Staff E of the English Wordbook.
Tongueshortenings:
- NE = New English
- ENE = Early New English
- ME = Middle English
- OE = Old English
- SC = Scots
- WF = West Frish
- NF = North Frish
- SF = Saterlandish Frish
- WO = Wangeroogish
- WLG = West Low Thetch
- EFLS = East Frish Low Saxish
- ELG = East Low Thetch
- NL = Netherlandish
- AF = Afrikaans
- NHG = New High Thetch
- IL = Icelandish
- HIL = High Icelandish
- FO = Faroish
- NO = Nornish
- SW = Swedish
- DN = Danish
- MLG = Middle Low Thetch
- MNL = Middle Netherlandish
- MHG = Middle High Thetch
- OF = Old Frish
- OS = Old Saxish
- OHG = Old High Thetch
- ON = Old Norse
- GO = Gottish
- PWG = Or-West-Theedish
- PG = Or-Theedish
Other shortenings:
- [ᛣ] = Loanwend
- [ᚹ] = Widened meaning given to a word for the sake of Anglish
- [ᛏ] = Transitive
- [ᚾ] = Intransitive
- [ᚩ] = Old and dead meaning of a living word
For a full list of etymological and other abbreviations used in these wordlists, see: Offshortenings.
Staffs under English Wordbook/E:
Ea Eb Ec Ed
Ee Ef Eg Eh
Ei Ej Ek El Em En Eo Ep Eq Er Es Et Eu Ev
Ew Ex Ey Ez
*Note: If you click on one of the links above, and nothing happens, then that means no words have been put forth for that bookstaff as of yet.
| Chancery English | Class | Anglish/English | ||
| Attested | Unattested | |||
Ea[] | ||||
| eager | adj | earnest, keen, hungry, yearning, yearnsome | - | |
| eagle | n | earn | - | |
| earphone(s) | n | headset, earbud(s) | earspeaker(s) | |
| ease | n | lightheartedness | eath (‹ME ēthe) | |
| ease | vb | smoothen | eath (‹ME ēthen), sletch (‹ME slechen) | |
| easy | adj | eath; smooth; light | - | |
| eau de cologne | n | - | collenwater (see ENE Collen), Kölnwater, settingwater (calque) | |
| eau de parfum | n | - | swetchwater ([ᛣ]: IL ilmvatn; see OE swæc/swecc) | |
| eau de toilette | n | - | washwater | |
Eb[] | ||||
| ebony | adj/n | blackwood | - | |
| ebullition | n | outburst, flare-up, blowup, frothing | - | |
Ec[] | ||||
| eccentric | adj | odd, far-out, crazy, kooky, offbeat, off-the-wall, outlandish, queer, way-out, weird, wild | sparky | |
| eccentric | n | odd | sunderling (cf. NL zonderling, NHG Sonderling) | |
| ecclesiastical | adj | churchly, church- | - | |
| echelon | n | rung | - | |
| echo | n | - | woodmare (‹OE wudumær), windmare (‹OE windumær), witherclank, backwave, witherwave lesser saying/doing again: wannabe, shadow verb: send back, wave back | |
| eclipse | n | - | asprungness (‹OE āsprungennes) | |
| eclipse | vb | hide, darken | overshadow, foreshadow, fullhide | |
| ecology | n | - | abodelore ([ᛣ]: IL vistfræði) | |
| economics | n | trade, dealing, stewardship | wealthlore | |
| economy | n | stewardship; thrift | wealthdom | |
| ecosystem | n | living earth | lifeweb, lifeworld | |
| ecstacy | n | thrill | - | |
| ecstatic | adj | athrill, upbeat, beside oneself, blissful | overthrilled | |
| ectoplasm | n | - | evilslime, evilscum, witch’s slime/mud, nitheslime | |
Ed[] | ||||
| edda (‹ON) | n | hoard, book, lore | wooth (‹OE wōþ), lorebook | |
| edible | adj | eating, fit to eat, well eaten | eatsome, eatworthy | |
| edifice | n | building, house | beetling (‹OE býtlung) | |
| edify | vb | build up, bulwark, bolster | intimber (‹OE intimbrian) | |
| edifying | adj | teaching, uplifting, mindworthy, bolstering | - | |
| edit | vb | comb, rake, comb through, rake through, work over | bework (cf. NL bewerken), by-draft, write, work through, wend | |
| edition | n | combing, raking, utttering (“publication,” OED), output, cast, stock | outlaying issue: begiving | |
| editor | n | - | writleader (cf. NHG Schriftleiter) | |
| educate | vb | teach | lear (‹ME lēren), tee (‹ME tēn) | |
| educated | adj | learned, well read, well taught | leared (‹ME lēred) | |
