Staff D of the English Wordbook.
Basic abbreviations:
- OE = Old English
- ME = Middle English
- SC = Scots
- WF = West Frish
- NF = North Frish
- SF = Saterlandish Frish
- WLG = West Low Theech
- ELG = East Low Theech
- NL = Netherlandish
- NHG = New High Theech
- IC = Icelandish
- HIC = High Icelandish
- NO = Nornish
- SW = Swedish
- DN = Danish
- MLG = Middle Low Theech
- MNL = Middle Netherlandish
- MHG = Middle High Theech
- OF = Old Frish
- OS = Old Saxish
- OHG = Old High Theech
- ON = Old Norse
- GO = Gottish
- PWG = Or-West-Theedish
- PG = Or-Theedish
For a full list of etymological and other abbreviations used in these wordlists, see: Offshortenings.
Staffs under English Wordbook/D:
Da Db Dc Dd
De Df Dg Dh
Di Dj Dk Dl Dm Dn Do Dp Dq Dr Ds Dt Du Dv
Dw Dx Dy Dz
*Note: If you click on one of the links above, and nothing happens, then that means no words have been put forth for that bookstaff as of yet.
Chancery English | Class | Anglish/English | ||
Attested | Unattested | |||
dairy | n | milkhouse | deyhouse | |
damage | n | scathe, harm, wound, marring, loss, wound; fee | - | |
damage | vb | scathe, harm, wound, mar, break, bruise, forspill | fordo, shend | |
damaged | adj | scathed, broken, marred, dented, bruised, harmed, unsound | - | |
damaging | adj | bad, baleful, baneful, harmful | scathful (<Scots) | |
damn | adj | all-out, flat-out, out-and-out | - | |
damn | v | (phrases) send __ to hell, to hell with __ | bedoom (cf. Danish bedømme), telwith (Shortening of "To Hell with") | |
damned | adj | hexed, lost, swizzled | - | |
damnation | n | hell, hellfire | ordeal (cf. NHG Urteil) | |
damsel | n | maid, maiden, lass, wench | - | |
dance (Frankish origin) | n/vb | step; flicker, flutter | frike (<ME friken, frikien <OE frīcian), tumb, wirl, glithe (glee(music)+ shrithe(move)) | |
dandelion | n | - | horsebloom (cf. Du. paardenbloem), leetooth (cf. NHG Löwenzahn) | |
danger | n | plight, threat | freech (<OE fréĉen), fear (meant "danger" in OE), derf (attested in the sense "trouble, tribulation") or "darf" (unattested, as far as I know) <OE deorf | |
dangerous | adj | plightful, threatening | freehful (<OE fréĉenful) | |
dart | n | - | darth (<OE daraþ) | |
data | n | rawput, worth(s) |
ongift(s), meteworth(s) givele, metele, metebit givens (calque, Latin data < datum, plural pp. of 'to give' ) | |
database | n | - | fading (<OE fadung) | |
date | n | - | dealmark (<OE tælmearc) talemark | |
date-fruit | n | - | palmapple (<OE palmæppel) | |
dative (case) | n | - | forgivingly, giver namefall, (to) whomfall (refer to German "Wemfall") | |
daub | vb | befoul, sully; besmear | smite | |
day of tribulation | n | - | arvethday, arveth-day (<OE earfoðdæg; c.f. ME arveþ-sīþ) | |
de- | pref | un- | and- (<OE and-, cf. Fr. and-) | |
deacidify | vb | unsour (cf. NHG säuern) | ||
deacidification | n | unsouring | ||
deactivate | vb | switch off | - | |
debate | vb | moot | - | |
debatable | adj | moot, mootish, mootsome, mootworthy | - | |
debitter (foreign prefix) | vb | unbitter (cf. NHG entbittern) | ||
debris | n | trash, chaff, leavings, odds and ends, dreggs, draff, scrap, clutter, wreckage, deadwood, dross, spilth | floatings (calque of flotsam), grouts (archaic) | |
debt | n | Shild (<Eng./NHG. Schuld/Du.Schuld) (calque of many Germanic tongues), owings | ||
debut | n | beginning, birth, dawn, kickoff, morning, onset, start, threshold | fanding (<OE fandian 'to try, experience') | |
decade | n | - | yearten (cf. Du. jaartien, NHG Jahrzehnt) | |
decapitate | vb | behead | - | |
decarbonise | vb | uncoal (cf. NHG entkohlen) | ||
decarbonisation | n | uncoaling (cf. NHG Entkohlung) | ||
decay | vb | foul, rot; sink, worsen; waste away | abreet (<OE abreotan) | |
