Staff A of the English Wordbook.
Basic abbreviations:
- OE = Old English
- ME = Middle English
- SC = Scots
- WF = West Frish
- NF = North Frish
- SF = Saterlandish Frish
- WLG = West Low Theech
- ELG = East Low Theech
- NL = Netherlandish
- NHG = New High Theech
- IC = Icelandish
- HIC = High Icelandish
- NO = Nornish
- SW = Swedish
- DN = Danish
- MLG = Middle Low Theech
- MNL = Middle Netherlandish
- MHG = Middle High Theech
- OF = Old Frish
- OS = Old Saxish
- OHG = Old High Theech
- ON = Old Norse
- GO = Gottish
- PWG = Or-West-Theedish
- PG = Or-Theedish
For a full list of etymological and other abbreviations used in these wordlists, see: Offshortenings.
Chancery English | Class | Anglish/English | ||
Attested | Unattested | |||
a Capella | n | singing | mouthglee, mouthly | |
aardvark | n | ant bear, ant-bear, antbear | earthpig, earthswine, earthfarrow | |
abandon | vb |
shed, forgo, forsake (Barnes) |
forlet (UK dialectal ~ cf. OE forlǣtan, Fr. ferlitte, Du. verlaten, Nw. forlate, NHG verlassen) of-give, up-give, forleave, forlese, unget | |
abandon | n | wantonness, recklessness | overgive | |
abandonment | n | forsaking | shedding | |
abase | vb | cheapen, warp; shame, sink, belittle | unar, anether | |
abash | vb | faze, ashame | - | |
abate | vb | drain away, drop off, dwindle, ease, ebb, fall away, lessen, let up, lower, shrink, wane | - | |
abattoir | n | slaughterhouse | - | |
abbess | n | mother | overmother | |
abbreviation | n | short for, shorthand | offshortening, forshortening, shortening | |
abdicate | vb | step down, step aside from | - | |
abdomen | n | kite, quith (<OE cwiþ) riff (<OE hrif)
bouk (Eng., calque of all Ger. speeches) | ||
abduct | vb | kidnap, steal, lead away, offlead, nab | - | |
aberrant | n | black-sheep | - | |
aberration | n | freak, way-outness | unfollowing | |
abet | vb | goad, spur, hearten | fuse (<ME fusen) | |
abhor | vb | hate, loathe, mislike | - | |
ability | n | skill, might, craft, knack in-born: mother-wit |
formay (cf. Du. vermogen) | |
abject | adj | low | heanly (<OE heanlic), downcast (Barnes) | |
abjure | vb | forswear, take back, unsay, withdraw | swear off (cf. NHG abschwören), aftercwethe | |
ablactate | vb | wean | - | |
ablation | n | offtaking, offferrying | - | |
ablative | adj | - | atbraidingly, shiftfall (<Ic. skiftafall) | |
ablaut | n | - | offlloud | |
able | adj | fit, skilled |
dow, stand (cf. Dn, Nw, NHG) | |
-able | sfx | -worthy |
-endly/-ingly, -cannish, -canny -worth (<OE -wierþe) -ber (cf. OE -bære, Fr. -ber, NHG -bar) -some | |
able to | phr | can, may, to be canny enough, to be cunning enough, up to | dow to, skilled to | |
ablution | n | washing, cleansing | furbing | |
abnegate | vb | forgo, forswear | - | |
abnormal | adj | amiss, unwonted, odd | unmean, unshapely (Barnes) | |
abolish | vb | black out, stamp out, sweep away, wipe out |
fordo, forend, adiley (<OE ādīlegian) offship (cf. NHG abschaffen) | |
abominable | adj | aweful, dreadful, evil, loathsome, sickening | shandful (<OE scandful, cf. NGH/Du. schandvoll), slithely, besmearful, wargedly (<OE) | |
aboriginal | adj | inborn | orfolkish, orfolkly firstfolkish (see or- ) | |
aborigine | n | - | orfolk (OE or 'origin') firstfolk (see or- ) | |
abort | vb | lay off, call off, end | - | |
abortion | n | misbirth | forbirthing, awaywarpness (<OE) | |
abound | vb | brim, teem, overflow | - | |
abrasion | n | graze, scrape | - | |
abridge | vb | cut back, forshorten, cut | littlen (<OE) | |
abrupt | adj | quick, fast, steep | shorn (<OE scoren) | |
abscess | n | swelling | - | |
abscond | vb | break out, run off, steal away | - | |
absence | n |
time off, lack, needfulness, want; dearth |
offwardness (<OE) | |
absent | adj | missing, wanting, out | offward (<OE) | |
absenteeism | n | - | offwardness | |
absent-mindedness | n | daydreaming, flighty, thoughtless, unheeding, unmindful, woolgathering | - | |
absinthe | n | wormwood | - | |
absolute | adj |
outright, utter, full, rank, checkless (Barnes) |
- | |
absolutely | adv | fully, wholly, dead | - | |
absolve | vb | forgive | offloosen (Barnes) | |
absorb | vb | drink, soak up, suck up, take up; grip; burn, drain, draw down, play out | bedrink (<OE bedrincan) up-soak, forsoak (Barnes) | |
abstain (from) | vb | forbear (Barnes), forego withhold, hold back swear off |
- | |
abstinence | n | - | forbearing, forhaveness (<OE forhæfnes) | |
abstract | vb | withdraw, take from, pull out | - | |
abstract | adj | dream | fallenly, unbodied | |
abstract | n | withdrawal, outline | outpulling, outdraught, offdrawal (abstraction) | |
abundance | n | wealth, lot | fullsomeness (<OE) | |
abundant | adj | teeming, swarming, overflowing, fulsome, rife, fat, thick, awash | - | |
abuse | vb | scathe, mishandle | hean (<OE hienan), smittle, misbrook | |
abysmal | adj | 1. hellish, hopeless, dreadful 2. fathomless, bottomless |
netherly, unfathomly | |
abyss | n | 1. hell 2. depth, ground, deep, pit, netherworld |
newel (<OE neowol)
offground (cf. NGH. Abgrund, Du. Afgrond) | |