| education | n | teaching; learning, book-learning | lorecraft, lore, bewising, upbuilding | |
| educator | n | teacher, loresman | learer (‹ME lērer) | |
| educe | vb | outbring, outdraw, draw out, bring out, hand down the lore | bespell | |
Ee[] | ||||
| -ee | sfx | -ed, -ling | -der/-ther (‹OE -þor; liken with rōþor > rudder and lēaþor > lather), -end | |
Ef[] | ||||
| effect | n | aftermath, backwash, outcome, fallout, upshot; mark, sway | fremming (‹OE fremming) | |
| effective | adj | handy, good, winning | overtful | |
| effectuate | vb | bring about, win out | frem | |
| effeminate | adj | womanlike, womanly, unmanly, weak; bottom (vulgar) | she-like, underlyer | |
| effervescent | adv | fizzy, bubbling, bubbly, lively, frothing | - | |
| efficacious | adj | handy, working, winning | winful | |
| efficacy | n | handiness | winfulness, workingness (cf. NHG Wirksamkeit) | |
| efficiency | n | - | speed | |
| effort | n | swink, sweat, while, work | busyship (‹ME bisīshipe), onstrength (cf. NHG Anstrengung, NL inspanning, SW ansträngning), elbow fat | |
| effrontery | n | shamelessness, brazenness | - | |
Eg[] | ||||
| e.g. | abbr. | - | f.b. ('for bisen' or 'for byspel') (cf. NHG z.B., zum Beispiel) | |
| egg (‹ON) | n | ey | - | |
| eggplant | n | madapple | - | |
| Egil (‹ON) | n(p) | - | Ail/Edgel (‹PG *Agilaz) | |
| ego | n | bighead, pride
psychology: self, I (cf. Greek)) |
- | |
| egocentric | adj | selfish, self-bemiddled, stuffed shirt | - | |
| egoïsm | n | selfishness, self-worship, shirt-stuffing | self-mindedness | |
| egotistic | adj | bigheaded, overweening, proud, stuck-up, boastful, self-worshiping, selfish | self-minded | |
| egregious | adj | gross, striking | - | |
| egressive | adj | outflowing; crapped out, crappy; leaking, dripping; leaching | - | |
| Egyptian | adj(p) | - | Egyptish (‹OE Egyptisc {egiptissen}) | |
Ej[] | ||||
| ejaculate | vb | spout, toss, cast out; cum/come (slang, vulgar) | indrive (<OE indrífan); outseed | |
| eject | vb | cast out, kick out, throw out, turf out | - | |
El[] | ||||
| elaborate | adj | spelled out; thorough, thought through | overwrought | |
| elastic | adj | rubbery, springy, stretchy, stretching, whippy | stretchingly | |
| elate | vb | uplift, stir up, gladden | - | |
| elect | vb | choose, wale | forechoose (cf. NL verkiezen), will (<PIE welh₁-, "to choose, wish", same root with wale) | |
| election | n | choosing; the wale | corenness, chosenness (cf. OE corennes), curewale, curewill | |
| elector | n | waler, willer, chooser | ||
| electorate | n | waledom, waleship, kirship, kirdom | ||
| electric | adj | - | leveny, sparkly, sparkwork (an electrician is often called a 'sparky'), thunderwork, thundery, stream-, streamfed | |
| electricity | n | - | leven [ᚹ], levin [ᚹ]; lait (‹ME leit), streamwork, streaming; sparkflow, sparkstream, lightflow, wattflow, thunderflow, thundermight, ghostfire (calque of IC), Faraday's candle; lightkin | |
| electron | n | - | levenmote, levinmote, sparkling, sparkmote | |
| electronic | adj | - | leviny; lightfed; sparklingly, sparkmotely | |
| electronics | n | - | study of: levinlore
device: levingear, levinware | |
| electronegativity | n | - | levinbackwardladeness | |
| elegance | n | trimness | - | |
| elegant | adj | trim, handsome | smicker (‹OE smicer) | |
| element | n | - | shaft (‹ME shaft), firststuff | |
| elephant | n | tusker | elp (‹ME elp), armnoser, limbnoser | |
| elevate | vb | lift, lift up, uppen, hoist, heave up, raise | aheave (‹ME ahebben), aloofen | |
| elevation | n | height, loftiness, heaving | - | |
| elevator | n | lift | - | |
| elite | n | best, top-notch | (social elite:) swelldom, toprank | |
| elite | adj | picky | athel-like | |
| ellipse | n | - | ringshadow, wheelshadow | |