deceased | adj | breathless, fallen, gone, dead, lifeless | fordeaden (cf. NHG verstorben); death-smitten, late, forheawen (<OE forheawen) | |
deceit | n | misleading, outwitting | lease (<OE léas "falsehood, untruth") | |
deceive | vb | swike, mislead, forlead, fop, outwit, outsmart, snooker | beswike
peech (<OE pǣċan) | |
December | n | - |
Ereyule (<OE Ærraġēola), Yulemonth (<OE Ġēolmōnaþ), Midwintermonth (<OE Midwintermōnaþ) | |
decent | adj | good, upstanding, befitting | daven, douth, thewly | |
decentralization | n | - | outkerneling | |
deception | n | cheating, crookery, foxiness | dwild, adwild (<OE ġedwild) | |
decide | vb | choose, name, settle (up)on, fix, set, nail, doom (archaic/obsolete), deem (obsolete) | betake, beshut (cf. Du. besluiten) | |
deciduous | adj | - | leaf-shedding, leafsome, fallsome | |
decision | n | call | beshut, throughshut | |
decisive | adj | all-out, out-and-out, outright, straight-out, hell-bent | - | |
declaration | n | boding, forthspeaking | forthspell (<OE forþspell) atueness (<OE ætywnys), matheling, quething | |
declare | vb | bode, swear, set forth, quethe, forthspeak, besheer | mathel (<OE maþelian), spell out | |
declination | n | dwining, dwindling | forbowing | |
decline | vb | dwindle, wane, fordwine, slump, lessen, weaken, flag, sink | nether off
forbow (<OE forbugan) | |
decline (not accept) | vb | forbear | offlean or lean off (cf. NHG ablehnen) | |
decoction | n | - | mixling | |
decorate | vb | bedeck, trim, gild, behang | - | |
decrease | vb | shrink, lower, wane, lessen; dwindle; dwine, fordwine ( > OE dwínan) (archaic) | - | |
decree | n/vb | behest | astight (<OE ástihtan), law-bode | |
decrepit | vb | timeworn | - | |
dedicate | vb | earmark, set by, give up to | beteach (<OE betǽcan) | |
deer (originally meant animal) | n | hart (<OE heorot) | ||
de facto | adj/adv | true, in truth, truly. truthful | in deed | |
defame | vb | file, shend, besmirch, befile | unbreme | |
default | n | flaw | - | |
defeat | n | loss, licking, drubbing | netherlay, netherthrow | |
defeat | vb | beat, overcome, overrun, overwhelm, overthrow, bedrive | besye (cf. NHG besiegen), betwing or twing (cf. NHG bezwingen) | |
defecate | vb | drite, shit, shite (obscene) | - | |
defect | n | blight, blotch, flaw, pockmark | asprungness (<OE) | |
defend | vb | bulwark, ward, keep, shield; uphold, helmstand, beshield, enshield, forfight | fasten | |
defenestrate | vb | - | outwindow | |
defense | n | shield, ward, shelter | weir, forswer, forswear (cf. Dan. forsvar), forteddy, forteddying (cf. NHG verteidigung)
lewth, lewing (<OE hlēowung, "shelter, protection, favour") | |
deficiency | n | dearth, drought, lack, want (borrowed from Scandinavian) | - | |
deficient | adj | wanting, missing, lacking | - | |
deficit | n | shortfall, dearth, drought, lack, want | - | |
defile | vb | befile, besmite, befoul, sully |
andhallow, wleat (<OE ġewlætan) | |
define | vb | mark off, lay out | - | |
definitely | adv | markedly, throughout, fully, thoroughly | wisly (Eng. wis), sickerly (Eng. sicker) | |
definition | n | - | wordmark (<OE wordgemearc) | |
deflect | vb | - | drive off, bounce off | |
deforest | vb | - | unwold (cf. NHG entwalden) | |
deforestation | n | - | unwolding (cf. NHG Entwaldung) | |
deforested | adj | - | unwolded | |
deform | vb | misshape, unshape | - | |
deformed | adj | misshapen, shapeless | thrawn (Scots) | |
deformity | n | blight, blotch, flaw, pockmark | misshapenness | |
defragment | vb | cleave, misbreak | - | |
defraud | vb | swindle, get, beswindle | - | |
defrost (foreign suffix) | vb | thaw, unfreeze | unfrost (cf. NHG entfrosten) | |
defy | vb | flout (Dutch: fluiten) | - | |
degenerate | adj | rotten | misthriveen, backbuilded | |
