Staff D of the English Wordbook.
Basic abbreviations:
- OE = Old English
- ME = Middle English
- SC = Scots
- WF = West Frish
- NF = North Frish
- SF = Saterlandish Frish
- WLG = West Low Theech
- ELG = East Low Theech
- NL = Netherlandish
- NHG = New High Theech
- IC = Icelandish
- HIC = High Icelandish
- NO = Nornish
- SW = Swedish
- DN = Danish
- MLG = Middle Low Theech
- MNL = Middle Netherlandish
- MHG = Middle High Theech
- OF = Old Frish
- OS = Old Saxish
- OHG = Old High Theech
- ON = Old Norse
- GO = Gottish
- PWG = Or-West-Theedish
- PG = Or-Theedish
For a full list of etymological and other abbreviations used in these wordlists, see: Offshortenings.
Staffs under English Wordbook/D:
Da Db Dc Dd
De Df Dg Dh
Di Dj Dk Dl Dm Dn Do Dp Dq Dr Ds Dt Du Dv
Dw Dx Dy Dz
*Note: If you click on one of the links above, and nothing happens, then that means no words have been put forth for that bookstaff as of yet.
Da[]
Chancery English | Class | Anglish/English | ||
Attested | Unattested | |||
dairy | n | milkhouse | deyhouse | |
damage | n | scathe, harm, wound, marring, loss, wound; fee | - | |
damage | vb | scathe, harm, wound, mar, break, bruise, forspill | fordo, shend | |
damaged | adj | scathed, broken, marred, dented, bruised, harmed, unsound | - | |
damaging | adj | bad, baleful, baneful, harmful | scathful (<SC) | |
damn | adj | all-out, flat-out, out-and-out | - | |
damn | v | (phrases) send __ to hell, to hell with __ | bedoom (cf. DN bedømme), telwith (Shortening of "to hell with") | |
damned | adj | hexed, lost, swizzled | - | |
damnation | n | hell, hellfire | ordeal (cf. NHG Urteil) | |
damsel | n | maid, maiden, lass, wench | - | |
dance (Frankish origin) | n/vb | step; flicker, flutter | frike (<ME friken, frikien <OE frīcian), tumb, wirl, glithe (glee(music)+ shrithe(move)) | |
dandelion | n | - | horsebloom (cf. NL paardenbloem), leetooth (cf. NHG Löwenzahn) | |
danger | n | plight, threat | freech (<OE fréĉen), fear (meant "danger" in OE), derf (attested in the sense "trouble, tribulation") or "darf" (unattested, as far as I know) <OE deorf | |
dangerous | adj | plightful, threatening | freehful (<OE frécenful) | |
dart | n | - | darth (<OE daraþ) | |
data | n | rawput, worth(s) |
ongift(s), meteworth(s), givele, metele, metebit, givens (calque, Latin data < datum, plural pp. of 'to give' ) | |
database | n | - | fading (<OE fadung) | |
date | n | - | talemark (<OE tælmearc) | |
date-fruit | n | - | palmapple (<OE palmæppel) | |
dative (case) | n | Inflections:
|
forgivingly, giver namefall, (to) whomfall (calque: NHG Wemfall) | |
daub | vb | befoul, sully; besmear | smite | |
day of tribulation | n | - | arvethday, arveth-day (<OE earfoðdæg; c.f. ME arveþ-sīþ) |
De[]
de- | pref | un- | - |
deacidify | vb | - | unsour (cf. NHG säuern) |
deacidification | n | - | unsouring |
deactivate | vb | switch off | - |
dean | n | - | lorehouse-wickner |
debate | vb | moot | - |
debatable | adj | moot, mootish, mootsome, mootworthy | - |
debitter (foreign prefix) | vb | - | unbitter (cf. NHG entbittern) |
debris | n | trash, chaff, leavings, odds and ends, dreggs, draff, scrap, clutter, wreckage, deadwood, dross, spilth | floatings (calque of flotsam), grouts (archaic) |
debt | n | - | shild (cf. NL schuld, NHG Schuld), owings, chalk score |
debut | n | beginning, birth, dawn, kickoff, morning, onset, start, threshold | fanding (<OE fandian 'to try, experience') |
decade | n | - | yearten (cf. NL jaartien, NHG Jahrzehnt) |
decapitate | vb | behead | - |
decarbonise (-ize) | vb | - | uncoal (cf. NHG entkohlen) |
decarbonisation
(-ization) |
n | - | uncoaling (cf. NHG Entkohlung) |
decay | vb | foul, rot; sink, worsen; fordwine | brosen (<OE brosnian) |
deceased | adj | dead, breathless, fallen, gone, lifeless | death-smitten, late, forhewn (<OE forhéawen) |