acacia | n | thorn tree, whistling thorn, wattle | thornbloom, hookthorn | |
academia | n | - | learnedom, loredom, frod (<OE) | |
academic or academik | n/adj | highbrow, book-learned | moot, booksome, lorewise, mighty-brained n: loreman | |
accede | vb | - | agree: thware (<OE) | |
accelerate | vb | speed up, spur, quicken (Barnes) | yare, swiften | |
acceleration | n | speeding up | yareness | |
accent | n | twang, drawl | tungfall (cf. Du. tongval ), word-strain (Barnes) | |
accept | vb | swallow, trust; bear, shoulder; intake (Barnes) |
thave, thware (<OE þwarian 'to bring into agreement, make harmonious') ontake, onfang (<OE onfon) | |
acceptable | adj | all right, fair, good | thwaringly, thewsome | |
access | n | doorway, gateway, key | infare, ingoing | |
accessible | adj | at hand | yea-fare, thuringly | |
accessory | n | - | bykeeper, deedmate (Barnes) | |
accident | n | mishap; hap, luck, befall | unfall (cf. NHG unfall) , hapliness (Barnes) | |
accidental | adj | unwitting | fallenly, happensome (Barnes) | |
accompany | vb | go with, follow |
beglide (cf. Du. begeleiden, NHG begleiten), samodsithe (<OE samodsīðian) | |
accomplish | vb phr | fulfill, sow up, bring about, reach | - | |
accord | n | deal, meeting of minds | thaving, thwaring | |
accordion | n | - | bellowharp | |
according to | adj | as of, by, true to
quoth |
nigh (cf. NHG nach), after, following (calque) | |
account | n | ledger, reckoning | reckoning (cf. Du. rekening, Fr. rekken) | |
account of | vb | witness (give) | forof (on) | |
accountant | n | - | teller (cf. Du. tal, NHG Zahle 'number') | |
accumulate | vb | heap, upheap, build up, gather up | - | |
accumulation | vb | unheaping | - | |
accurate | adj | right on, spot-on | swotel (<OE sweotol)
narrowcore (calque of Du. nauwkeurig, narrow - core 'choice') | |
accusation | noun | bewraying (cf. Eng. bewrayment) | - | |
accusative (case) | adj | - | wrayingly (<OE wregendlic)
end-case (Barnes) tholfall (cf. Ic. þolfall) whonefall (<OE hwone, the accusative of "hwæt", refer to German "wen" and "Wenfall") | |
accuse | vb | wray, guilt |
atwite fromtyghtle (<OE frumtyhtle, falsely: | |
accustom | vb | wean, wean on, wean to | onwone (Barnes) | |
accustomed | adj | wont, used to | - | |
acephalous | adj | headless (Barnes) | - | |
acetone | n | - | sourghost | |
acid | n/adj | - | sour | |
acne | n | - | redmeal (OE mal 'spot') | |
aconite | n | wolfsbane | - | |
acoustics | n | - | dinlore | |
acquaint | vb | befriend, get to know | ken (<OE cunnan (“to become acquainted with, to know”)) | |
acquaintance | n | friend, neighbor | kenning | |
acquiesce | vb | bow | thave (<OE) | |
acquire | vb | earn, foster, get, win | beget (<OE) | |
acquisition | n |
windfall (unexpected) |
begetting | |
acrobat | n | - | stringtumb | |
acropolis | n | - | highburg | |
across | adv | over | thwarse, thweer, athwart (Barnes) | |
act | n | deed, work, play | - | |
act | vb | do, work | - | |
action | n | deed (Barnes), doing, work, do (as, 'all talk and no do'), liveliness |
ysheon (<OE ġescēon, cf. NHG Geschehen)
dodrive | |
activate | vb | switch on | - | |
active | adj | switched on, snell, deedy; mettlesome, springy; hopping, tied-up |
ongoing, doingsome (Barnes), doughty, sprack (Barnes) | |
activist | n | backer, upholder, fighter, nut, diehard | - | |
actor(ess) | n | player, showman | showplayer(in) | |
actual | adj | sooth, soothfast, true | nowly | |
actually | adv | indeed, truly, soothly, forsooth, truthfully,
all in all, truth to tell, word for word |
workly, echtly (see echt), wittedly (<OE) | |
acupuncture | n | pinpricking | nailhealing | |
acute | adj | sharp, high (Barnes), keen, honed; shrill (accent) | swotel | |
A.D. | adv | in the year of our lord | Y.L. | |
ad infinitum | adv | forevermore | at eke, ekely, for eke, unto everness | |
adamant | adj | unyielding, unswayed | - | |
adaptable | adj | - | onwending (cf. Du. aanwendbaar) | |
adapter | n | - | eck-on, fayfitter | |
add | vb | eke | reckon up, put on, onput (Barnes), at-eke (OE) | |
add up | vb | cast up, tally up | - | |
addict | n | - | soughtier (cf. NHG Süchtiger) | |
addicted | adj | - | soughty (cf. NHG süchtig) | |
addiction | n | craving, yearning | sought (<ME soght cf. NHG Sucht) | |
addition | n | - | togive | |
additional | adj | - | bycoming (Du. bijkomend), coming by | |
additionally | adv |
again, also, besides, either, further, furthermore, likewise, moreover, then, too, withal, yet, over and above |
eke (also) | |
address | vb | call, name, clip, bespeak | at-speak, bequethe, hote | |
address | n | - | sitline (<OE: asittan 'to live together'), callword | |
adept | adj | skillful, skilled, good, deft | - | |
adequate | adj | right, even, fair, fit, befitting, becoming | makeshift/ make-do | |
adhere | vb | cling, stick, cleave to, follow, stand by |
at-cleave (<OE) oncleave (Barnes) | |
adherence to good morals | n | - | thewfastness | |
adherent | n | follower | - | |
adiposis | n | overweight | - | |
adjacent | adj | near, next, neighboring | - | |