degeneration | n | rot, rotting | misthriving | |
degrade | vb | bemean, nether, beneathen, below | - | |
degree | n | cut, inch, peg, step | flak ('level' cf. Fr. flak, Du. vlak) | |
dehortative | adj | forbidly (<OE forbēodlic) | ||
dehydrate | vb | - | unwater (cf. NHG entwassern) | |
dehydration | n | - | unwatering (cf. NHG Entwasserung) | |
deify | vb | begod | - | |
deity | n | god | oos(e), ooce (<OE ós; c.f. goose < OE gós) | |
Deism | n | - | Godtroth | |
delay | n | lag, holdup, frist | - | |
de jure | adj/adv | lawfully, by law | - | |
déjà vu | n | foreseen | - | |
dejected | adj | beaten down | - | |
delay | vb | stall, forestall, tarry, frist, belate | - | |
delete | vb/n | get rid of, strike, cross out, forget | unmark, forwipe (calque) | |
deliberate | adj | weighed, thought out; set, willed | hillered | |
deliberate | vb/n | think about, think over | hiler (<OE heolorian) | |
delicacy | n | - | - | |
delicious | adj | smakely, dainty, lush, toothsome, mouthwatering, lickerish | - | |
delight | n | gladness, lust | fain, list, queemness, itheness (<OE īeðnes) | |
delightful | adj | sweet, darling, pleasing, heavenly, winsome | faining, listing, queemful | |
delimit | vb | - | mire (<OE mære) | |
delirious | adj | bewildered, mind-wandering, dwale | - | |
deliver |
vb | bear, free | alease (<OE aliesan, alýsan, alésan) | |
deliverer | n | - | aleasand (<OE aliesend) | |
delivery | n | childbirth, birth | - | |
delude | vb | mislead | - | |
deluge | n | flood, rainstorm, cloudburst, overflowing, drenching | The Deluge: The Flood | |
delusion | n | misbelief | - | |
demeanour | n | jib | - | |
dementia | n | madness, mindloss | - | |
demilitarized | adj | unweaponed | - | |
demise | n | downfall | hengang (< OE hingang 'a going hence, departure, death') | |
Demiurge | n | Craftsman, "god of this world" | - | |
democracy | n | shire, township (< δῆμος [1]), shirefolk (cf. LoR) | churlrich, shiremight (calque of Gk δῆμος ‘rural district’ + κράτος ‘might’), folkdom, folkshire, folkswald, shirewield, folkswield, folksreevedom; folkship (<OE folkscipe); shiredom, shirerich (which would mean something like ‘democratic-republic.’) | |
demodulation | n | - | backrighting | |
demograph | n | - | folk outline | |
demolish | vb | tear down, forspill, wreak, break | forswerve (<OE forsweorfan) | |
demolition | n | wipeout | - | |
demon | n | fiend, hellfiend, mare | hellwight, hellghost, ork (<OE orc) | |
demonstrate | vb | show | - | |
dendrite | n | - | sinewtwig | |
dendrochronology | n | - | treering-timetelling (cf. Ic. trjáhringjatímatal) | |
dendrology | n | treelore | ||
dengue | n | - | breakbone driff (cf. Eng. breakbone fever) | |
denial | n | naysay, forsaking, forswearing | forswearhood | |
denigrate | vb | slighten, belittle, downcast | beswart, blackwash | |
denomination | n | - | benaming, offshedding (Du. afscheiding) | |
denote | n | betoken, mean | - | |
denouement | n | unravelling | - | |
dense | adj | thick, heavy, tight | - | |
density | n |
thickness, slowness, tightness crowd: huddle |
- | |
dental | adj | - | toothly | |
dentist | n | - | toothleech (cf. Dn. tandlæge); teethhealer; gum-digger | |
denude | vb | strip, unclothe, bare, lay bare | - | |
deny | vb | gainsay, withsay, naysay; withhold, forswear, forsake | - | |
deodorant | n | - | unsmeller, reekkiller | |
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) | n | - | unasourseedsweetkernly sour; lifetwine | |
depart | vb | book slang, cut off, dig out, peel off, run along, step along, walk out, leave | ago (<OE agōn) | |
departing/departure | n/adj | farewell, leav(ing), walking out |
afaring, witing death: hingang (<OE) | |
department | n | - | ambight, offdealing, bedealing | |