deceit | n | misleading, outwitting | lease (<OE léas "falsehood, untruth") |
deceive | vb | swike, mislead, forlead, fop, outwit, outsmart, snooker; bedidder, shrench, mislear, forblend, weye, swike (OED) | beswike, peach (<OE pǣcan; PST&PTCP: paught) |
December | n | - |
Ereyule (<OE Ærraġēola), Yulemonth (<OE Ġēolmōnaþ), Midwintermonth (<OE Midwintermōnaþ), Twelfthmonth |
decent | adj | good, upstanding, befitting | daven, douth, thewly |
decentralization | n | - | outkerneling |
deception | n | cheating, crookery, foxiness; dwale, swiking, swikedom, prat, wrench (OED) | dwild, adwild (<OE ġedwild) |
decide | vb | choose, name, settle (up)on, fix, set, nail, doom (archaic/obsolete), deem (obsolete) | betake, beshut (cf. NL besluiten) |
deciduous | adj | - | leaf-shedding, leafsome, fallsome |
decision | n | call | beshut, throughshut |
decisive | adj | all-out, out-and-out, outright, straight-out, hell-bent | - |
declaration | n | boding, forthspeaking | forthspell (<OE forþspell), atueness (<OE ætywnys), matheling, quething |
declare | vb | bode, swear, set forth, quethe, forthspeak, besheer | mathel (<OE maþelian), spell out |
declination | n | dwining, dwindling | forbowing |
decline | vb | dwindle, wane, fordwine, slump, lessen, weaken, flag, sink | nether off
forbow (<OE forbūgan) |
decline (not accept) | vb | forbear | offlean or lean off (cf. NHG ablehnen) |
decoction | n | - | mixling |
decorate | vb | bedeck, trim, gild, behang | - |
decrease | vb | shrink, lower, wane, lessen; dwindle; dwine, fordwine ( > OE dwínan) (archaic) | - |
decree | n/vb | behest | astight (<OE ástihtan), law-bode |
decrepit | vb | timeworn | - |
dedicate | vb | earmark, set by, give up to | beteach (<OE betǽcan) |
deepslate | n | - | deepstone (from Minecraft) |
deer (originally meant animal) | n | - | hart (<OE heorot) |
de facto | adj/adv | true, in truth, truly. truthful | in deed |
defame | vb | file, shend, besmirch, befile | unbreme |
default | n | flaw | - |
defeat | n | loss, licking, drubbing | netherlay, netherthrow |
defeat | vb | beat, overcome, overrun, overwhelm, overthrow, bedrive | besye (cf. NHG besiegen) |
defecate | vb | drite, shit, shite (obscene) | - |
defect | n | blight, blotch, flaw, pockmark | asprungness (<OE) |
defend | vb | bulwark, ward, keep, shield; uphold, helmstand, beshield, enshield, forfight | fasten |
defenestrate | vb | - | outwindow |
defense | n | shield, ward, shelter | weir, foreswear (cf. DN forsvar), ewth, lewing (<OE hlēowung, "shelter, protection, favour") |
deficiency | n | dearth, drought, lack, want (borrowed from Scandinavian) | - |
deficient | adj | wanting, missing, lacking | - |
deficit | n | shortfall, dearth, drought, lack, want | - |
defile | vb | befile, besmite, befoul, sully |
andhallow, wleat (<OE ġewlǣtan) |
define | vb | mark off, lay out | - |
definitely | adv | markedly, throughout, fully, thoroughly | wisly (Eng. wis), sickerly (Eng. sicker) |
definition | n | - | wordmark (<OE wordgemearc) |
deflect | vb | - | drive off, bounce off |
deforest | vb | - | unwold (cf. NHG entwalden) |
deforestation | n | - | unwolding (cf. NHG Entwaldung) |
deforested | adj | - | unwolded |
deform | vb | misshape, unshape | - |
deformed | adj | misshapen, shapeless | thrawn (Scots) |
deformity | n | blight, blotch, flaw, pockmark | misshapenness |
defragment | vb | cleave, misbreak | - |
defraud | vb | swindle, get, beswindle | - |
defrost (foreign suffix) | vb | thaw, unfreeze | unfrost (cf. NHG entfrosten) |
defy | vb | flout (cf. NL fluiten) | - |
degenerate | adj | rotten | misthriveen, backbuilded |
degeneration | n | rot, rotting | misthriving |
degrade | vb | bemean, nether, beneathen, below | - |
degree | n | cut, inch, peg, step | flak ('cf. Fr. flak, NL vlak) |
dehortative | adj | forbidly (<OE forbēodlic) | |
dehydrate | vb | - | unwater (cf. NHG entwassern) |