| ellipsis | n | - | outlettingtoken (cf. NHG Auslassungszeichen; may also mean apostrophe), belettelsetoken (cf. NL beletselteken), throughdots (cf. NL doorlooppuntjes), threedot | |
| elocution | n | - | talecraft (OE talu; this would mean “the art of story-telling”); speechcraft, uttercraft | |
| elongate | vb | lengthen, stretch | - | |
| eloquent | adj | silver-tongued, well-spoken | quedle (‹OE cwedol), wordskilled (cf. NHG wortgewandt) | |
| eloquence | n | - | wordskillness, wellspokenness | |
Em[] | ||||
| emaciated | adj | weak, worringly thin, bare-boned. | - | |
| emaciation | n | - | bare-bonedness | |
| n | - | wirewrit | ||
| emanate | vb | cast, give out, send out; out wave | outstreal (cf. NHG ausstrahlen) | |
| emasculate | vb | unman | - | |
| embarrass | vb | shame; faze | - | |
| embassy | n | sent men, errand men; tidings, news | - | |
| embassy (house) | n | - | sentmenhouse, errandhouse; tidingshouse, newshouse | |
| embody | vb | inbody, inflesh | - | |
| embrace | vb | fathom, clip, hug | befathom (<OE befæþman), umbclip (<OE ymbclippan) | |
| embroidery | n | needlework, needlecraft | bleecraft (<OE) | |
| emerald | adj/n | - | greenhurst, high-green, greenyim | |
| emerge | vb | come up, crop up, spring up | kythe, forthkythe | |
| emigrant | n | - | outgoer, outwanderer | |
| eminence | n | height, hill, knoll, link, mound, barrow, hurst, down, wold | - | |
| emissary | n | - | sandsman (‹ME sandisman), sentman (IC sendimaður); offsent (cf. NHG Abgesandte) | |
| emit | vb | spout; forthsend, give out, send out, shine, give off, outsend | - | |
| emotion | n | stirring, feeling; warmth, white heat | - | |
| emotional | adj | stirring, heartfelt; overwrought, worked up | - | |
| emotional attention | adj | - | "sad-fishing" - the practice of writing about one's unhappiness or emotional problems on social media, especially in a vague way, in order to attract attention and sympathetic responses. | |
| empathy | n | fellow-feel, samefeel | - | |
| emperor | n | kaser (OED); king of kings, head, overking | coaser (‹OE cāsere), highking (cf. Manx ard-ree), highwielder, overlord, bebidder (semantic loan of Leeden imperātor, from imperātum "a command, order" + -tor, a suffix used to form agent nouns) | |
| emphasize | vb | underscore, highlight | - | |
| empire | n | - | rich (‹ME rīche), coaserrich ([ᛣ]: WF keizerryk)), richdom (‹OE rīcedōm, cf. OHG rihhituom), onewield (‹OE ānweald); thedeness (‹GO 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐌽𐌰𐍃𐍃𐌿𐍃 (þiudinassus)) | |
| empiricism | n | - | fandlieving | |
| employ | vb | hire, hight, enthrall; own | - | |
| employee | n | underling, hireling, worker, staff, knave, churl, thrall, henchman, hightman | - | |
| employer | n | hirer | heerman (“captain,” order giver), workgiver (cf. NL werkgever) | |
| employment | n | - | hiring, swinkhood, thralldom | |
| empress | n | - | coasern (‹OE cāsern), highqueen (cf. Manx ard-venrein) | |
| emulate | vb | ape, poppinjay, follow after; underfollow | - | |
| emulsion | n | forblending, waterbutter | - | |
En[] | ||||
| en- | pref | in-, be- | umb-, um- | |
| enable | vb | let, allow; strengthen | - | |
| enact | vb | belaw; hight | umdo | |
| enatic | adj | - | motherkinly | |
| enchant | vb | spellbind; wile, bewitch, hex | bewile, gale | |
| enchantment | n | bliss; spell, witchcraft, hex | bewiling, galder, galdercraft | |
| enchanting table | n | - | galdercraft bench | |
| enchantress | n | witch | hexwoman | |
| encircle | vb | begird, beclip, beset, gird, gird about, enring, inring, ring about, loop | umwreathe, umring (cf. NHG umringen); set aring, bering, enbee (bee = “circle”)
umbgird (<OE ymbgyrdan) | |
