmate (Barnes) | |
| accident | n | mishap; hap, luck | onfall, hapliness (Barnes) | |
| accidental | adj | unwitting | fallenly, happensome (Barnes) | |
| accompany | vb | go with, follow |
beglide (cf. Du. begeleiden, NHG begleiten), samodsithe (<OE samodsīðian) | |
| accomplish | vb phr | fulfill, sow up, bring about, reach | - | |
| accord | n | deal, meeting of minds | thaving, thwaring | |
| accordion | n | - | bellowharp | |
| according to | adj | as of, by | nigh (cf. NHG nach), after, following (calque) | |
| account | n | ledger, reckoning | reckoning (cf. Du. rekening, Fr. rekken) | |
| account of | vb | witness (give) | forof (on) | |
| accountant | n | - | teller (cf. Du. tal, NHG Zahle 'number') | |
| accumulate | vb | heap, build up, gather up | - | |
| accurate | adj | right on, spot-on | swotel (<OE sweotol)
narrowcore (calque of Du. nauwkeurig, narrow - core 'choice') | |
| accusative (case) | adj | - |
wrayingly (<OE wregendlic), end-case (Barnes), whonefall (<OE hwone, the accusative of "hwæt", refer to German "wen" and "Wenfall") | |
| accuse | vb | wray, guilt |
atwite fromtyghtle (<OE frumtyhtle, originally meaning first accusation) falsely: forwray (<OE forwregan) | |
| accustom | vb | wean, wean on, wean to | onwone (Barnes) | |
| accustomed | adj | wont, used to | - | |
| acephalous | adj | headless (Barnes) | - | |
| acetone | n | - | sourghost | |
| acid | n/adj | - | sour | |
| acne | n | - | redmeal (OE mal 'spot') | |
| aconite | n | wolfsbane | - | |
| acoustics | n | - | dinlore | |
| acquaint | vb | befriend | kennen (<OE cunnan (“to become acquainted with, to know”)) | |
| acquaintance | n | friend, neighbor | kenning | |
| acquiesce | vb | bow | thave (<OE) | |
| acquire | vb | earn, foster, get, win | beget (<OE) | |
| acquisition | n |
windfall (unexpected) |
begetting | |
| acrobat | n | - | stringtumb | |
| acropolis | n | - | highburg | |
| across | adv | over | thwarse, thweer, athwart (Barnes) | |
| act | n | deed, work, play | - | |
| act | vb | do, work | - | |
| action | n | deed (Barnes), doing, work | dodrive | |
| active | adj | snell, deedy; mettlesome, springy; hopping, tied-up | ongoing, doingsome (Barnes), doughty, sprack (Barnes) | |
| actor(ess) | n | player | showplayer(in) | |
| actual | adj | sooth, true | nowly | |
| actually | adv | indeed, truly, soothly, forsooth | workly, wittedly (<OE) | |
| acupuncture | n | pinpricking | nailhealing | |
| acute | adj | sharp, high (Barnes), keen, honed; shrill (accent) | swotel | |
| A.D. | adv | - | Y.L. | |
| ad infinitum | adv | forevermore | at eke, ekely, for eke, unto everness | |
| adamant | adj | unyielding, unswayed | - | |
| adaptable | adj | - | onwending (cf. Du. aanwendbaar) | |
| adapter | n | - | eck-on, fayfitter | |
| add | vb | eke | reckon up, put on, onput (Barnes), at-eke (OE) | |
| add up | vb | cast up, tally up | - | |
| addiction | n | craving, yearning | - | |
| additionally | adv |
again, also, besides, either, further, furthermore, likewise, moreover, then, too, withal, yet, over and above |
eke (also) | |
| address | vb | call, name, clip, bespeak | at-speak, bequethe, hote | |
| address | n | - | sitline (<OE: asittan 'to live together') | |
| adept | adj | skillful, skilled, good, deft | - | |
| adequate | adj | right, even, fair, fit, befitting, becoming | makeshift/ make-do | |
| adhere | vb | cling, stick, cleave to, follow, stand by | at-cleave (<OE) oncleave (Barnes) | |
| adherence to good morals | n | - | thewfastness | |
| adherent | n | follower | liever | |
| adiposis | n | overweight | - | |
| adjacent | adj | near, next, neighboring | - | |
| adjective | n | - | mark-word (Barnes) | |
| adjunct | n | helpmate, sidekick | - | |
| adjust | vb | set, fit | offstal (cf. Du. afstellen) | |
| administer | vb | wield, deal, lot, | bewit | |
| admiral | n | - | fleethelm, fleetleader | |
| admire | vb | look up to | bewonder | |