dehydration | n | - | unwatering (cf. NHG Entwasserung) |
deify | vb | begod | - |
deity | n | god | oos(e), ooce (<OE ós; c.f. goose < OE gós; PL: eese?) |
Deism | n | - | Godtroth |
de jure | adj/adv | lawfully, by law | - |
déjà vu | n | foreseen | - |
dejected | adj | beaten down | - |
delay | n | lag, holdup, frist | - |
delay | vb | stall, forestall, tarry, frist, belate | eld (<ME ēlden) |
delete | vb/n | get rid of, strike, cross out, forget | unmark, forwipe (calque) |
deliberate | adj | weighed, thought out; set, willed | hillered |
deliberate | vb/n | think about, think over | hiler (<OE heolorian) |
delicacy | n | - | - |
delicious | adj | smakely, dainty, lush, toothsome, mouthwatering, lickerish, winly | eestful (<ME ēstful) |
delight | n | bliss, gladness, lust; liss, win, este (OED) | fain, list, queemness, itheness (<OE īeðnes) |
delight | vb | glew (OED) | - |
delightful | adj | sweet, darling, pleasing, heavenly, winsome | faining, listing, queemful |
delimit | vb | - | mear (<OE mǣran) |
delirious | adj | bewildered, mind-wandering, dwale | - |
deliver |
vb | bear, free | aleese (<OE ālēsan/ālȳsan/ālīesan) |
deliverer | n | - | aleesend (<OE aliesend) |
delivery | n | childbirth, birth | - |
delude | vb | mislead | - |
deluge | n | flood, rainstorm, cloudburst, overflowing, drenching | The Deluge: The Flood |
delusion | n | misbelief | - |
demand | vb | bid, beseech, call for, dun, nag | - |
demeanour | n | jib | - |
dementia | n | madness, mindloss | - |
demilitarized | adj | unweaponed | - |
demise | n | downfall | hengang (<OE hingang "a going hence, departure, death") |
Demiurge | n | Craftsman, "god of this world" | - |
democracy | n | shire, township (< δῆμος [1]), shirefolk (cf. LoR) | folksteer, churlrich, shiremight (calque of Gk δῆμος "rural district" + κράτος "might"), folkdom, folkshire, folkswald, shirewield, folkswield, folksreevedom; folkship (<OE folkscipe); shiredom, shirerich (which would mean something like ‘democratic-republic.’) |
demodulation | n | - | backrighting |
demograph | n | - | folk outline |
demolish | vb | tear down, forspill, wreak, break | forswerve (<OE forsweorfan) |
demolition | n | wipeout | - |
demon | n | fiend, hellfiend, mare | hellwight, hellghost, ork (<OE orc) |
demonstrate | vb | show | - |
dendrite | n | - | sinewtwig |
dendrochronology | n | - | treering-timetelling (cf. IC trjáhringjatímatal) |
dendrology | n | treelore | |
dengue | n | - | breakbone driff (cf. Eng. breakbone fever) |
denial | n | naysay, forsaking, forswearing | forswearhood |
denigrate | vb | slighten, belittle, downcast | beswart, blackwash |
denomination | n | - | benaming, offshedding (NL afscheiding) |
denote | n | betoken, mean | - |
denouement | n | unravelling | - |
dense | adj | thick, heavy, tight | - |
density | n |
thickness, slowness, tightness crowd: huddle |
- |
dental | adj | - | toothly |
dentist | n | - | toothleech (cf. DN tandlæge); teethhealer; gum-digger |
denude | vb | strip, unclothe, bare, lay bare | - |
deny | vb | gainsay, withsay, naysay; withhold, forswear, forsake | - |
deodorant | n | - | unsmeller, reekkiller |
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) | n | - | unasourseedsweetkernly sour; lifetwine |
depart | vb | book slang, cut off, dig out, peel off, run along, step along, walk out, leave | ago (<OE agōn) |
departing/departure | n/adj | farewell, leav(ing), walking out |
afaring, witing death: hingang (<OE) |
department | n | - | ambight, offdealing, bedealing |
depend | vb | hang, hinge on, rest on, trust in, lean on | onhang, onhinge, offhang/hang off of (NHG abhängen) |
dependence | n | - | onhanginess, offhanginess (NHG Abhängigkeit) |
dependent | adj | - | hingey, offhangy (NHG abhängig) |
depict | vb | show | - |
depreciate | vb | cheapen, lessen, write off | underworthen |
depressed | adj | beaten down | - |