| enclose | vb | bound, enfold, enwrap, impound, pen, hedge, hem in, wall in | umbgo (‹ME umbegōn), umbfold | |
| enclosure | n | haw, pen, paddock, field, yard, earth | - | |
| encode | vb | overset; bestave | - | |
| encompass | vb | hold, deal with, take in; ring, girdle | belouk (<ME bilouken), umbgo (<ME umbegōn), inwreath, umhold, bethring (<OE beþringan) | |
| encounter | vb | meet, go against; live through, undergo | - | |
| encourage | vb | hearten, goad, strengthen, bolster, stouten, give heart to, mood on, foster, upprop, help, egg on, spur, will on | bield (<OE bieldan), beborough (fortify) | |
| encouragement | n | heartening | stoutening, alne (OED) | |
| encroachment | n | overstep, inroads | overstepping | |
| encumber | vb | block, burden, hinder, weigh down, hold back, tie up | - | |
| encumbrance | n | burden, hindering, faltering | - | |
| encyclopedia / encyclopaedia | n | holdall | alkenbook (calque: NO (Nynorsk) alkunnebok), worldkenning, wisdombook | |
| encyclopedic / encyclopaedic | adj | all-in, in-depth, thorough | all-knowing | |
| endeavor / endeavour | vb | undertake, seek | - | |
| endeavor / endeavour | n | undertaking | - | |
| endoplasmic reticulum | n | - | lifebrick net, lifebrick web, inmould net | |
| endorse | vb | stamp, back up | - | |
| endow | vb | bestow, gift; underwrite, give, bequeath; give an income | - | |
| endowment | n | knack, gift | life-gift | |
| endure | vb | last, hold out, abear, withstand, undergo, bear, keep on, put up with, hold through, stand through, bear through | dry (‹ME drīen), thole, raven (<OE ræfnian), overstand (<OE oferstandan and akin to NHG überstehen) | |
| endurance | n | lastingness, strength, doggedness | throughholding, throughbearing, throughstanding, ever-abidingness | |
| enduring | adj | everabiding | ||
| enemy | n | foe, fiend |
- | |
| energy | n | alne (OED), fire; work, flow; beans, drive
feel energetic: feel one's oats |
alne, coafness (‹OE cāfnyss), coafship (<OE cāfsċiepe), fromship (‹OE framscipe); dodrive, inwork (calque), spring, go, might, workfire | |
| enervate | vb | unman, weaken, unsettle, faze | body-drain | |
| enforce | vb | helmstand, wield | - | |
| engaged | adj | working, busy, tied up; betrothed, pledged | - | |
| engine | n | craft; means, gearwork, burner | - | |
| engineer | n | wright, sarrow wright (“miracle” or technology-designer), craftsman | - | |
| enigma | n | riddle, brain-teaser | - | |
| enjoy | vb | brook | neat (cf. NHG genießen) | |
| enjoyment | n | wen; fun, gladness, happiness | brooking (<OE brucan), neeting (<OE neotan, cf. NHG genießen) | |
| enlarge | vb | swell, greaten, biggen | - | |
| en masse | adv | in bulk | - | |
| enmity | n | hatred, bitterness | fiendship (<OE feondscipe and akin to NHG Feindschaft) | |
| ennui | n | boredom, tiredness | wanfeeling | |
| enrich | vb | make wealthy, richen ("rich" was semantically influenced by French, but from a native Germanic root) | wealy (<OE weligian "to enrich", derived from welig "rich, wealthy") | |
| enrichment | n | - | wealying (see above) | |
| en route | phrase | on the way | - | |
| ensnare | vb | grin (obsolete or dialectal, <OE noun grin akin to grīn "snare") | swarl | |
| ensue | vb | follow, come after | - | |
| ensure | vb | see to it | sicker (NE, calque of Ger. speeches)
sickerstell, sickerput, sickermake (calque of all Ger. speeches) (see stell) | |
|
enter |
vb | go into, come into, step into, begin, in fare data entry: key in, input |
ingo, intread, betread (calque of Ger. speeches) | |
| enterprise | n | business, undertaking; readiness, get-up-and-go, goey | undernimming | |
| enterprising | n | goey | - | |
| entertainer | n | player, skald | ||
| enthusiasm | n | white heat; keenness, warmth, thrill | lustfulness, | |