| admission | n | doorway | thwaring | |
| admit | vb |
let in, acknowledge, welcome, greet, take in confess: own up |
andet (<OE andhetan)
give to (cf. NHG zugeben, Du. toegeven) | |
| admonish | vb | chide, forewarn, upbraid, warn | tell off, man (<OE manian) | |
| adolescence | n | youthhood | - | |
| adolescent | n | youth, youngling, youngster, teen | - | |
| adopt | vb | take on, follow; take in, mother, rear, foster, bring up, take care of | intake | |
| adoption | n | fostering | intaking | |
| adorable | adj | comely, lovely, looksome | - | |
| adorn | vb | bedeck (Barnes), yare, trim |
breen (<OE berenian) with precious 'stones: astean (<OE āstæna āstænan) | |
| adrenaline | n | - | thringweald | |
| adulation | n | - | hallowing | |
| adult | n | grown-up | fullwaxener | |
| adultery | n | - | wedlock breach | |
| adumbrate | vb | outline | - | |
| advance | vb | make inroads, forward, further, go (on)
trans. put forth |
forthgo, wade on | |
| advance | n | inroads, headway; breakthrough in advance: beforehand |
forthgoing | |
| advancing | adj | striding | - | |
| advantage | n | high ground, upper-hand | boot, behoof, upside | |
| advantageous | adj | helpful, worthwhile | behovely, frimful (<OE frimlic) | |
| advent | n | coming, onset | - | |
| adventure | n | happening, time; flutter, throw, undertaking | wayspell (cf. Sw.vågspel) | |
| adventurous | adj | daring, free-swinging, gutsy, bold | - | |
| adverb | n | - | byword (cf. NHG. Beiwort, Du. bijwoord, Dn. biord) | |
| adversarial | n | - | thwartsome (Barnes), witherlike | |
| adversary | n | foe, witherling | withersak (<OE wiþersaca, cf. NGH. Widersacher) | |
| adversity | n | ill, knock, mishap; hardship, hurdle, pitfall | thwartsomeness, hardhap, witherness | |
| adversive | n | - | thwartsome, withersome | |
| advertize | vb | play up | showmede | |
| advice | n | tip, help | rede (<OE raed, cf. Du. raad, NGH. Rat) | |
| advise | vb | - | rede, mind | |
| advocacy | n | backing | forespeech (<OE forespræċ, cf. NHG. Fürsprache, Du. voorspraak) | |
| advocate | n/vb | plead for, uphold, back up; spokesman, stand up for | forspeak (<OE foresprecan, NHG fürsprechen) | |
| ærial | adj | - | loften (<OE lyften) | |
| ærodynamic | adj | streamlined | wind deft, windfit, loftlithe | |
| ærodynamics | n | - | loftcraft (calque Gk.) | |
| æronaut | n | - | roomfarer (room = space; cf. NHG Raum...) | |
| ærospace | n | - | loftroom | |
| æsir | n | - | oasses (<OE os, -ir is an ON plural) | |
| æsthetic | adj | comely, fair | wlitty (<OE wlitig) | |
| affair | n | fling; blowout; handiwork; happening; business | - | |
| affection | n | fondness; illness; leaning; hallmark | child: bairnlove (<OE bearnlufe) | |
| affectionate | adj | loving, warm-hearted | lovesome (Barnes) | |
| affinity | n | leaning, kinship | - | |
| affirm | vb | - |
foraye (Barnes), begean (<OE begæn) | |
| affirmative | adv | aye, yea, so, yes, yeah, yep | yea-some, yea-ly, ayesome | |
| affix | n | - | wordfastening | |
| afflict | vb | ail, smite, dretch |
swench (<OE swinc), beweal (<OE bewælan), thrysk (<OE ġeþryscan) | |
| affluence | n | wealth, riches, fat | weal | |
| affluent | adj | wealthy, well-off, well-to-do rich, fat |
- | |
| afraid | adj | aghast, fearful, frightened | afeared | |
| Africa | n | - | Highsun | |
| age | n | - | eld, tide (era) | |
| age | vb | olden: mellow, ripen, elden | eld | |
| aged | adj | elderly, old(en), yore | forolden, full-blown, full-fledged, grown. | |
| agenda | n | to-do-list | worklist (cf. Fr. wurklist) | |
| agglomerate | vb | huddle | clodden (Barnes) | |
| agglomeration | n | crowding, heaping, clodding, | swelltown | |
| agglutinate | vb | wordlink | upcleam (Barnes) | |
| aggressive | adj | go-getting | fightsome (Barnes) | |
| aggressor | n | raider | scather | |
| agile | adj | nimble, limber, lithe light-footed, yare |
- | |