adjective | n | - | mark-word (Barnes) | |
adjunct | n | helpmate, sidekick | - | |
adjust | vb | set, fit | forstell (cf. NHG/Du. verstellen)
(see stell) | |
administer | vb | wield, deal, lot, | bewit | |
administration | n | dealing | ||
admiral | n | - | fleethelm, fleetleader | |
admire | vb | look up to | bewonder, Belook | |
admission | n | doorway | thwaring | |
admit | vb |
let in, acknowledge, welcome, greet, take in confess: own up |
andet (<OE andhetan)
give to (cf. NHG zugeben, Du. toegeven) confess: beknow (Eng.) sense to join a club, society, admit to hospital, etc: Instep, Onsend, Tosend, Intake | |
admonish | vb | chide, forewarn, upbraid, warn | tell off, man (<OE manian) | |
adolescence | n | youthhood | teenhood | |
adolescent | n | youth, youngling, youngster, teen | - | |
adopt | vb | take on, follow; take in, mother, rear, foster, bring up, take care of |
intake | |
adoption | n | fostering | intaking | |
adorable | adj | comely, lovely, looksome | - | |
adorn | vb | bedeck (Barnes), yare, trim |
breen (<OE berenian) with precious stones: | |
adrenaline | n | - | thringweald | |
adulation | n | - | hallowing | |
adult | n | grown-up | fullwaxener (see Eng. waxen), waxen | |
adulthood | n | - | waxenhood | |
adultery | n | - | wedlock breach, Farlegarness (<OS Farlegarnessi) | |
adumbrate | vb | outline | - | |
advance | vb | make inroads, forward, further, go (on)
trans. put forth |
forthgo, wade on | |
advance | n | inroads, headway; breakthrough in advance: beforehand |
forthgoing | |
advanced | adj | manifold, knotted, snarled | forthstridden | |
advancing | adj | striding | - | |
advantage | n | foredeal, high ground, upper-hand | boot, behoof, upside | |
advantageous | adj | helpful, worthwhile | behovely, frimful/frimly (<OE frimlic) | |
advection | n | Tobearing, Atbearing, Onbearing | ||
advent | n | coming, onset | - | |
adventure | n | happening, time; flutter, throw, undertaking, fare | rose (<OE rās)
wayspell (cf. Sw.vågspel) | |
adventurous | adj | daring, free-swinging, gutsy, bold | rosey | |
adverb | n | - | byword (cf. NHG. Beiwort, Du. bijwoord, Dn. biord) | |
adversarial | n | - | thwartsome (Barnes), witherlike | |
adversary | n | foe, witherling | withersake (<OE wiþersaca, cf. NGH. Widersacher) | |
adversity | n | ill, knock, mishap; hardship, hurdle, pitfall | thwartsomeness, hardhap, witherness | |
adversive | n | - | thwartsome, withersome | |
advertize | vb | play up | showmede | |
advertisement | n | showing | ||
advice | n | tip, help | rede (<OE raed, cf. Du. raad, NGH. Rat) | |
advisable | adj | Redesome (cf. NHG ratsam) | ||
advise | vb | - | berede, mind | |
advocacy | n | backing | forespeech (<OEforespræċ, cf. NHG. Fürsprache, Du. voorspraak) | |
advocate | n/vb | plead for, uphold, back up; spokesman, stand up for |
forspeak (<OE foresprecan, NHG fürsprechen) | |
aerial | adj | - | loften (<OE lyften) | |
aerodynamic | adj | streamlined | wind deft, windfit, loftlithe | |
aerodynamics | n | - | loftcraft (calque Gk.) | |
aeronaut | n | - | roomfarer (room = space; cf. NHG Raum...) | |
aerospace | n | - | loftroom | |
aesir | n | - | oasses (<OE os, -ir is an ON plural) | |
aesthetic | adj | comely, fair | wlitty (<OE wlitig) | |
affair | n | fling; blowout; handiwork; happening; business |
inting (<OE intinga) | |
affect | vb | inflow, sway; wend, shift, switch, Iwake (< OE
gewaecan), Ifreme (<OE ge-freme) Awork (<OE a-wyrcan) |
frother (Du. veranderen) | |
affection | n | fondness; illness; leaning; hallmark | child: bairnlove (<OE bearnlufe) | |
affectionate | adj | loving, warm-hearted | lovesome (Barnes) | |
affiance | vb | betroth | - | |
affinity | n | leaning, kinship, Sibred | - | |
affirm | vb | - |
foraye (Barnes), | |
affirmative | adv | aye, yea, so, yes, yeah, yep | yea-some, yea-ly, ayesome | |
affix | n | - | wordfastening | |
afflict | vb | ail, smite, dretch |
swench (<OE swinc), | |
affluence | n | wealth, riches, fat | weal | |
affluent | adj | wealthy, well-off, well-to-do rich, fat |
- | |
afraid | adj | aghast, fearful, frightened | afeared | |
Africa | n | - | Highsun | |
age | n | oldness, time | eld, tide (era) | |
age | vb | olden: mellow, ripen, elden | eld | |
aged | adj | elderly, old(en), yore | forolden, full-blown, full-fledged, grown. | |
agenda | n | to-do-list | worklist (cf. Fr. wurklist) | |
agglomerate | vb | huddle | clodden (Barnes) | |
agglomeration | n | crowding, heaping, clodding, | swelltown | |
agglutinate | vb | wordlink | upcleam (Barnes) | |
aggressive | adj | go-getting | fightsome (Barnes) | |
aggressor | n | raider | scather | |
agile | adj | nimble, limber, lithe light-footed, yare |
- | |
agitate(d) | vb | stir, toss, keyed-up | - | |
agitation | n | worry | mindfret, seething, churning | |
aglet | n | - | needling, shoestring tip | |
agoraphobia | n | - | steadfear | |
agree | vb | settle on, fit, hold with (Barnes) |
thwear (<OE þwǽrian) forewyrd (<OE forewyrdan) | |
agreeable | adj | - | likeworthy | |
agreement | n | deal, meeting of minds | mirth, thwaring, thaving, soom (<OE som) | |