depression | n | blues, downer, downheartedness, downbeat, glumness, listlessness, sunkenness, woefulness | moodsink, yomerness (<OE geom), unmood (<OE unmōd), thungmood (cf. IC þunglyndi) |
deprivation | n | lack, want; bereaving | - |
deprive (of) | vb | bereave, strip | benim; beshear, latch (in OED;<ME lacchen, <OE læccan) |
deputy | n | - | outfader (cf. NHG Abgeordneter) |
deracinate | vb | uproot | - |
deranged | adj | crazed, mad, moonstruck, unhinged | wood |
deregulation | n | - | unreding |
derivative | n | - | upleading, leading-up (cf. NHG Ableitung) |
derive | vb | come from, bring from, spring from, stem from, draw off from | ord from |
derived | adj | forthbrought, brought forth from | - |
dermatology | n | - | hidelore, skinlore |
dermis | n | hide, rind, hackle | - |
derogatory | adj | - | aworthly |
desacralize | vb | - | unhallow |
desalinate | vb | unsalt (cf. NHG entsalzen) | |
desalination | n | unsalting (cf. NHG Entsalzung) | |
descend | vb | fall, slope, bear | nethergo, asink (<OE āsincan and <ME asinken) |
descendant | n | offspring, kid, afterbear, afterling | aftercomer, ever (<OE eafora, eafera), offcomeling (calque of NHG Abkömmling) |
descent | n | downcoming, downgoing | nethergang |
describe | vb | draw out, outline, set out, betell, bewrite, put out | meal out |
description | n | bewriting, tale, inwording, drawing | bemealing |
desecrate | vb | unhallow, befoul | - |
desk | n | - | writboard (cf. NL schrijfberd), writbeed (cf. NL schrijftafel, NHG Schreibtisch) |
desert | vb | leave, forsake | military: hereflight |
desert | n | dustbowl, dryland | weesten (<ME wẹ̄sten, cf. NHG Wüste, NL woestijn), weste land, drought |
deserter | n | - | herflighter (cf. OE hereflýma) |
deserving | adj | meedful, worthy | - |
desiccate | vb | drain | unwater (cf. NHG entwässern) |
design | vb/n | lay out, draft, outline, set out, craft | - |
designate | vb | betoken, mark, earmark, show, call, name | - |
desinfectant | n | - | withersmite |
desire | vb/n | crave, wish, lust, yearn, long, hanker (for, after), list | wilne (<OE) |
desirous | adj | wishful, longing | weening (<OE wenan) |
desist | v | leave off | - |
desolate | adj | barren | unbeheld |
desolation | n | - | aweestness (<OE áwéstnes) |
despair | n | hopelessness | wanhope, forthought |
despair | vb | (phrases) give way, lose heart, lose hope, give up, give up hope |
hope-yearn, forthink (<OE), ortrow/ortrew (<OE ortreowe), orween (<OE orwen) |
desperate | adj | hopeless, forlorn | hope-yearn(ing/ful), ortrowly/ortrowly (OE - see 'despair'), unweenly (<OE unwen) |
despondency | n | - | atsprungness (<OE ætsprungnes) |
despise | vb | hate, loathe, behate (obsolete) | forhow (<ME forhouen), fie (<OE fēogan), ew (<OE ǣwan) |
despite | prep | although, notwithstanding | - |
dessert | n | afters, pudding, sweet | - |
destination | n | - | goalspot, goalstead |
destine | vb | tee, set up to happen, foredoom, weird | - |
destiny | n | lot, doom, foredoom, the stars, weird | orlay (<OE orlæg), eld-orlay (<OE ealdorlæg) |
destone (foreign prefix) | vb | - | unstone (cf. NHG entsteinen) |
destroy | vb | fordo, toshend, do in, pull down, shatter, tear down, unmake, break down | shend, dilghe |
destruction | n | breakdown, downfall, undoing, unmaking | downbusting, fornaughting (calque of NHG Vernichtung), forweird (<ME forwī̆rd) |
detail | n | - | meal (<OE mál), speckmark, askillhood (from Minecraft) |
detain | v | hold | - |
detach | v | unlink, unbind, unstick | - |
detect | v | - | acknow (from Minecraft) |
detector | n | - | acknower (from Minecraft), anyettend (from Minecraft) |
detective | n | sleuth, bloodhound | - |
deteriorate | vb | worsen, grow worse | - |
determination | n | - | bestevening (cf. NHG bestimmen) |
determine | vb | name, settle; root out | besteven (cf. NHG bestimmen) see steven, aread (<OE ārǣdan, <ME areden and akin to NHG erratten) |