| agitate(d) | vb | stir, toss, keyed-up | - | |
| agitation | n | worry | mindfret, ything, seething, churning | |
| agoraphobia | n | - | steadfear | |
| agree | vb | settle on, fit, hold with (Barnes) |
thware (<OE þwǽrian) forewyrd (<OE forewyrdan) | |
| agreement | n | deal, meeting of minds | mirth, thwaring, thaving, soom (<OE som) | |
| agrarian | adj | field (Barnes) | - | |
| agriculture | n | farming, tilling, harvest | fieldlore, earth-tilth (Barnes), croplore landwardship (cf. NHG Landwirtschaft) | |
| aichmophobia | n | needlefright | - | |
| aid | n | helpmate, sidekick; backing, helping hand, leg up | filst (<OE fylst)
atstall (<OE ætstæl) fultum (<OE fultum/fulteam) | |
| aid | vb | help, bestead | filst (<OE fylstan), andfilst (<OE andfylstan) | |
| aimsome | adj | single-minded (Barnes) | - | |
| AIDS | n | - | Earned Bodyweir Scantness Sickness | |
| aim | n | goal, mark | ettle | |
| aim at | vb | - | eye for, nought in | |
| air | n/vb |
wind, breath; vb: broadcast; freshen |
loft (<OE lyft, cf. NHG Luft, Du. lucht)
life's breath | |
| air force | n | - | loft-weir, loftmight (cf. Du. luchtmacht) | |
| airplane/ aeroplane | n | - | flycraft (OE, floegan; loftcraft, stycraft from OE: upstigen to move up rise ascend) | |
| airport | n | - | lofthub, lofthaven (calque) | |
| aisle | n | path, lane | gangway | |
| alarm clock | n | - | wak(k)er (cf. NHG: Wecker, Du wekker)
wire-waker, wirerooster | |
| alas | interj | alack, ay, woe | welaway, lackaday, alack | |
| albedo | n | - | whiteness (<ME<OE hwitness), whiteshine | |
| albino | n | - | whiteling | |
| album | n | - | whitebook | |
| albumen | n | egg white | egg lime | |
| alcohol | n | booze, firewater | wineghost | |
| alcoholic | adj | boozen | - | |
| alcoholic | n | sot, drunkard, boozen | malt-worm | |
| alert | adj | awake, watchful; heedful, wary; numble, sharp-witted; ready, willing | gleg rathe (<OE rathe) | |
| algorithm | n | - | reckonwrit | |
| alien | n/adj | way-out, fremd, outlandish, outsider | unkith | |
| alienate | vb | - | unkithen, unfriend | |
| alienation | n | unfriendliness | unkithenness | |
| allegory | n | likeness | forlikening (Barnes) | |
| allergy | n | - | overfeeling | |
| alleviate | vb | allay, lighten | - | |
| alley | n | walk, lane, pathway | - | |
| alliance | n | bond, tie | - | |
| allied | adj | bound, wed | fayed | |
| alligator | n | - | dread athex | |
| alliteration | n | - | staverime, mate-penning (Barnes) | |
| allocate | vb | earmark, let | fordeal | |
| allotment | n | - | fordealing | |
| allow | vb | let (Barnes), leave, give the green light for | thware (<OE þwárian)
thave (<OE þafian) | |
| allowable | adj | - | thwaresome, thavesome | |
| alloy | n | mix, blend, meld | mastling | |
| allude | vb | hint (at), touch (on) | anent | |
| allure | vb | draw to | span (<OE spanan), adwell | |
| almanac | n | yearbook | - | |
| alphabet | n |
ABCs alphabet: futhorc |
abecede (<OE), runeline, runecraft, runebook, staffhoard, staverow, staffrow (<OE stæfrǣw, Ic. stafrófið, Fa. stavraðið)
runstaf (Plural: Runstaffen) | |
| altar | n | - | giftboard, worship board glowstead (<OE glédstede) waybed (<OE wigbed) | |
| alter | vb | wend | frother (cf. Fr. feroar, Du. veranderen, NHG. verändern) | |
| altercation | n | flite, brangle, brawl, row, dust-up | - | |
| alternative | adj | other | - | |
| altitude | n | height | highmete, aloftness | |
| altruism | n | selflessness | - | |
| altruistic | adj | selfless, unselfish | - | |
| amass | vb | gather, heap, huddle | mill | |
| amateur | n | greenhorn, beginner, starter | - | |
| ambassador | n | - | rikesboder, landspellsman | |
| amber | n | - | brimstone, glarestone, burnstone | |
| ambidextrous | vb | both-handed, two-handed | umberight, umbecrafty, umbehandy
either-handed | |
| ambience | n | mood, feeling | roomfeel | |
| ambiguous | adj | - | twowordy (<OE twiwyrdig), twysided (Barnes); twy-meaning.