agrarian/agricultural | adj | field (Barnes) | - | |
agriculture | n | farming, tilling, harvest | fieldlore, earth-tilth (Barnes), croplore landwardship (cf. NHG Landwirtschaft) | |
aichmophobia | n | needlefright | - | |
aid | n | helpmate, sidekick; backing, helping hand, leg up | filst (<OE fylst)
atstall (<OE ætstæl) fultum (<OE fultum/fulteam) | |
aid | vb | help, bestead | filst (<OE fylstan), andfilst (<OE andfylstan) | |
aimsome | adj | single-minded (Barnes) | - | |
AIDS | n | - | Earned Bodyweir Scantness Sickness | |
aim | n | goal, mark | tile (<OE tilian "to aim", cf. NHG Ziel)
ettle | |
aim at | vb | - | eye for, nought in, tile (<OE tilian, NHG zielen) | |
air | n/vb |
wind, breath; vb: broadcast; freshen |
loft (<OE loft (through Old Norse), cf. NHG Luft, Du. lucht), lift (<OE lyft) life's breath | |
air force | n | - | loft-weir, loftmight (cf. Du. luchtmacht) | |
airplane/ aeroplane | n | kite (slang) | flycraft (OE, floegan; loftcraft, stycraft from OE: upstigen to move up rise ascend) | |
airport | n | - | lofthub, lofthaven (calque) | |
aisle | n | path, lane | gangway | |
alarm clock | n | - | waker (cf. NHG: Wecker, Du wekker)
wire-waker, wirerooster | |
alas | interj | alack, ay, woe | welaway, lackaday, alack | |
albedo | n | - | whiteness (<ME<OE hwitness), whiteshine | |
albino | n | - | whiteling | |
album | n | - | whitebook | |
albumen | n | egg white | egg lime | |
alchemy | n | - | orecraft | |
alcohol | n | booze, firewater | wineghost | |
alcoholic | adj | boozen | - | |
alcoholic | n | sot, drunkard, boozen | malt-worm | |
alert | adj | awake, watchful; heedful, wary; numble, sharp-witted; ready, willing |
gleg rathe (<OE rathe) | |
algorithm | n | - | reckonwrit | |
alien | n/adj | way-out, fremd, outlandish, outsider | Fremd (Eng./NHG. fremd), Elster, Elend, Otherling | |
alienate | vb | - | Befremd (NHG. Befremden) see fremd | |
alienation | n | unfriendliness | Befremding | |
align | vb | set up, fit, shape (into a line) | - | |
allegory | n | likeness | forlikening (Barnes) | |
allergy | n | - | overfeeling | |
alleviate | vb | allay, lighten | - | |
alley | n | walk, lane, pathway | - | |
alliance | n | bond, tie | - | |
allied | adj | bound, wed | fayed | |
alligator | n | - | broadmouthnix | |
alliteration | n | - | staverime, mate-penning (Barnes) | |
allocate | vb | earmark, let | fordeal | |
allotment | n | - | fordealing | |
allow | vb | let (Barnes), leave, give the green light for | thwore (<OE þwárian)
thave (<OE þafian) aleave (<OE ālīefan, cf. NHG erlauben) | |
allowable | adj | - | thwaresome, thavesome | |
alloy | n | mix, blend, meld | mastling | |
All Saints Day | n | Allhallowmas, Hallowmas | - | |
allude | vb | hint (at), touch (on) | anent | |
allure | vb | draw to | spane (<OE spanan), adwell | |
Ally | n | Ithoft, Ifolk, Ihild, Ifight, Ilie, Ilay | ||
almanac | n | yearbook | - | |
alphabet | n |
ABCs
|
staffrow (<OE stæfrǣw, Ic. stafrófið, Fa. stavraðið), runeline, runecraft, runebook, | |
altar | n | - | giftboard, worship board glowstead, gleedstead (<OE glédstede) waybed (<OE wigbed) harrow (<OE hearg, cf. OHG harug) | |
alter | vb | wend | frother (cf. Fr. feroar, Du. veranderen, NHG. verändern) | |
altercation | n | flite, brangle, brawl, row, dust-up | - | |
alternate | v | waver, switch, become, shift | - | |
alternative | adj | other | - | |
altitude | n | height | highmete, aloftness | |
altruism | n | selflessness | - | |
altruistic | adj | selfless, unselfish | - | |
amass | vb | gather, heap, huddle | mill | |
amateur | n | greenhorn, beginner, starter | - | |
amazon | n | - | bandfighters (calque of Old Persian *hamazan)
wyewoman (calque of Irish banghaiscíoch and Scottish Gaelic ban-laoch) | |
ambassador | n | - | rikesboder, landspellsman | |
amber | n | - | brimstone, glarestone, burnstone, elksand (<OE eolhsand) | |
ambidextrous | adj | both-handed, two-handed, either-handed | umberight, umbecrafty, umbehandy | |
ambience | n | mood, feeling | roomfeel | |
ambiguous | adj | - | twiwordy (<OE twiwyrdig), twisided (Barnes); twi-meaning. twimeaning, unsifer, | |
ambiguity | n | - | twiwordiness | |
ambivalence | n | - | waver | |
ambivert | n | - | twigoer | |
ambiverted | adj | - | twigoing | |
ambulance | n | - | sickwain crankwain (<NHG Krankenwagen) | |
ambulant | adj | roving, wandering, wayfaring | - | |
ambush | n/ vb | net, web; waylay (Barnes), forlay | inbush | |
ameliorate | vb | better | eather | |
amen | interj |
- |
soothly (<OE soþlice) so be it (used in the early English Reformation), true dat (colloquial), yelayay | |
America | n | New World |
Markland (<OE mearcland "borderland," cognate to ON markland, the name given by Leif Eriksson to a Labrador shoreline; the element m a r k incidentally shares the same three consonant sounds as A m e r i c a) Westlands, Redlands | |
amicable | adj | friendly, hail-fellow-well-met | blithe | |
amigo | n | friend | - | |
ammonia | n | - | hartshorn | |
amnesia | n | blackout | eftmind loss | |