depend | vb | hang, hinge on, rest on, trust in, lean on | onhang, onhinge, offhang/hang off of (NHG. abhängen) | |
dependence | n | - | onhanginess, offhanginess (NHG. abhängigkeit) | |
dependent | adj | - | hingey, offhangy (NHG. abhängig) | |
depict | vb | show | - | |
depreciate | vb | cheapen, lessen, write off | underworthen | |
depressed | adj | beaten down | - | |
depression | n | blues, downer, downheartedness, downbeat, glumness, listlessness, sunkenness, woefulness | moodsink, yomerness (<OE geom), unmood (<OE unmōd) | |
deprivation | n | lack, want; bereaving | - | |
deprive (of) | vb | bereave, strip | benim; beshear, latch (in OED;<ME lacchen, <OE læccan) | |
deputy | n | - | outfader (cf. NHG Abgeordneter) | |
deracinate | vb | uproot | - | |
deranged | adj | crazed, mad, moonstruck, unhinged | wood | |
deregulation | n | - | unreding | |
derivative | n | - | upleading, leading-up (cf. NHG Ableitung) | |
derive | vb | come from, bring from, spring from, stem from, draw off from | ord from | |
derived | adj | forthbrought, brought forth from | - | |
dermatology | n | - | hidelore, skinlore | |
dermis | n | hide, rind, hackle | - | |
derogatory | adj | - | aworthly | |
desacralize | vb | - | unhallow | |
desalinate | vb | unsalt (cf. NHG entsalzen) | ||
desalination | n | unsalting (cf. NHG Entsalzung) | ||
descend | vb | fall, slope, bear | nethergo, asink (<OE āsincan and <ME asinken) | |
descendant | n | offspring, kid | afterbear (by analogy to forebear), aftercomer, afterling, ofcomeling (cf. NHG) | |
descent | n | downcoming, downgoing | nethergang | |
describe | vb | draw out, outline, set out, betell, bewrite, put out | meal out | |
description | n | bewriting, tale, inwording, drawing | bemealing | |
desecrate | vb | unhallow, befoul | - | |
desk | n | - | writboard (cf. Du. schrijfberd), writbeed (cf. Du. schrijftafel, NHG Schreibtisch) | |
desert | vb | leave, forsake | military: hereflight | |
desert | n | dustbowl, dryland | westen (<OE wésten, cf. NHG Wüste, Du. woestijn), weste land, drought | |
deserter | n | - | herflighter (<OE hereflýma) | |
deserving | adj | meedful, worthy | - | |
desiccate | vb | drain | unwater (cf. NHG entwässern) | |
design | vb/n | lay out, draft, outline, set out, craft | - | |
designate | vb | betoken, mark, earmark, show, call, name | - | |
desinfectant | n | - | withersmite | |
desire | vb/n | crave, wish, lust, yearn, long, hanker (for, after), list | wilne (<OE), freck (<OE frician and <OE frec) | |
desirous | adj | wishful, longing | weening (<OE wenan) | |
desist | v | leave off | ||
desolate | adj | barren | unbeheld | |
desolation | n | - | aweestness (<OE áwéstnes) | |
despair | n | hopelessness | wanhope, forthought | |
despair | vb | (phrases) give way, lose heart, lose hope, give up, give up hope |
forlorn, hope-yearn, forthink (< OE), ortrow/ortrew (OE <ortreowe), orween (OE < orwen) | |
desperate | adj | hopeless, forlorn | hope-yearn(ing/ful), ortrowly/ortrowly (OE - see 'despair'), unweenly (OE < unwen) | |
despondency | n | - | atsprungness (<OE ætsprungnes) | |
despise | vb | hate, behate, loathe | forthink | |
despite | prep | although, notwithstanding | - | |
dessert | n | afters, pudding, sweet | - | |
destination | n | - | goalspot, goalstead | |
destine | vb | tee, set up to happen, foredoom, weird | - | |
destiny | n | lot, doom, foredoom, the stars, weird | eld-orlay (<OE ealdorlæg), orlay (<OE orlæg) | |
destone (foreign prefix) | vb | - | unstone (cf. NHG entsteinen) | |
destroy | vb | fordo, toshend, do in, pull down, shatter, tear down, unmake, break down | shend | |
destruction | n | breakdown, downfall, undoing, unmaking | downbusting, fornaughting (cf. NHG vernichtung), forweird (<ME forwī̆rd) | |