twymeaning, unsifer, unswotel | |
| ambiguity | n | - | twowordiness | |
| ambivalence | n | - | waver | |
| ambulance | n | - | sickwain crankwain (<NHG Krankenwagen) | |
| ambulant | adj | roving, wandering, wayfaring | - | |
| ambush | n/ vb | net, web; waylay (Barnes), forlay | inbush | |
| ameliorate | vb | better | eather | |
| amen | interj |
- |
soothly (<OE soþlice) so be it (used in the early English Reformation), true dat (colloquial), yelayay | |
| America | n | New World |
Markland (<OE mearcland "borderland," cognate to ON markland, the name given by Leif Eriksson to a Labrador shoreline; the element m a r k incidentally shares the same three consonant sounds as A m e r i c a)
Westlands, Redlands | |
| amicable | adj | friendly, hail-fellow-well-met | blithe | |
| amigo | n | friend | - | |
| ammonia | n | - | hartshorn | |
| amnesia | n | blackout | eftmind loss | |
| amoeba | n | - | shapeshifter, slimebrick, slimedeer (cf. Ic. slímdýr), slimewight | |
| amorphous | adj | shapeless | - | |
| amount | n | score, lot, whit, deal (Barnes) | manith (cf. Dan. mængde, mange “many” + -de “-th”) | |
| amphibian | n | - | shorewight, frogdeer (cf. Ic. froskdýr), frogwight | |
| amphibious | adj | - | two-breathed (Barnes) | |
| amphitheater | n | - | playstow, umbewitstow | |
| amplifier | n | - | forstronger | |
| amplify | vb | - | outbroaden (Barnes) | |
| amplitude | n | breadth, reach, width | - | |
| amputate | v | cut (off) | rend, snithe, forcarve (Barnes), Belimb | |
| amusement | n | fun | gamon (<OE) | |
| amusing | adj | delightful | listing | |
| anachronism | n | mistiming (Barnes) | - | |
| anaconda | n | - | whipsnake | |
| anaesthetic | adj | unsightly | dwale | |
| anagram | n | - | stavewrixel | |
| anal | adj | bottom | arsely, arsen | |
| analgesic | n | andwark | ||
| analyze | vb | forloosen (Barnes); think through, unthread, unriddle. | ||
| anarchism | n/adj | - | lawlessholth | |
| anarchy | n | lawlessness |
redelacking, rikelessness | |
| anastomosis | n | shunt | - | |
| anathema | n | - | forputting (calque Gk. anathema) | |
| anatomy | n | - | bodylore | |
| ancestor | n | forebear (Barnes) forefather (Barnes) elder, forerunner fore-elder (Barnes) |
foremother
foreolder (cf. Du. voorouder) | |
| ancestry | n | strain, seed, bloodties, house | strind | |
| ancient | adj | hoary, olden, old-time
foreold (Barnes) |
fern (<OE fyrn)
orold (calque of NHG uralt), yoren | |
| ancient times | n | yore | - | |
| andiron | n | firedog | firegoat | |
| androgyny | n | - |
manwomanhood (Calque of the Greek + "hood") | |
| android | n | - | manshape (cf. Greek andr 'man' and oeidēs 'shape') | |
| anemometer | n | - | windmeter (Barnes) | |
| anemone | n | - | windrose | |
| angel | n | - | rotherer, errand-ghost (<OE ærendgást) | |
| anger? | n | ire, wrath | greme (<OE grama); 'anger' O.N. loanword circa 1220AD | |
| angle | n | nook, bight, winkle | nookspan, nookwidth, hook, hurn (<OE hyrne) | |
| Anglish | adj | Onglish | ||
| angry | adj | wrathful, uptight, waspish | - | |
| anguish | n | woe, sorrow, heartbreak, heartache, throe | angsomeness, bosom-hell | |
| angular | adj | - | nook-shot, sharp-nooked, straight-edged, hyrned (<OE hyrnen) | |
| animal | n | - | deer, wight (<OE wiht), wilder, soulend, livle, nite (<OE nēat) | |
| animate | vb | liven literary: quicken (Barnes) |
beliven besoul (cf. NHG beseelen, Du. bezielen) | |
| anime | n | - | dawnlandish livedrawing | |
| animosity | n | hate(red) | - | |
| annals | n | - | year-bookings | |
| annelid | n | ringworm | - | |
| annihilate | vb | wipe out, be'nothing | fornaughten (Barnes) | |
| annihilation | n | wrecking | fornaughting, spild (OE) | |
| anniversary | n | yearday, yeartide (Barnes) | mind day (<OE gemynddaeg) | |