amoeba | n | - | shapeshifter, slimebrick, slimedeer (cf. Ic. slímdýr) | |
amorphous | adj | shapeless | - | |
amount | n | score, lot, whit, deal (Barnes) | - | |
ampersand | n | - | andtoken | |
amphibian | n | - | lurrow (cf. NHG Lurche), shoredeer, frogdeer (cf. Ic. froskdýr) | |
amphibious | adj | - | two-breathed (Barnes) | |
amphitheater | n | - | playstow, umbewitstow | |
ample | adj | broad, large, roomy | ||
amplifier | n | - | forstronger | |
amplify | vb | - | outbroaden (Barnes) | |
amplitude | n | breadth, reach, width | - | |
amputate | v | cut (off) | rend, snithe, forcarve (Barnes), belimb | |
amusement | n | fun, game, fun and games | ||
amusing | adj | - | listing | |
anachronism | n | mistiming (Barnes) | - | |
anaconda | n | - | whipsnake | |
anaesthetic | adj | unsightly | dwale | |
anagram | n | - | stavewrixel | |
anal | adj | bottom, ?bum — | arsely, arsen | |
analgesic | n | numbing | andwark | |
analogy | n | - | alikeword | |
analyze | vb | look at | forloosen (Barnes); think through, unthread, unriddle. Onlight, Onseek, Forloosen, Uploosen, Upsunder Nease (<OE to search, to find out by inquiry) Onnease, Anease | |
anarchism | n/adj | - | lawlessholth, lawlesshood | |
anarchy | n | lawlessness |
redelacking, ethellessness | |
anastomosis | n | shunt | - | |
anathema | n | - | forputting (calque Gk. anathema) | |
anatomy | n | - | bodylore | |
ancestor | n | forebear (Barnes) forefather (Barnes) elder, forerunner fore-elder (Barnes) |
foremother
foreolder (cf. Du. voorouder) | |
ancestry | n | strain, seed, bloodties, house |
strind | |
ancient | adj | hoary, olden, old-time
foreold (Barnes) |
fern (<OE fyrn)
orold (calque of NHG uralt), | |
ancient times | n | yoretide | - | |
andiron | n | firedog | firegoat | |
androgyny | n | - |
werewifehood (Calque of the Greek + "hood") | |
android | n | - | manhue/werehue (cf. Greek andros 'man' and oeidēs 'hue (<OE hiw)) | |
anemometer | n | - | windmeter (Barnes) | |
anemone | n | - | windrose | |
anesthesia | n | - | unfeeler (calque)
number (one who numbs) | |
angel | n | - | rotherer, errandghost (<OE ærendgást) | |
anger? | n | ire, wrath, scorn | greme (<OE grama); 'anger' O.N. loanword circa 1220AD | |
angle | n | nook, bight, winkle | nookspan, nookwidth, hook, hurn (<OE hyrne), whem (<OE hwemm) | |
angry | adj | wrathful, uptight, waspish | - | |
anguish | n | woe, sorrow, heartbreak, heartache, throe | angsomeness, bosom-hell | |
angular | adj | - | nook-shot, sharp-nooked, straight-edged, hyrned (<OE hyrnen), edgy | |
animal | n | being | deer, wight (<OE wiht), wilder, soulend, livle, nite (<OE nēat), neat (from OE, like neatsfoot oil), neatenkind (<OE) | |
animate | vb | liven literary: quicken (Barnes) |
besoul (cf. NHG beseelen, Du. bezielen) | |
anime | n | - | dawnlandish livedrawing | |
animosity | n | hate(red) | - | |
annals | n | - | year-bookings | |
annelid | n | ringworm | - | |
annex | vb | - | onend (on+end) (cf. NHG Anschluss) | |
annihilate | vb | wipe out, | fornaughten (Barnes)
benothing (Eng.) | |
annihilation | n | wrecking | fornaughting, spild (OE) | |
anniversary | n | yearday, yeartide (Barnes), Frealstide (<OE a festival of the church, an anniversary), Year-imind (<OE) | mind day (<OE gemynddaeg) | |
Anno Domini | adv | in the year of our lord | - | |
annotate | vb | mark | bemark | |
annotation | n | marking | bemarking (NGH Bemerkung) | |
announce | vb | ban, bode, bid, kithe | forcouth (<OE cýðan, cf. NHG verkünden) meld (<OE meldian, cf. NHG./Du. melden) forthspell, spell out | |
announcement | n | - | oncouthing (cf. NHG Ankündigung) | |
annoy | vb | irk (Barnes), nettle | - | |
annoying | adj | irksome (Barnes) | - | |
annual | adj | yearly | - | |
annual | n | yearbook | - | |
annul | vb | fordo, call off | - | |
annuli astronomici | n | Gemma's Rings | - | |
anoint | v | smear | anele, throughsmear (<OE þūrhsmyrian) | |
anonymous | adj | nameless, unnamed | - | |
anorexia | n | - | fastlust | |
antagonist | n |
fiend, foe |
witherling, gainstander | |
antarctic | n | southend | - | |
Antarctica | n | South End | South Hern | |
antecedence | n | beforemath, foregoing | - | |
antediluvian | adj | - | foreflood | |
Ante Meridiëm | phr | Before Midday (calque) | - | |
anterior | adj | foreward; foregoing, former | - | |
anterior | n | fore, foreside | - | |
anthem | n | - | folksong (cf. NHG./Du. volkslied) | |
anthology | n | reader | fayness | |
anthropology | n | - | theedlore, manlore, werelore | |
anti- | n | wither-, with-, gain- | off- | |
antibiotic | n | gainrodlifeanwork | ||
antisemite | adj | Jew-hater | - | |
anticipate | vb | foretell, foresee | - | |
anticlockwise | adj/adv | widdershins | withclockwise, withershins | |
antics | n | - | odd behaveness, childishness | |
anticonstitutionally | adv | - | witherlawwritly withlawwritly | |
antidisestablishmentarianism | n | - | gainunstathelingmanness | |
antidote | n | - | atterloathe (<ME atterllothe) | |
antigen | n | - | offweirstuff | |
antihero | n | - | gainheleth, withheleth, witherheleth | |