detest | vb | hate, loathe | - |
detracting | n | back-biting | - |
detractor | n | back-biter | - |
detrimental | n | harmful, scatheful | - |
Deus vult/Deus lo vult | interj | God wills it | - |
Devail/Devil (<OE) | n | fiend, our foe/Foe; Liar; ettin (OED, ‘Titan’) | - |
devalue | vb | cheapen, lessen | downworthen, unworth(en) |
devastate | vb | ransack, wreck, reave, undo, toshend | fordo |
devastation | n | wreckage, breakdown;
shock, grief |
norn |
develop | vb | grow, build, unfold, unwrap, foster | Furtherledge, Forthbecome, Forthbe, Forthwend
Trendle Befoster Andwind (cf. Ger. Entwickeln, literally: un/and- wind) |
developed, poorly | adj | wan-thriven | - |
development(al) | n/adj | growth; upshot; ripening, fostering
Outsweeping |
forblowing |
device | n | tool, hardware, gadget (etymology uncertain) | - |
devious | adj | shrewd, wily | - |
devise | vb | think up, think of; leave in a will | afind (<OE āfindan and akin to NHG erfinden) |
devolve | vb | - | netherwind |
devote | vb | earmark, set by | wigh (cf. NL wijden) |
devour | vb | fret, gulp (up), raven, wolf | forswallow (<OE forswelgan) |
devout | adj | down-the-line, fast, good, steady, true-blue | - |
dexterity | n | deftness, nimbleness | handwitness |
dexterous | adj | deft, nimble | handwit, handskillful, handcrafty |
Di[]
di- | pfx | - | twi- |
diabetes | n | sweethurstsickness | - |
diabetic | adj | sweethurstsickened | - |
diabolic | n | fiendish | - |
diacritic | n | mark | - |
diæresis/diëresis | n | break | breakmark |
diagonal | adj | leaning, sloping, slanted | - |
diagnose | v | - | feststellun (<NHG feststellung), see, makeout |
dialect | n | street-talk (sometimes) |
byleed (<Scots byleid), folktongue/folktung, landspeech (cf. NHG Landessprache), tungfall/tonguefall (calque: NL tongval) |
diameter | n | bore | straightspan, wreathwidth, ringwidth |
diameter, inner | n | inner: bore; outer: girth | - |
diamond | n | - | hardore, toughhurst (calque), hardhirst (from Minecraft) |
diaphanous | adj | sheer | - |
diaphragm | n | - | midrith (<OE midhriðre) |
diarrhoea | n | skitter, the runs | fallthrough (cf. NHG Durchfall) |
diary | n | daybook | - |
diaspora | n | yondseeding | outscattering, the wanderings, yondscattering (calque from Greek dia + speirein), scatterdom |
dichotomy | n | - | twidealing (cf. NL tweedeling; NHG Zweiteilung) |
dictator | n | ‘king’ | fulldighter, dighter (<OE dihtan "direct, arrange"), farer, onewielder (<OE ānwealda) |
dictatorship | n | - | fulldightership, dightership, farership, onewield (<OE ānweald) |
dictionary | n | wordbook | - |
die (Theedish) | n | - | wirple |
diet | n | - | foodline |
differ | v | - | undershed (calque of NHG Unterschieden, NL onderscheiden) |
difference | n | otherness, anotherness, unlikeness | dealing, shedding, sundriness, undershed (cf. NHG Unterschied, NL onderscheiden)
diversity: fayness (<OE fægnys) |
different | adj | unlike, unsame, sundry, sunder, sundered | missen (<OE), shedded, undershedly (cf. NHG unterschiedlich) |
different | adv | other, otherwise | sunderly, sheddedly; forsplit (cf. NHG verschieden) |
differentiation (mathematics) | n | - | beshedding; forsplitly (cf. NHG verschiedenlich) |
differently | adv | otherwise, sunderly | - |
difficult | adj | pick-and-shovel, uphill, hard | sweer (<OE swær), grinding, uneath (<OE unēaþe) |
difficulty | n | hardship, struggle | hardput, arvethness |
diffident | adj | withdrawn | - |
digit | n | finger, toe | - |
digital | adj | scorely, chip-driven | bitly |
dignity | n | worth, selfworth | wirthe (<OE wirþu, cf. NHG Würde) |
digraph | n | - | twiwrit (calque) |
digress | n | - | umsweep (<OE ymbswæpe) |
dilapidated | adj | threadbare, timeworn, rundown | - |
dilate | vb | - | abreethe (<OE abreoþan) |
diligent | adj | tied-up, working | knerd/knard (<OE cneord), heedfast |