detail | n | - | meal (<OE mál), speckmark | |
detain | v | hold | ||
detach | v | unlink, unbind, unstick | ||
detective | n | sleuth, bloodhound | - | |
deteriorate | vb | worsen, grow worse | - | |
determine | vb | name, settle; root out | besteven (cf. NHG bestimmen) see steven, aread (<OE ārǣdan, <ME areden and akin to NHG erratten) | |
detest | vb | hate, loathe | - | |
detracting | n | back-biting | ||
detractor | n | back-biter | - | |
detrimental | n | harmful, scatheful | - | |
Deus vult/Deus lo vult | interj | God wills it | - | |
Devail/Devil | n | fiend, our foe/Foe; Liar; ettin (OED, ‘Titan’), Woden (‘maddening one, Devil’) | Os (< OE ‘spirit, demon, devil’) | |
devalue | vb | cheapen, lessen | downworthen, unworth(en) | |
devastate | vb | ransack, wreck, reave, undo, toshend | fordo | |
devastation | n | Def 1: wreckage, breakdown
Def 2: shock, grief |
Def 2: Norn | |
develop | vb | grow, build, unfold, unwrap, foster | forblow, unwick (cf. NHG entwickeln) | |
developed, poorly | adj | wan-thriven | unwicked | |
development(al) | n/adj | growth; upshot; ripening, fostering | forblowing, unwickly | |
device | n | tool, hardware, gadget (etymology uncertain) | - | |
devious | adj | shrewd, wily | - | |
devise | vb | think up, think of; leave in a will | afind (<OE āfindan and akin to.NHG erfinden) | |
devolve | vb | - | netherwind | |
devote | vb | earmark, set by | wigh (cf. Du. wijden) | |
devour | vb | fret, gulp (up), raven, wolf | forswallow (<OE forswelgan) | |
devout | adj | down-the-line, fast, good, steady, true-blue | - | |
dexterity | n | deftness, nimbleness | handwitness | |
dexterous | adj | deft, nimble | handwit, handskillful, handcrafty | |
di- | pfx | - | twi- | |
diabetes | n | sweethurstsickness | - | |
diabetic | adj | sweethurstsickened | - | |
diabolic | n | fiendish | - | |
diacritic | n | mark | - | |
diæresis/diëresis | n | break | breakmark | |
diagonal | adj | leaning, sloping, slanted | - | |
dialect | n | street-talk (sometimes) |
byleid (<Scots), folktongue/folktung, landspeech (cf. NHG. Landessprache), tongfall/tonguefall (<Dutch) | |
diameter | n | bore | straightspan, wreathwidth, ringwidth | |
diameter, inner | n | inner: bore; outer: girth | - | |
diamond | n | - | hardore, toughhurst (calque) | |
diaphanous | adj | sheer | - | |
diaphragm | n | - | midrith (<OE midhriðre) | |
diarrhoea | n | skitter, the runs | fallthrough (cf. NHG Durchfall) | |
diary | n | daybook | - | |
diaspora | n | yondseeding | outscattering, the wanderings, yondscattering (calque from Greek dia + speirein), scatterdom | |
dichotomy | n | - | twidealing (cf. Du. tweedeling; NHG Zweiteilung) | |
dictator | n | ‘king’ | fulldighter, dighter (<OE dihtan "direct, arrange") | |
dictatorship | n | Fulldightership | ||
dictionary | n | wordbook | - | |
die (Theedish) | n | - | wirple | |
diet | n | - | foodline | |
differ | v | - | undershed (calque of Ger. speech. NHG Unterschieden, Du. onderscheiden) | |
difference | n | otherness, anotherness, unlikeness | dealing, shedding, sunderness, undershed (cf. NHG Unterschied/Du. onderscheiden)
diversity: fayness (<OE fægnys) | |
different | adj | unlike, unsame, sundry, sunder, sundered | missen (<OE), shedded, undershedly (NHG. unterschiedlich) | |
different | adv | other, otherwise | sunderly, sheddedly; forsplit (cf. NHG verschieden) | |
differentiation (mathematics) | n | - | beshedding; forsplitly (cf. NHG verschiedenlich) | |
differently | adv | otherwise, sunderly | - | |
difficult | adj | pick-and-shovel, uphill, hard | sweer (<OE swær), grinding, uneath (<OE unēaþe) | |
difficulty | n | hardship, struggle | hardput | |
diffident | adj | withdrawn | - | |
digit | n | finger, toe | - | |