antilope | n | - | buck (cf. Afr. bok)
bloomgoat | |
antimatter | n | - | gainstuff, witherstuff, unbeing, unstuff | |
antipathy | n | mislike | - | |
antipope | n | gainfather (cf. NHG gegenpapst) | ||
antiquated | adj | careworn, timestruck | - | |
antique | n/adj | eldern | - | |
antiquity | n | olden days; oldness, eldnerliness |
afern (OE fyrn 'former, ancient') | |
antiseptic | adj | - | withersmite | |
anti-statism | n | - |
witherlawwardness | |
anti-statist | adj | - | witherlawmootish | |
anti-statist | n | - | leedward witherling | |
antitoxin | n | - | gainatter | |
antler | n | - | blowhorn (<OE blōwan) | |
antonym | n | - | witherword gainword (cf. NHG gegenwort) | |
anulus | n | ring | - | |
anus | n | asshole(vulgar) | arse-thirl (OE: earsþerl); back-tharm;
endring | |
anxiety | n | worry, fear | angness, angens, angs | |
aorta | n | - | loftleat | |
apart | adj | cleaved, sundered, shedded | - | |
apart from | adv | aside, asunder | - | |
apartment | n | flat, room, by-room | woning (cf. NHG Wohnung) | |
apathetic | adj | samewise | - | |
aperture | n | opening, breech, hole | - | |
apex | n | tip, yop, top | - | |
aphid | n | greenfly, blackfly | wortlice | |
aphrodisiac | n | - | lustdrive | |
apogee | n | - | hightip | |
apologise | vb | say sorry |
forshild, unshild (cf. Du. verontschuldigen, NHG. entschuldigen, see shild) | |
apology | n | sorry | rueword, sorroword, belading (<OE) defense: besaying, forespeech (<OE forespræċ) | |
apostle | n | - | errander, sendling (cf. NHG 'Sendling'), fro-sent (Sir John Cheke) | |
apothecary | n | - | leefwinkle (leef 'medicine', see Ic. lyf) | |
apparel | n | clothes, wear, threads, weed | glad rags, donnings, step-outs | |
apparent | adj | seeming | eyeshinely (cf. NHG. augenscheinlich, Du. ogenschijnlijk) | |
apparently | adv/phr | seemingly, at first sight, in name only, on the outside, openly, to the eye, as it shows | staringly, eyeshinely (cf. NHG. augenscheinlich, Du. ogenschijnlijk) | |
appeal | vb | call (upon) | ask, beckon, clepe | |
appealing | adj | fair, winsome, sightly | - | |
appear | vb | show up | tew up (cf. OE ætīwan, ætywan), forshine (cf. Du. verschijnen, NHG. erscheinen) | |
appearance | n |
blee, look, cast, hue |
leer, eyeshine (NHG. Augenschein) | |
appease | vb | soothe, allay | frithen | |
appellation | n | name | - | |
appendage | n | limb | - | |
appendicitis | n | - | blindgut addle | |
appendix | n | - | organ: blindgut, blindtharm (cf. Fr. blineterm, NHG Blinddarm) book: tack-on, onhang (cf. NHG Anhang) | |
appetite | n | craving, hunger | - | |
appetizer | n | starter | foremeal | |
application | n | bearing, putting-on | - | |
apply | vb | beseech, lay on, spread | bewharve (cf. NHG bewerben, see wharve) | |
appoint | vb | afix, set up, earmark, deem, settle, name |
wend out | |
appreciate | v | be thankful | ||
apprehension | n | foreboding, misgiving | - | |
apprentice | n | beginner, learner | learnend | |
approach | vb | near, be nigh, draw near to, come forth, creep up on | nighletch (<OE neahlæcan) | |
approach | n | means, way | ||
approaching | adj | nearing, forthcoming, upcoming, oncoming | nighleching | |
appropriate | adj | befitting, seemly, meet | roadly (cf. OE geradlic) | |
approve | v | let, bid
approve of: laud |
||
approximate | adj | rough, near, loose | - | |
approximately | adv | about, roughly, nearly, nigh | umb | |
appurtenance | n | - | sidemarking, nethermark | |
April | n | - | Eastermonth | |
apron | n | - | barmcloth | |
apt | adj | fit | deve (<OE defe), yroadly (<OE ġerādliċ) | |
aquaculture | n | fish-farming | - | |
aqualung | n | - | waterlung | |
aquamarine | adj | seagreen | - | |
aquaphobia | n | - | waterfear | |
aquaphobic | adj | afraid of (the) water | - | |
aquaplaning | n | - | watergliding | |
aquarium | n | - | fishglass, waterglass | |
aquatic | adj | waterly | - | |
aqueduct | n | - | waterleat | |
aqueous | adj | watery, water like, water bearing | - | |
arable | adj | - | ploughsome | |
arachnid | n | - | eight-legger | |
arboreal | adj | - | treewise | |
arbitrary | adj | whimsy | fallenly (cf. Du. toeval) willkirely (<OE willa + cyre 'choice' + 'līc) | |
arboretum | n | - | treestead | |
arc | n | bow | - | |
arcade | n | - | playhall (cf. Du. speelhal, NHG Spielhalle) | |
arch | n | Biel (<OE Bígel) | bow | |
archaeology | n | - | delvelore, fernfrod (cf. Ic. fornleifafræði) | |
archaeopterix | n | - | stoneset orfowl (cf. NHG Urvogel) stonelayed oldenwing | |
archaic | adj. | timeworn | forold (Eng., cf. NHG. veraltet) | |
archangel | n | - | high-ghost | |
archer | n | bowman | bowyer, shooter (<OE scytta, cf. NHG. Schütze, Du. schutter) | |
archery | n | - | bowcraft | |
archipelago | n | - | itune (<OE ieg 'island' + tun), island cluster. | |
architect | n | highcrafter (<OE) | ||
architecture | n | shell, framework | buildlore, buildcraft, timberlore, timbercraft, orshafting | |
architrave | n | - | silebeam | |
archive | n | - | leafwritsam (cf. Ic. 'skjalasafn'), logsam, deedsam, writsam, backlog | |