diminish | vb | lessen, lower, wane, dwindle, dwine | - fordwine |
dimension | n | breadth | - |
dilettante | n | short thinker: one who thoughts don't carry far into a subject. | - |
diminish | vb | lessen, lower, wane, dwindle, dwine | fordwine |
diminutation | n | - | inlessness |
diminutive | adj | tiny, impish, small, little | - |
dimorphism | n | - | twoshapenness |
diningroom | n | eatingroom | buttern, beetern (<OE beotern 'table-room') |
dinner | n |
evening meal, mese (obsolete) fr. OE: (table, that which is set on a table, dish, food, meal) |
eveneats (cf. NL avondeten, NHG Abendessen), rearding (<OE reord 'to feast'), evenmeal |
dinosaur | n | - | entask (calque: IC risaeðla), dreadask, dreadathex (calque from Greek), wonderask (DinosaurCulture argues that the δεινός in dinosaur means fearfully great/wonderous), dreadwight |
diocese | n | - | bedereve shire |
diorite | n | - | markfieldstone (from Minecraft) |
diphthong | n | - | twithedin (calque) |
diploma | n | - | douth writ |
direct | adj | rode, straight, straightforward, unbending, head-on, forthright, open, outspoken; straightway, anon | - |
direct | vb | drive, lead, steer, trend, bend, show, beward, beright, right; iwisse, iwise, geng, wis, wise, aweld, stightle (OED) | wise (<OE wisian) |
direction | n | drift, trend, bend, way, heading, wending, warding | - |
direct object (grammar) | n | - | openware, straight mark (straightmark) |
directory | n | - | threadlist |
dis- | pref | mis-, un- | - |
disability | n | - | behindering (calque: NHG Behinderung) |
disable | vb | cripple, lame, hamstring | - |
disabled | adj | lame, halt | - |
disadvantage | n | afterdeal, drawback, downside | - |
disadvantaged | adj | hindered | - |
disappear | vb | flee, melt, sink, go missing | swind (<OE swindan), fordwine, forswind (calque: NHG verschwinden), forfly (calque: NHG verfliegen) |
disappoint | vb | let down | - |
disarm | vb | - | andweapon, unweapon |
disarrange | vb | rumple, tousle | - |
disaster | n | shipwreck, fizzle, washout | ill-hap, grimming, harrow-hap, wipe-out |
disastrous | adj | baneful, deadly, dreadful, black, hapless, harmful, doomfull, wrackful | - |
discalced | adj | barefoot, barefooted | - |
discard | vb | get rid of, deep-six, to rid | awayen, forthrow (Eng., cf. NHG verwerfen) |
discharge | n/vb | unload | unfull |
disciple | n | - | loreknight (<OE larcniht) |
discipline | n/vb | school, field; rear up, upbraid, steadfastness | thewfastness |
disclaim | vb | foreswear, forego | mishold, unhold |
disclaimer | n | forsaker, yielder | - |
disclose | vb | bare, show, tell | - |
disconcert | vb | - | taken aback |
disconcerting | adj | offputting, upsetting. | - |
discontinue | vb | cut, end | - |
discount | n | - | fall-off (cf. IC affall) |
discourse | n | chat, speak | rearding, wordling (<OE wordlung) |
discourse | vb | talk, speak, mouth out | wordle |
discover | vb/phr | find out, get on, hear, learn, wise up; dig out, dredge up, hit on, nose out, root out; bare, unbosom, unfold |
onfind, unthatch/unthack, unmesh, befind (cf. SF befiende, NL bevinden, NHG befinden), undeck |
discovery | n | finding, unearthing | befinding, onfinding, undecking |
discredit | vb | s(mirch | - |
discriminate | n | treat unfairly | beshed (<OE bescéadan), unfairse (unfair + se as in cleanse and bless) |
discuss | vb | talk about, talk over, talk through | wordwrestle |
disease |
n |
addle, cothe, sickness, illness, wanhaleness | - |
disease, skin | n | tetter | skinaddle |
disempower | vb | - | unmight(en) (calque: NHG entmachten) |
disfigure | vb | mar, misshape | - |
disgrace | n | - | shand (<ME shond ⁊ <OE scand), shendship, ewishness (<OE ǣwisċnys); ewish (<OE ǣwisċ) |
disgrace | vb | shend (conjugated as the vb "to send") | - |
disgraced | adj | - | ewish (<OE ǣwisċ) |