digital | adj | scorely, chip-driven | bitly | |
dignity | n | worth, selfworth | wirthe (<OE wirþu, cf. NHG Würde) | |
digraph | n | - | twiwrit (calque) | |
digress | n | - | umsweep (<OE ymbswæpe) | |
dilapidated | adj | threadbare, timeworn, rundown | - | |
dilate | vb | - | abreethe (<OE abreoþan) | |
diligent | adj | tied-up, working | knerd/knard (<OE cneord), heedfast | |
diminish | vb | lessen, lower, wane, dwindle, dwine | - fordwine | |
dimension | n | breadth | - | |
dilletante | n | short thinker: one who thoughts don't carry far into a subject. | - | |
diminish | vb | lessen, lower, wane, dwindle, dwine | fordwine | |
diminutation | n | - | inlessness | |
diminutive | adj | tiny, impish, small, little | - | |
dimorphism | n | - | twoshapenness | |
diningroom | n | eatingroom | buttern, beetern (<OE beotern 'table-room') | |
dinner | n |
evening meal, mese (obsolete) fr. OE: (table, that which is set on a table, dish, food, meal) |
eveneats (cf. D. avondeten, NHG Avondessen), rearding (OE reord 'to feast'), evenmeal | |
dinosaur | n | - | dreadask, dreadathex (calque from Greek), dreadwight, bulkwight, forebird | |
diocese | n | - | bedereve shire | |
diphthong | n | - | twithedin (calque) | |
diploma | n | - | douth writ | |
direct | adj | rode, straight, straightforward, unbending, head-on, forthright, open, outspoken | - | |
direct | vb | lead, steer, beward, beright, right | wees (<OE wisian) | |
direction | n | heading, wending, warding | - | |
direct object (grammar) | n | - | openware, straight mark (straightmark) | |
directory | n | - | threadlist | |
dis- | pref | mis-, un- | and- (<OE; cf. NHG ent-...) | |
disability | n | - | behindering (cf. NHG Behinderung) | |
disable | vb | cripple, lame, hamstring | - | |
disabled | adj | lame, halt | - | |
disadvantage | n | afterdeal, drawback, downside | - | |
disadvantaged | adj | hindered | - | |
disappear | vb | flee, melt, sink, go missing | fordwine, forswind (<OHG farswindan; cf. NHG verschwinden), swind (<OE swindan)
forfly (cf. NHG verfliegen) | |
disappoint | vb | let down | - | |
disarm | vb | - | andweapon, unweapon | |
disarrange | vb | rumple, tousle | - | |
disaster | n | shipwreck, fizzle, washout | ill-hap, grimming, harrow-hap, wipe-out | |
disastrous | adj | baneful, deadly, dreadful, black, hapless, harmful, doomfull, wrackful | - | |
discalced | adj | barefoot, barefooted | - | |
discard | vb | get rid of, deep-six, to rid | awayen, forthrow (Eng., cf. NHG verwerfen) | |
discharge | n/vb | unload | - | |
disciple | n | - | loreknight (<OE larcniht) | |
discipline | n/vb | ?school, field; rear up, upbraid, steadfastness | thewfastness | |
disclaim | vb | foreswear, forego | mishold, unhold | |
disclaimer | n | forsaker, yielder | - | |
disclose | vb | bare, show, tell | - | |
disconcert | vb | - | taken aback | |
disconcerting | adj | offputting, upsetting. | - | |
discontinue | vb | cut, end | - | |
discount | n | - | fall-off (cf. Ic. af-fall) | |
discourse | n | chat, speak | rearding, wordling (<OE wordlung) | |
discourse | vb | talk, speak, mouth out | wordle | |
discover | vb/phr | find out, get on, hear, learn, wise up; dig out, dredge up, hit on, nose out, root out; bare, unbosom, unfold |
onfind, unthatch/unthack, unmesh, befind (cf. NHG befinded, Du. bevinded), undeck | |
discovery | n | finding, unearthing | befinding, onfinding, undecking | |
discredit | vb | s(mirch | - | |
discriminate | n | treat unfairly | beshed (<OE bescéadan) | |
discuss | vb | talk about, talk over, talk through | wordwrestle | |
disease |
n |
addle, cothe, sickness, illness, wanhaleness | - | |
disease, skin | n | tetter | skinaddle | |
disempower | vb | - | unmight(en) (cf. NHG entmachten) | |