arctic | adj | - | bear- (Ursa Minor), far-northern | |
Arctic | n | Land of the Midnight Sun | northend, Northland | |
ardour | n | keenness, lust | hotheartedness (<OE hatheortnes) | |
area | n | land, landspan, swathe, ard (<OE), snad, sned (<OE), yard | field of knowledge: breadth | |
argent | n | silver | - | |
Argentina | n | - | Silverland | |
arguable | adj | moot | sakebere | |
argue | vb | flite, wrestle, squabble, wrangle, bicker, tilt | chide | |
argument | n | flite | rake (<OE racu) | |
aridity | n | drought, dryness | rainlack, dryth | |
aristocrat | n | blue-blood | rikeborn, richard, wealthman | |
aristocratic | adj | full-blooded, highborn, highbred | rikeborn, richborn, athelborn | |
arithmetic | n | - | tellcraft (<OE getælcræft) | |
arm | vb | - | beweapon | |
arm | n | - | handweapon | |
armadillo | n | - | shieldling, girdledeer (cf. NHG Gürteltier, Du. gordeldier) | |
armillary sphere | n | - | ringkuggle | |
arming | n | - | weaponing, outrysting (cf. NHG Ausrüstung) | |
armistice | n | truce | weaponstandstill (cf. NHG Waffenstillstand) | |
armo(u)r | n | shield, byrnie, Iweapon, Iweaponings (<OE), Gouthreaf, Gouthsear, Gouthsare (<OE) | shieldwear, shieldcloth, helmcladding, heraweed (<OE herewǣde), firedskeerp (<OE fierdsceorp), rysting (<OE hyrstan, cf. NHG Rüstung), hereclad | |
armo(u)r | vb | begear, beshield, ryst/rist (<OE hrystan, cf. NHG rüsten) iron (<OE ísenian) | ||
armory | n | shieldhouse | shieldwearhouse, helmcladdenhouse, heraweedhouse, firedskeerphouse, weaponhouse (<OE wæpenhūs), rysthouse | |
army | n | fyrd, ferd, landfyrd | hera, landferd, dright, weremight, ganghere (foot men), thrim (<OE þrymm; cf. MnE trim), here (<OE here), herg | |
aroma | n | smell | duft | |
around | prep, adj, adv | about | um, umb, umbe | |
arouse | vb | stir, awake, arear | - | |
arrange | vb | fix, set, settle; draw up, lay out, Endbeird (<OE), Fade (<OE) | stight | |
arrangement | n | layout | - | |
array | vb | lay out, set out | - | |
arrest | vb | nab, avast, halt, stop | - | |
arrive at | vb | reach, come upon, get to | oncome (<OE ancuman) | |
arrogant | adj | proud, highhanded, overbearing, overweening | lonk (<OE wlank) | |
arsenal | n | - | weaponhoard | |
arsonist | n | fire-raiser | firestarter | |
art | n | craft | list (calque) | |
artery | n | - | loftblood adder | |
artesian | adj | - | thringrising | |
argon | n | - | idlestuff | |
arthritis | n | - | lithbollow (cf. Ic. Liðbólga) | |
artichoke | n | - | eatthistle (cf. Ic. ætiþistill) | |
article | n | thing, write-up | writ grammar: lithword (cf. Du. lidwoord) | |
artificer | n | maker, craftsman, smith, wright | worldcrafter (<OE woruldcræfta)<vr />pl: worldcraftren (<OE woruldcræftan) | |
artificial | adj | manmade, craftly | - | |
artillery | n | gunware | - | |
artisan | n | craftsman, wright, handyman | - | |
art(s), artistry | n | craft, deftness, handiwork | - | |
Asatru(ar) (maður) | n | - | Esetroth(er), Ostroth(er) | |
asbestos | n | - | thrumstone, stone-flax, earthflax, (sl) devil dust, devil's dust. | |
ascend | vb | climb, sty | - | |
Ascension Day | n | - | Gang-Day (<OE gangdæg) | |
ascent | n | upgoing, rise | upgang (Brit.) | |
asexual | n | - | swiveless | |
Asia | n | the East | easterngreatland | |
Asian (race) | n | yellow (vulgar slang) | Eastern, Far-Eastern | |
asparagus | n | sparrowgrass | - | |
asphalt | n | - | streettar | |
assail | vb | scathe lay into col.; raid, storm | - | |
assassin | n | hitman, murderer | - | |
assault | v | onset, onrush, beset | onfall (Eng, NHG. Anfall) | |
assault | n | onset, onrush, besetting |
andfeng (<OE) Obs. onfall (Eng., NHG. Anfall) | |
assemble | vb | cleave, gather, huddle, band frame, build, set up, forgather |
samen (<OE samnian,cf. ON samna, NHG sammeln, Du. zamelen), evencome (<OE efencuman) | |
assembly | n | ingathering, meeting; church, get-together, huddle |
moot samening (<OE samnung),
leedstefen (<OE léodstefn), | |
asset | n | holding | - | |
assiduous | adj | hopping, tied-up, working | workfast | |
assign | vb | allot, deed, trust | - | |
assimilate | vb | - | inblend, uptake/upnim (cf. NHG. aufnehmen) | |
assist | vb | help, bestead, prop up, Fultum (<OE) | filst (<OE fylstan) | |
assistance | n | help, backing, helping hand, lift | filst (<OE fylst)
midhelp (<OE midhelp), | |
assistant | n | helper |
filstend (<OE fylstend) | |
association | n | hookup, linkup, tie-up; brotherhood, guild, club, fellowship |
underbind forband (cf. NHG Verband) dowiþ (< OE dōn + wiþ) | |
assume | vb | deem; foreguess, bear, shoulder, undertake,
Inim [OE ge-nyman: to take up, to take on, assume] |
hie/huy behowe (<OE behawian), | |
aster | n | - | starbloom | |
asterisk | n | star | starling; starkin | |
asteroid | n | - | roomrock, rock wanderer | |
asthma | n | - | angbreast (<OE angbreost) | |
astonish | vb | astound, dumbfound, amaze, bewilder, bewonder, startle, baffle |
offwonder | |
astonished | n | astounded, dumbfounded, amazed, bewildered, bewondered, startled |