disgraceful | vb | - | shendful (<ME shendful) |
disgusting | adj | loathely, wlatsome, foul, pukening, gruesome, ghastly, rank, icky | witherly (calque: NHG widerlich)
witherward (calque: NHG widerwärtig) |
dishevelled | adj | cluttered, tousled, untidy | - |
dishono(u)r | n | - | countable: ewish (<OE ǣwisċ) |
dishonourable | adj | - | arless, heanful, heanlike (OE heanlic) |
disinclined | adj | loath | - |
disinfect | vb | - | unsmittle, smallifekill |
disinfectant | adj | - | unsmittling, smallifekilling |
disinfectant | n | - | unsmittler, smallifekiller |
disk | n | - | flat, trind |
dislike | vb | mislike | - |
dislocate | vb | - | unstead |
disloyal | adj | - | fickle (<OE ficol) |
dismember | vb | - | alithe, unlimb |
dismiss | vb | snub, slight, sack, fire | - |
disobedience | n | - | overhearness (<OE oferhirness) |
disobedient | adj | unhold, unhearsome, hardheaded, stubborn, wayward | - |
disorder | n | - | unfettle |
disordered | adj | unsided, throughanother | - |
dispatch | vb | send off, forthsend | - |
dispel | vb | uproot, drive off | - |
dispenser | n | - | thrower (from Minecraft) |
disperse | vb | scatter, spread, strew | todrive, tofare |
displace | vb | uproot | unord |
display | n/vb | fair, show; lay out, show off, strut, forthset | - |
displease | vb | - | misqueme (<OE miscwéman) |
disposable | adj | throwaway | - |
disposal | n | deep-six, junking, throwing away | - |
disposition | n | heart, mind, thinking | hye (<OE hyge) |
disprove | vb | belie | - |
dispute | n | bickering, brawl, tiff | unreckoning (calque) |
dispute | vb | bicker, brawl, tiff, wrangle | flit (<OE) |
disqualify | vb | unfit | - |
disregard | vb | overlook, forheed | overgome (<OE ofergumian) |
disrobe | vb | - | unclothe (cf. NHG entkleiden) |
disrobed | adj | - | unclothed |
disrupt | vb | upset, unsettle, break, break up, sunder, split, shatter, tear, rip, rattle, muddle | - |
dissect | vb | sithe, cut up | - |
dissemble | vb | bluff, sham, put on; let on, make out | aswike |
dissimulate | vb | - | eld (<ME ēlden ⁊ <OE ildan/yldan) |
dissolution | n | breakup, split, sundering | - |
dissonance | n | infighting | - |
dissuasive | adj | - | forbidly (<OE forbēodlic) |
distance | n | lead, length, spread, stretch, way; breadth, field; unlikeness, otherness, farness | - |
distant | adj | away, deep, far, far away far-flung, far-off; cold-eyed, dry, offish, standoff; other, unalike, unlike | farlen, offward (<OE) |
distill | vb | drop, trickle, strengthen, | forsteaming |
distinct | adj | marked, sundered | undershed |
distinguish | vb | make-out | undershed (calque: NHG unterschieden, NL onderscheiden) |
distort | vb | misshape, twist, throw, warp | - |
distract | vb | throw off, draw off, pull away, bewilder, mislead | heed off, mind off |
distraught | adj | worked up | - |
distress | vb/n | bother, upset, worry n: woe, harm's way ruth |
- |
distress signal | n | - | woecall |
distribute | vb | deal out, hand out, mete out, spread, spread out | breat/bret/brut/brit (<OE bryttian) |
distribution | n | dealing, setup, spread | brittening (<OE bryttian) |
district | n | neighbourhood | shire, riding, leet, -wick, wike, stretch |
distrust | vb | forthink, mistrust | - |
disturb | vb | stir, muddle, unsettle | dreve (<OE dréfan) , sturian (<OE styrian), bestir |
disturbance | n | stir, teasing, harrying, bothering, unsettling | dreving, bestir |
disturbing | adj | creepy, startling, frightening, unsettling, upsetting, stirring, scary | bestiring |
diurnal | adj | daily | - |
diverse | adj | manifold, sundry, manikind | - |
divert | n | - | off-lead |
divide | n | split, gap | - |
divide | vb | cleave, shed, split, sunder, share, of-mete, deal | totweam (<OE tōtwǣman) |
divination | n | foretelling | freit (<ME freit), wile (<OE wigle) |
divine | adj | godly, holy | wily |
divinity | n | holiness | - |