disfigure | vb | mar, misshape | - | |
disgrace | n | shendship | shand (<OE sċand) | |
disgrace | vb | shend (conjugated as the vb "to send") | - | |
disgrace(ful) | n/vb | shame, shend | shendful (<ME shendful) | |
disgusting | adj | loathely, wlatsome, foul, pukening, gruesome, ghastly, rank, icky | witherly (NHG. Widerlich)
witherward (NHG. Widerwärtig) | |
dishevelled | adj | cluttered, tousled, untidy | - | |
dishonourable | adj | - | arless, heanful, heanlike (OE heanlic) | |
disinclined | adj | loath | - | |
disinfect | vb | - | unsmittle, smallifekill | |
disinfectant | adj | - | unsmittling, smallifekilling | |
disinfectant | n | - | unsmittler, smallifekiller | |
disk | n | - | flat, trind | |
dislike | vb | mislike | - | |
dislocate | vb | - | unstead | |
disloyal | adj | - | fickle (<OE ficol) | |
dismember | vb | - | alithe, unlimb | |
dismiss | vb | snub, slight, sack, fire | - | |
disobedience | n | - | overhearness (<OE oferhirness) | |
disobedient | adj | unhold, unhearsome, hardheaded, stubborn, wayward | - | |
disordered | adj | unsided, throughanother | - | |
dispatch | vb | send off, forthsend | - | |
dispel | vb | uproot, drive off | ||
disperse | vb | scatter, spread, strew | todrive, tofare | |
displace | vb | uproot | unord | |
display | n/vb | fair, show; lay out, show off, strut, forthset | - | |
displease | vb | - | misqueme (<OE miscwéman) | |
disposable | adj | throwaway | - | |
disposal | n | deep-six, junking, throwing away | - | |
disposition | n | heart, mind, thinking | hye (< OE hyge) | |
disprove | vb | belie | - | |
dispute | n | bickering, brawl, tiff | unreckoning (calque) | |
dispute | vb | bicker, brawl, tiff, wrangle | flit (OE) | |
disqualify | vb | unfit | - | |
disregard | vb | overlook, forheed | overgum (<OE ofergumian) | |
disrobe | vb | - | unclothe (cf. NHG entkleiden) | |
disrobed | adj | - | unclothed | |
disrupt | vb | upset, unsettle, break, break up, sunder, split, shatter, tear, rip, rattle, muddle | - | |
dissect | vb | sithe, cut up | - | |
dissemble | vb | bluff, sham, put on; let on, make out | aswike | |
dissolution | n | breakup, split, sundering | - | |
dissonance | n | infighting | - | |
dissuasive | adj | forbidly (<OE forbēodlic) | ||
distance | n | lead, length, spread, stretch, way; breadth, field; unlikeness, otherness, farness | - | |
distant | adj | away, deep, far, far away far-flung, far-off; cold-eyed, dry, offish, standoff; other, unalike, unlike | farlen, offward (OE) | |
distill | vb | drop, trickle, strengthen, | forsteaming | |
distinct | adj | marked, sundered | undershed (calque of many Ger. speeches). | |
distinguish | vb | make-out | undershed (calque of Ger. speech. NHG Unterschieden, Du. onderscheiden) | |
distort | vb | misshape, twist, throw, warp | - | |
distract | vb | throw off, draw off, pull away, bewilder, mislead | heed off, mind off | |
distraught | adj | worked up | - | |
distress | vb/n | bother, upset, worry n: woe, harm's way ruth |
- | |
distress signal | n | - | woecall | |
distribute | vb | deal out, hand out, mete out, spread, spread out | breat/bret/brut/brit (<OE bryttian) | |
distribution | n | dealing, setup, spread | brittening (<OE bryttian) | |
district | n | neighbourhood | shire, riding, leet, -wick, wike, stretch | |
distrust | vb | forthink, mistrust | - | |
disturb | vb | stir, muddle, unsettle | dreve (<OE dréfan) , sturian (<OE styrian), bestir | |
disturbance | n | stir, teasing, harrying, bothering, unsettling | dreving, bestir | |
disturbing | adj | creepy, startling, frightening, unsettling, upsetting, stirring, scary | bestiring | |
diurnal | adj | daily | - | |
diverse | adj | manifold, sundry, manikind | - | |
divert | n | - | off-lead | |
divide | n | split, gap | - | |