| O.Oanno Domini | adv | in the year of our lord | - | |
| announce | vb | ban, bode, bid, kithe | forcyndan (<OE cýðan, cf. NHG verkünden)
meld (<OE meldian, cf. NHG./Du. melden) forthspell, spell out | |
| annoy | vb | irk (Barnes), nettle | - | |
| annoying | adj | irksome (Barnes) | - | |
| annual | adj | yearly | - | |
| annual | n | yearbook | - | |
| annul | vb | fordo, call off | - | |
| anoint | v | smear | anele, throughsmear (<OE þūrhsmyrian) | |
| anonymous | adj | nameless, unnamed | - | |
| anorexia | n | - | fastlust | |
| antagonist | n |
fiend, foe |
witherling, gainstander | |
| antarctic | n | southend | - | |
| Antarctica | n | South End | South Hern | |
| antecedence | n | beforemath, foregoing | - | |
| antediluvian | adj | - | foreflood | |
| Ante Meridiëm | phr | Before Midday (calque) | - | |
| anterior | adj | foreward; foregoing, former | - | |
| anterior | n | fore, foreside | - | |
| anthem | n | - | folksong (cf. NHG./Du. volkslied) | |
| anthology | n | reader | fayness | |
| anthropology | n | - | theedlore, manlore, werelore | |
| anti- | n | wither- | gain-, off-, Agan- | |
| antisemite | adj | Jew-hater | witherjew, Mitzarija | |
| anticipate | vb | foretell, foresee | - | |
| anticlockwise | adj/adv | - | withclockwise, withershins | |
| antics | n | - | odd behaveness, childishness | |
| anticonstitutionally | adv | - | witherlawwritly | |
| antidote | n | - | atterloathe (<ME atterllothe) | |
| antigen | n | - | offweirstuff | |
| antilope | n | - | bloomgoat | |
| antimatter | n | - | gainstuff, unbeing, unstuff | |
| antipathy | n | mislike | - | |
| antiquated | adj | careworn, timestruck | - | |
| antiquity | n | olden days; oldness, eldnerliness |
afern (OE fyrn 'former, ancient') | |
| antiseptic | adj | - | withersmite | |
| anti-statism | n | - |
witherlawwardness | |
| anti-statist | adj | - | witherlawmootish | |
| anti-statist | n | - | leedward witherling | |
| antitoxin | n | - | gainatter | |
| antler | n | - | blowhorn (<OE blōwan) | |
| antonym | n | - | witherword | |
| anulus | n | ring | - | |
| anus | n | asshole(vulgar) | arse-thirl (OE: earsþerl ) | |
| anxiety | n | worry, fear | angness, angens, angs | |
| aorta | n | - | loftleat | |
| apart | adj | cleaved, sundered, shedded | - | |
| apart from | adv | aside | - | |
| apartment | n | flat, room, by-room | - | |
| apathetic | adj | samewise | - | |
| aperture | n | opening, breech, hole | - | |
| apex | n | tip, yop, top | - | |
| aphid | n | greenfly, blackfly | wortlice | |
| aphrodisiac | n | - | lustdrive | |
| apogee | n | - | hightip | |
| apologise | vb | - | besorrow, forshild (cf. Du. verontschuldigen, NHG. entschuldigen) | |
| apology | n | sorry (rare) |
rueword, sorroword defense: besaying, forespeech (<OE forespræċ) | |
| postle | n | - | errander, sendling (cf. NHG 'Sendling'),
fro-sent (Sir John Cheke) | |
| apothecary | n | - | leefwinkle (leef 'medicine', see Ic. lyf) | |
| apparel | n | clothes, wear, threads, weed | glad rags, donnings, step-outs | |
| apparent | adj | seeming | - | |
| apparently | adv/phr | seemingly, at first sight, in name only, on the outside, openly, to the eye |
staringly | |
| appeal | vb | call (upon) | ask, beckon, clepe | |
| appealing | adj | fair, winsome, sightly | - | |
| appear | vb | show up | tew up (cf. OE ætīwan, ætywan), forshine (cf. Du. verschijnen, NHG. erscheinen) | |
| appearance | n |
blee, look, cast, hue |
leer | |
| appease | vb | soothe, allay | frithen | |
| appellation | n | name | - | |
| appendage | n | limb | - | |
| appendicitis | n | - | blindgut addle | |
| appendix | n | - | organ: blindgut blindtharm (cf. Fr. blineterm, NHG Blinddarm) book: tack-on | |
| appetite | n | craving, hunger | - | |
| appetizer | n | starter | - | |