division | n | cleaving, splitting, tweeming, shedding, sundering | - |
divorce | n | splitting-up | wedending, wedbreach |
divorce | vb | split up | wedend, wedlock-free |
Do[]
docile | adj | meek; law-abiding | learnsome, loresome (<OE lārsum) |
doctor | n | healer | leech, learer (<ME lērer), healand |
doctrine | n | - | lorespell (<EME) |
document | n | - | leafwrit |
documentary | n | broadcast | leafwritfilm, logfilm, truthfilm |
doglet | n | - | dogling, whelp |
dogma | n | - | set-in-stone thinking; hardline beliefs |
dogmatic | n | - | set-in-stone; hardline |
domain | n | lordship | lorddom, bereach (calque: NHG Bereich) |
dolphin | n | mereswine | tumbler (cf. NHG Tümmler) |
dome | n | - | cupple (calque of Italian cupola) (cup + -le diminutive) |
domestic | adj | homeland (politics); household; tamed; born | - |
domesticate | vb | tame | houserede |
domicile | n | grith | |
dominate | vb | lord over, bestride | rix (<ME), hire (calque) |
donate | vb | bestow, give, overgive, yield | - |
donation | n | gift, yield, outgiving | - |
donkey | n | ass | easel (<OE esol; cf. WF ezel, NF (Sylt) Eesel, SF Íezel, ELG Esel), dunky (from Minecraft, Dun+Ock+Y) |
doppelgänger | n | look-alike, evil look-alike, ill-boding look-alike | Walking-dead, death-ghost, twinish-unknowns |
dormant | adj | sleeping, drowsing | - |
dormitory | n | bedroom | sleepern (<OE slǣpærn), sleepstow |
dorsal | adj | back | - |
dosage | n | muchness | - |
double | vb/n/adj | twin, twofold, twosome, two times | vb: twifold (<OE twifealdian) |
doubt | n/vb | qualm, niggle, wonder, tweag, twimindedness;
lack belief (in), misbelieve, mistrust |
tween (<ME tweon), ink (<ME hinke/inca), twimind |
doubtful | n | twiminded | tweenful |
douse | vb | drench | - |
dozen | adj | twelve | - |
dozen | n | tens | - |
Dr[]
draconian | adj | - | harsh, rough |
dragon | n | drake, lindworm, wyrm | torghtand (calque of Greek δράκων by using words from the same PIE root (<PIE *derk-)) |
dragonfly | n | adderbolt (Brit. dialect) | leanfly |
drainage basin | n | watershed | - |
drama | n | play, show | showplay (calque: NHG Schauspiel) |
dramatic | adj | hammy; showy, splashy | - |
dramatist | n | playwright | - |
dress | n | bodyskirt, fullskirt, long skirt, smock, frock | - |
dress | vb | clothe, don | - |
dromadary | n | - | drylander |
drought resistant | n | - | drought-hardy |
drug (Germanic) | n | lib | rushmiddle (cf. NHG Rauschmittel) |
drupe | n | - | stoneberry |
Du[]
dual | adj | twin, twofold | - |
dub | vb | name, call | - |
dubious | adj | dodgy, shady, shaky; loath; iffy, far-fetched, unlikely; hinky, mistrustful, unsettled | frainworthy, bethinkly (calque: NHG bedenklich) |
duchy | n | earldom | hartowdom/hartoughdom |
due | adj | owing, thanks | - |
duel | n | ballgame | onewye (<OE ānwīg) |
duet | n | - | twising |
dugong | n | - | seacow |
duke | n | earl | alderman (<OE ealdorman); hartow/hartough (<ME heretowa ⁊ <OE heretoga) |
dunce | n | have a dry brain | mouthbreather (slang) |
dune | n | - | sandhill |
dungeon | n | dung, hole, hollow, delvehollow, delfrum | - |
duplex | n | twofold | twofloor, tworoom |
duplication | n | twofoldness | twiness |
duration | n | - | time-length |
durable | adj | lasting | - |
during | prep | throughout | bin (<ME binne) |
Dutchman | n | - | Lowlander, Netherlander |
duty | n | - | foranswering (calque: NHG Verantwortung), pleck (cf. OE pleoh) |
duvet | n | bedspread, eiderdown | - |
Dy[]
dynamic | n | snell, flush, lusty, red-blooded, goey | speedfast, beweighful |
dynasty | n | house, line | erverich |
dysentery | n | - | reddrif (<OE drif: fever) |
dysfunctional | adj | unworking, badworking | - |
dyslexic | n | word-blindness | - |
dystopia | n | - | torestead (calque using obsolete English tore "hard, difficult" + stead) |
dysphoria | n | - | undergladness, misweight (calque) |