divide | vb | cleave, shed, split, sunder, share, of-mete, deal | to-tweam (<OE to-twaémen) | |
divination | n | foretelling | freit (<ME freit), wile (<OE wigle) | |
divine | adj | godly, holy | wily | |
divinity | n | holiness | - | |
division | n | cleaving, splitting, tweeming, shedding, sundering | - | |
divorce | n/vb | split up | wedend, wedending, wedbreach, wedlock-free | |
docile | adj | meek; law-abiding | learnsome, loresome (<OE lārsum) | |
doctor, medical | n | healer | learer (<ME lerare <OE lārēow) leech, healand | |
doctrine | n | - | lorespell (<EME) | |
document | n | - | leafwrit | |
documentary | n | broadcast | leafwritfilm, logfilm, truthfilm | |
dogma | n | - | set-in-stone thinking; hardline beliefs | |
dogmatic | n | - | set-in-stone; hardline | |
dolphin | n | mereswine | tumbler (cf. NHG Tümmler) | |
domain | n | - | lorddom | |
dome | n | - | cupple (calque of Italian cupola) (cup + -le diminutive) | |
domestic | adj | homeland (politics); household; tamed; born | - | |
domesticate | vb | tame | houserede | |
domicile | n | grith | ||
dominate | vb | lord over, bestride | rich (<OE), hire (calque) | |
donate | vb | bestow, give, overgive, yield | - | |
donation | n | gift, yield, outgiving | - | |
donkey | n | easle (<OE esol and akin to NHG Esel) | ||
doppelgänger | n | look-alike, evil look-alike, ill-boding look-alike | Walking-dead, death-ghost, twinish-unknowns | |
dormant | adj | sleeping, drowsing | - | |
dormitory | n | bedroom | sleepstow, sleepearn (<OE slæpærn) | |
dorsal | adj | back | - | |
dosage | n | muchness | - | |
double | vb/n/adj | twin, twofold, twosome, two times | vb: twifold (<OE twifealdian) | |
doubt | n/vb | qualm, niggle, wonder, tweag;
twimindedness, lack belief (in), misbelieve, mistrust |
ink (<OE inca; ME inke)
twimind, tween (<OE tweo, <OE tweona) | |
doubtful | n | twiminded | tweenful | |
douse | vb | drench | - | |
dozen | adj | twelve | - | |
dozen | n | tens | - | |
draconian | adj | - | harsh, rough | |
dragon | n | lindworm, wyrm | - | |
dragonfly | n | adderbolt (Brit. dialect) | leanfly | |
drainage basin | n | watershed | - | |
drama | n | play, show | showplay (cf. NHG Schauspiel) | |
dramatic | adj | hammy; showy, splashy | - | |
dramatist | n | playwright | - | |
dress | n | bodyskirt, fullskirt, long skirt, smock, frock | - | |
dress | vb | clothe, don | - | |
dromadary | n | - | drylander | |
drought resistant | n | - | drought-hardy | |
drug (Germanic) | n | lib | rushmiddle (cf. NHG Rauschmittel) | |
drupe | n | - | stoneberry | |
dual | adj | twin, twofold | - | |
dub | vb | name, call | - | |
dubious | adj | dodgy, shady, shaky; loath; iffy, far-fetched, unlikely; hinky, mistrustful, unsettled | frainworthy, bethinkly (cf. NHG bedenklich) see bethink | |
duchy | n | earldom | Heretogdom | |
due | adj | owing, thanks | - | |
duel | n | ballgame | wyefare | |
duet | n | - | twising | |
dugong | n | - | seacow | |
duke | n | earl | alderman (<OE ealdorman), hertow (<OE heretoga) | |
dunce | n | have a dry brain | mouthbreather (slang) | |
dune | n | - | sandhill | |
dungeon | n | hole, hollow, delvehollow, delfrum | - | |
duplication | n | twofoldness | twiness | |
duration | n | - | time-length | |
during | prep | throughout | bewhile | |
Dutch(man) | adj | - | Lowland(er), Netherland(er)ish | |
duvet | n | bedspread, eiderdown | - | |
dynamic | n | snell, flush, lusty, red-blooded, goey | speedfast, beweighful | |
dynasty | n | house, line | erverich | |
dysentery | n | - | reddrif (<OE drif: fever) | |
dysfunctional | adj | unworking, badworking | - | |
dyslexic | n | word-blindness | - | |
dystopia | n | - | torestead (calque using obsolete English tore "hard, difficult" + stead) |