| application | n | bearing, putting-on | - | |
| apply | vb | beseech | - | |
| appoint | vb | afix, set up, earmark, deem, settle, name | wend out | |
| apprehension | n | foreboding, misgiving | - | |
| apprentice | n | beginner, learner | learnend | |
| approach | vb | near, nigh, draw near to, come forth, creep up on | nighletch (<OE neahlæcan) | |
| approaching | adj | nearing, forthcoming, upcoming, oncoming | nighleching | |
| appropriate | adj | befitting, seemly, meet | roadly (cf. OE geradlic) | |
| approximate | adj | rough, near, loose | - | |
| approximately | adv | about, roughly, nearly, nigh | umbe | |
| appurtenance | n | - | sidemarking, nethermark | |
| April | n | - | Eastermonth | |
| apron | n | - | barmcloth | |
| apt | adj | fit | deve (<OE defe), eroadly (<OE ġerādliċ) | |
| aquaculture | n | fish-farming | - | |
| aqualung | n | - | waterlung | |
| aquamarine | adj | seagreen | - | |
| 'aquaphobia" | n | - | waterfear | |
| aquaphobic | adj | afraid of (the) water | - | |
| aquarium | n | - | fishglass | |
| aquatic | adj | waterly | - | |
| aqueduct | n | - | waterleat | |
| aqueous | adj | water like, water bearing | - | |
| arable | adj | - | ploughsome | |
| arachnid | n | - | eight-legger | |
| arboreal | adj | - | treewise | |
| arbitrary | adj | whimsy | fallenly (cf. Du. toeval) willkeirly (<OE willa + cyre 'choice' + 'līc) | |
| arboretum | n | - | treestead | |
| arc | n | bow | - | |
| archaeology | n | - | delvelore, fernfrod (cf. Ic. fornleifafræði) | |
| archaeopterix | n | - | stoneset orfowl (cf. NHG Urvogel) stonelayed oldenwing | |
| archangel | n | - | high-ghost | |
| archer | n | bowman | bowyer, shooter (<OE scytta, cf. NHG.
Schütze, Du. schutter) | |
| archery | n | - | bowcraft | |
| archipelago | n | - | itune (<OE ieg 'island' + tun) | |
| architecture | n | shell, framework | orshafting | |
| architrave | n | - | silebeam | |
| archive | n | - | leafwritsam (b.f. Ic. 'skjalasafn' document collection/museum), logsam, deedsam, writsam | |
| arctic | adj | - | bear- (Ursa Minor), far-northern | |
| Arctic | n | Land of the Midnight Sun | northend | |
| ardour | n | keenness, lust | hotheartedness (<OE hatheortnes) | |
| area | n | land, landspan, swathe | field of knowledge: breadth | |
| argent | n | silver | - | |
| Argentina | n | - | Silverland | |
| arguable | adj | moot | sakebere | |
| argue | vb | flite, wrestle, squabble, wrangle, bicker, tilt | sake (<OE sacan) | |
| argument | n | flite | rake (<OE racu) | |
| aridity | n | drought, dryness | rainlack, dryth | |
| aristocrat | n | blue-blood | rikeborn, richard | |
| aristocratic | adj | full-blooded, highborn, highbred | rikeborn, richborn, athelborn | |
| arithmetic | n | - | telcraft (<OE getælcræft) | |
| arm | vb | - | beweapon | |
| arm | n | - | handweapon | |
| armadillo | n | - | shieldling, girdledeer (cf. NHG Gürteltier, Du. gordeldier) | |
| armistice | n | truce | weaponstandstill (calque from german Waffenstillstand) | |
| armo(u)r | n | shield, byrnie |
shieldwear, helmcladding, heraweed (< OE herewǣde), firedskeerp (<OE fierdsceorp) | |
| armory | n | shieldhouse |
shieldwearhouse, helmcladdenhouse, heraweedhouse, firedskeerphouse, weaponhouse (<OE wæpenhūs) | |
| army | n | - |
hera, landfird, dright, weremight, ganghera (foot men), thrim (<OE þrymm; cf. MnE trim), herë (<OE here) | |
| aroma | n | smell | duft | |
| around | prep/adj/adv | about | umb dialectal (<OE) | |
| arouse | vb | stir, awake, arear | - | |
| arrange | vb |
fix, set, settle; draw up, lay out |
stight, berede (cf. OE geradian) | |
| arrangement | n | layout | - | |
| array | vb | lay out, set out | - | |
| arrest | vb | nab, avast | - | |
| arrive at | vb | reach, come upon, get to | oncome (<OE ancuman) | |