offwondered (<OE ofwundrod) | |
astonishing | adj | amazing, astounding, blindsiding, eye-opening startling; stunning, wonderful |
bewondering | |
astral | adj | - | rotherly (<OE rodor), starly, star- | |
astrarium | n | - | tungletimer | |
Astrarium of Giovanni Dondi dell'Orologio |
n | - | liefbound tungletimer | |
astrolabe | n | - | starreckoner | |
astrology | n | starcraft | tungle sway, tungleshed (<OE tungolgescead) | |
astronaut | n | - | heavensfarer, skyfarer, skytaker | |
astronomy | n | starlooking | starlore, heavenlore | |
astute | adj | shrewd, cunning, sharp, quick-witted |
yepe (<OE geap) | |
asylum | n | grith, haven; madhouse | - | |
asymptote | n | - | ameetend | |
atavism | n | throwback | - | |
atelier | n | workshop | - | |
atheïsm | n | godlessness | - | |
atheïst | adj | godless | liefless, unliefsome, ungodsome | |
-ative | suffix | - | -ingly | |
atlas | n | - | land book | |
atmosphere | n | - |
welkin, lofthelm (<OE lyfthelm) Welkintrindle, Lofttrindle, Ethem (<OE meaning, breath, air atmosphere) | |
atom | n | grot (ME, <OE grōt, "particle") | formote, uncleft | |
atrocious | adj | frightful; rotten. | - | |
atrophy | n | withering, dying, waning | - | |
attack | n | onslaught, onset, onrush, strike, blow, hit |
hildrush, onshot
ongripe | |
attack | vb | raid, rush, strike | - | |
attack helicopter | n | - | strikenchopper | |
attain | vb | reach | - | |
attempt | n | bid, crash, fling, go, shot, whack, whirl |
cunning, fanding, minting | |
attempt | vb | seek | cun (<OE cunnian), fand, mint | |
attend | vb | hearken, mind; care, oversee, watch |
- | |
attendant | n | steward | thew, theen, atstandand (<OE ætstandend) | |
attention | n | heed, mind, aught | bemarking | |
attest | vb | witness; swear; bear out | Beshine (NHG. bescheinigen)
Besteady (NHG. bestätigen) | |
attic | n | loft | thackroom | |
attire | n | cladding | - | |
attitude | n | standing, outlook, mood, ways, behaving | installing (cf. Du. instelling) | |
attorney | n | lawman | - | |
attract | vb | draw, draw in |
span (<OE spannan), | |
attractive | adj | comely, fair, good-looking, handsome, winsome, sightly | wlitty (<OE wlitig) | |
attribute | n | ownship | - | |
aubergine | n | - | eywort, wind-healing wort (calque from Sanskrit) | |
auction | n | - | biddingsale | |
audacious | adj | daring, bold, ballsy, fearless, unafeared, cheeky, dare-all, dareful, unfearing, reckless stoor |
thriste | |
audacity | n | gall, guts, mettle hardihood, hardiness boldness, balls |
- | |
audible | adj | - | hearly, hearsome | |
audience | n | hearing, listeners | greetinghouse (<OE) | |
audio | n | loud | listenet (listen+ -et, cf. Eng. thicket) | |
augment | vb | eke | bemore | |
August | n | - | Weedmonth | |
augury | n | - | ontoken | |
aunt | n | - | father's sister: fathe (<OE Faðe or Faðu) mother's sister: modrey, mothrey (<OE Modrige or Modrie) | |
aurora | n |
dawning, daylight |
- | |
aurora australis | n | southern lights | - | |
aurora borealis | n | northern lights | - | |
aurum | n | gold | yellow dust | |
auscultation | n | harkening | lossening (<OE hlosnian: to listen wait be on the lookout for) | |
austere | adj | - | yarewit | |
austerity | n | hardliness | tighthold | |
Australia | n | - | Andland (cf. H Ic. proposal 'Andland,' found here ) | |
Austria | n | - | Easternrick (<OHG Osterrici, cf. NHG 'Österreich) | |
author | n | writer | bookwright | |
authentic | adj | true | - | |
authority | n | headship, shark; deathgrip | elderdom (<OE ealdordóm)
lorewdom, | |
auto- | pref | self- | - | |
autodidact | adj | selftaught | selflearned | |
automaker | n | wainwright | - | |
automatic | adj |
knee-jerk gunning: self-loading, |
machinery: selfworking, selfdriving; selfdriven | |
automobile | n | - | selfshifter (calque) | |
autonomy | n | - | selflaw, selfstanding | |
autonym | n | selfname | - | |
autopsy | n | - | open bodyunderseeching, deathreading | |
autumn | n | fall | till, harvest | |
auxiliary | adj | backup, fallback-, helping | eke | |
avail | vb | - | dow (< archaic NE dow <ME duʒen < OE dugan; cf. Sc. dow ) frim, miling | |
available | adj | free, in stock, at hand, forthcoming |
arworthsome (calque), athandsome, atputsome | |
avalanche | n | snowslide | bergfall, fellfall | |
avant garde | n | forhead | - | |
avarice | n | greed | yetsing (<OE gitsung) | |
avatar | n | - | fleshbilth | |
avenge | vb | wreak | - | |
avenue | n | - | drive | |
average | adj | mean, middling | - | |
avert | vb | forestall, head off, stave off | mithe, forecome, offwend, umbewend (redirect) | |
aviary | n | birdhouse, birdstow. | - | |
aviator | n | birdman, flyer | loftman, rotherer | |
avid | adj | raring | - | |
avocado | n | butter pear; soft apple | - | |
avoid | vb | miss, shun, ware
stay away, keep away |
mithe (obs.), forecome, umgang, umgo (see um-) | |
avow | vb | swear, trow, own | yea-say | |
award | vb | bestow, acknowledge | - | |
axis | n | axle, shaft | - | |
azimuth | n | - | south hern (cf. Ic. Attarhorn) | |
azure | adj | haw (ME <OE hæwen) | swail, blee |