| arrogant | adj | proud, highhanded overbearing, overweening |
wlonk (<OE wlank) | |
| arsenal | n | - | weaponhoard | |
| arsonist | n | - | firestarter | |
| art | n | craft | list (calque) | |
| artery | n | - | loftblood adder | |
| artesian | adj | - | thringrising | |
| arthritis | n | - | lithbulge (cf. Ic. Liðbólga) | |
| article | n | thing | writ grammar: lithword (cf. Du. lidwoord) | |
| artificer | n | maker, craftsman, smith, wright | worldcrafter (<OE woruldcræfta) pl: worldcraftren (<OE woruldcræftan) | |
| artificial | adj | manmade, craftly | - | |
| artillery | n | gunware | - | |
| artisan | n | craftsman, wright, handyman | - | |
| artistry | n | craft, deftness | - | |
| Asatru(ar) (maður) | n | - | Esetroth(er), Ostroth(er) | |
| asbestos | n | - | thrumstone, stone-flax, earthflax, (sl) devil dust, devil's dust. | |
| ascend | vb | climb, stigh/sty | - | |
| Ascension Day | n | - | Gang-Day (<OE gangdæg) | |
| ascent | n | upgoing | - | |
| asexual | n | - | swiveless | |
| Asia | n | the East | easterngreatland | |
| Asian (race) | n | yellow (vulgar slang) | Eastern, Far-Eastern | |
| asparagus | n | sparrowgrass | - | |
| asphalt | n | - | streettar | |
| assail | vb | scathe lay into col.; raid, storm | - | |
| assassin | n | hitman, murderer | - | |
| assault | n | onset, onrush |
andfeng (<OE) crime: eaghlype (<OE æhlȳp) | |
| assemble | vb | cleave, gather, huddle, band frame, build, set up |
samen (<OE samnian, cf. ON samna, NHG sammeln, Du. zamelen), evencome (<OE efencuman) | |
| assembly | n | ingathering, meeting; church; get-together, huddle |
moot samening (<OE samnung), leedstefen (<OE léodstefn), thing (dead sense of OE þing, shifted to object by c. 1300. Still retained in NHG Sache, which has both meanings.) | |
| asset | n | holding | - | |
| assiduous | adj | hopping, tied-up, working | workfast | |
| assign | vb | allot, deed, trust | - | |
| assimilate | vb | - | inblend, upnim (cf. NHG. aufnehmen) | |
| assist | vb | help, bestead, prop up | filst (<OE fylstan) | |
| assistance | n | help, backing, helping hand, lift | filst (<OE fylst)
midhelp (<OE midhelp), atstall (<OE ætstæl) fultum (<OE fultum), byhelp (cf. NHG Beihilfe) | |
| assistant | n | helper |
filstend (<OE fylstend) atstandand (<OE ætstandend) | |
| association | n | hookup, linkup, tie-up; brotherhood, guild, club, fellowship | underbind forband (cf. NHG Verband) | |
| assume | vb | deem; foreguess, bear, shoulder, undertake |
huy, hedge (<OE hycgan 'bear in mind, confide, trust') smigh (<OE smēagan 'consider think about mediate examine scrutinize') ween, behowe (<OE behawian), ettle (<OE eahtian) | |
| aster | n | - | starbloom | |
| asterisk | n | star | starling; starkin | |
| asteroid | n | - | roomrock, rock wanderer | |
| asthma | n | - | angbreast (<OE angbreost) | |
| astonish | vb | astound, dumbfound, amaze bewilder, bewonder,startle |
offwonder | |
| astonished | n | astounded, dumbfounded, amazed, bewildered, bewondered, startled | offwondered (<OE ofwundrod) | |
| astonishing | adj | amazing, astounding, blindsiding, eye-opening startling; stunning, wonderful |
bewondering | |
| astral | adj | - | rotherly (OE rodor) | |
| astrology | n | starcraft | tungle sway, tungleshed (<OE tungolgescead) | |
| astronaut | n | - | heavensfarer , skytaker | |
| astronomy | n | starlooking, starcraft | heavenlore | |
| astute | adj | shrewd, cunning, sharp quick-witted |
yepe (<OE geap) | |
| asylum | n | grith, haven; madhouse | - | |
| asymptote | n | - | ameetend | |
| atavism | n | throwback | - | |
| atelier | n | workshop | - | |
| atheïst | adj | godless | liefless, unliefsome, ungodsome | |
| -ative | suffix | - | -ingly | |
| atlas | n | - | land book | |
| atmosphere | n | - |
welkin, lofthelm (<OE lyfthelm) | |
| atom | n | grot (ME, <OE grōt, "particle") | formote, uncleft | |
| atrocious | adj | frightful; rotten. | - | |
| atrophy | n | withering, dying, waning | - | |
| attack | n | onslaught, onset, onrush, strike | hildrush, onshot | |
| attack | vb | raid, rush, strike | - | |
| attack helicopter | n | - | strikenchopper pl: strikenchoppru | |
| attain | vb | reach | - | |
| attempt | n | bid, crash, fling, go , shot, whack, whirl | cunning, fanding, minting | |
| attempt | vb | seek | cun (<OE cunnian), fand, mint | |
| attend | vb | hearken, mind; care, oversee, watch | - | |
| attendant | n | steward | thew, theen, atstandand (<OE ætstandend) | |
| attention | n | heed, mind | bemarkening | |
| attest | vb | witness; swear; bear out | - | |
| attic | n | loft | thackroom | |
| attire | n | cladding | - | |
| attitude | n | standing, outlook, mood | installing (cf. Du. instelling) | |
| attorney | n | lawyer (french suffix), lawman | - | |
| attract | vb | draw, draw in |
span (<OE spannan), adwell (<OE adwellan) | |
| attractive | adj | comely, fair, good-looking, handsome, winsome, sightly | wlitty (<OE wlitig) | |
| attribute | n | ownship | - | |
| aubergine | n | - | eggwort | |
| auction | n | - | bidding-sale | |
| audacious | adj | daring, bold, ballsy, fearless, unafeared, cheeky, dare-all, dareful, unfearing, reckless stoor |
thriste | |
| audacity | n | gall, guts, mettle hardihood, hardiness boldness, balls |
- | |
| audible | adj | - | hearly, hearsome | |
| audience | n | hearing, listeners | - | |
| audio | n | loud | - | |
| augment | vb | eke | bemore | |
| August | n | - | Weedmonth | |
| aunt | n | - | father's sister: fathe (<OE Faðe or Faðu) mother's sister: Modrey, Mothrey (<OE Modrige or Modrie) | |
| aurora | n |
dawning, daylight |
- | |
| aurora borealis | n | northern lights | - | |
| aurum | n | gold | yellow dust | |
| auscultation | n | harkening | lossening (<OE hlosnian: to listen wait be on the lookout for) | |
| austere | adj | - | yarewit | |
| austerity | n | hardliness | tighthold | |
| Australia | n | - |
Andland (cf. H Ic. proposal 'Andland,' found here ) | |
| Austria | n | - | Easternrike (cf. NHG 'Österreich) | |
| author | n | writer | bookwright | |
| authority | n | shark; death grip | elderdom (<OE ealdordóm)
lorowdom, learnedom (<OE láréowdóm) swinge | |
| auto- | pref | self- | - | |
| autodidact | adj | self-taught | - | |
| automaker | n | wainwright | - | |
| automatic | adj |
knee-jerk gunning: self-loading, half-tilt, full-tilt |
machinery: self-working | |
| autonomy | n | - | selflaw, self-standing | |
| autonym | n | selfname | - | |
| autopsy | n | - | open bodychecking | |
| autumn | n | fall | till, harvest | |
| auxiliary | adj | backup, fallback | eke
helpand (cf. Du. helpend, NHG helfend) | |
| avail | vb | - | dow (< archaic NE dow < ME duʒen < OE dugan; cf. Sc. dow )
frim, miling | |
| available | adj | free, in stock, at hand, forthcoming | Atworthsome (calque), Athandsome, Atputsome | |
| avalanche | n | snowslide | bergfall, fellfall | |
| avant garde | n | forhead | - | |
| avarice | n | greed | yetzing (<OE gitsung) | |
| avatar | n | - | fleshbilth | |
| avenge | vb | wreak | - | |
| average | adj | mean, middling | evenscore | |
| avert | vb | forestall, head off, stave off | mithe, forecome, offwend, umbewend (redirect) | |
| aviary | n | birdhouse, birdstow. | - | |
| aviator | n | birdman, flyer | loftman, rotherer | |
| avid | adj | eager | - | |
| avocado | n | butter pear | - | |
| avoid | vb | miss, shun, ware |
mithe, forecome, sedge (<OE ġesecgan) | |
| avow | vb | swear, trow, own | yea-say | |
| award | vb | bestow | - | |
| axis | n | axle | - | |
| azimuth | n | - | south hern (cf. Ic. Attarhorn) | |
| azure | adj | haw (ME <OE hæwen) | swail blee | |