| entice | vb | draw to, spur, goad, wheedle, sweet talk | forlead (<OE forlǽdan, cf. NHG verleiten) | |
| entire | adj | whole, full; sound, unharmed, without a scratch | - | |
| entirely | adv | fully, thoroughly, outright, wholly, altogether | - | |
| entirety | n | whole, fullness | - | |
| entitle | vb | let, brook (not to be confused with brook as in used), give right, have right | bid (opposite of forbid), aleave (<OE aliefan), bename (cf. NHG betitelen) | |
| entitled | adj | upstart, highbrow, overbearing, high-handed, full of oneself, above oneself, (slang terms) stuck-up, snooty, hoity-toity, uppity, uppish, big-headed, high and mighty, la-di-da | - | |
| entitled | adj (p.p.) | named, called, yclept, ycleped (poetic), deemed | hote (<OE hatan) | |
| entrail | n | innard | - | |
| entrance | n | key, doorway, in faring, ingang, way in | inway | |
| vb | bewitch, spellbind | - | ||
| entrap (non-Germanic prefix) | vb | forset | trap in | |
| entrepreneur | n | business(wo)man, undertaker | - | |
| entry | n | way in, gateway, ingang | inway | |
| enumerate | vb | - | tell out (cf. NLG uttellen, NHG auszählen), sum up | |
| enunciate | vb | say sharply, speak sharply, utter sharply | speak out (cf. NHG aussprechen) | |
| envelop | vb | shroud, wrap, hide, swaddle | bewrap, overfathom (<OE oferfaðman), bebind (<ME bebīnden) | |
| envelope | n | - | kite (US prison slang), wrapper, wordholder, mailholder | |
| envious | adj | - | evestful, andy (<OE andig)
nitheful (<OE nīþfull) | |
| environment | n | setting | umworld or umbworld (cf. NHG umwelt), umsetting | |
| environmental | adj | - | umwordly or umbworldly (cf. NHG umweltlich) | |
| environmentalist | n | greenmonger | ||
| environmentally-friendly travel | vb | - | greenfleet | |
| envision | vb | foretell, foresee | mindsee | |
| envoy | n | sent one, spokes(wo)man | sand (‹ME sond; cf. NL gezand, NHG Gesandter) | |
| envy | vb | hearteat [OED] | ondy (jealous), benithe, nithe | |
| envy | n | - | evest (<OE æfest), nithe (<OE nīþ), onde, havelust, seething for | |
Eo[] | ||||
| eon | n | - | thrisandyear (astronomy), (rhetorical) everyear, evertide | |
Ep[] | ||||
| ephemeral | adj | fleeting, short-lived | dwimmerly, dwimmerlike | |
| ephemeris | n | - | tunglebook, starbook | |
| epic | n/adj | adj: lofty, high-flown | heleth (<OE hæleþ) | |
| epicenter | n | - | heart, middleord | |
| epididymis | n | - | byhoath, overhoath | |
| epiglottis | n | - | throatlid (cf. NHG Kehldeckel), overtongue (cf. Greek) | |
| epilepsy | n | falling sickness | fallsickness (‹OE fyllesēocnys) | |
| epilogue | n | afterword, afterthought | endspeech, endwrit, aftertale, last words, end tale | |
| episode | n | hap, happening, befalling, bout; (of a tv show) broadcast | - | |
Eq[] | ||||
| equal | adj | even, alike, same, evenworthy, sameworthy, samehood | evenly (‹ME ēvenlich) | |
| equal | n | match | - | |
| equality | n | fairness; sameness, alikeness, evenness, likeness | - | |
| equanimity | n | steadiness | evenmood | |
| equate | vb | match, even up; offset, liken | - | |
| equator | n | - | evener (cf. WF evener, NL evenaar), girdle, midring, burning-line, heat-belt | |
| equatorium | n | - | stargirdler, starlengthreckoner | |
| equidistant | adj | midway, evenfar | - | |
| Equestrian | adj/n(p) | - | horselandish, horselanding, horselinglandish | |
| equine | n/adj | steed, horse, stot | adj: horsely | |
| equinology | n | horselore | ||
| equinox | n | - | evennight (<OE efenniht) | |
| equip | vb | bedight, graith, (be)gear, fit (out), gear up, outfit, rig up, beweapon | hirst (‹OE hyrstan) | |
| equipment | n | gear, graith | tew (‹ME teu/tewe), hirst (‹OE hyrst), yatow (‹OE geatwe) | |
| equitable | adj | evenhanded | - | |
| equivalent | adj | - | likeworthy (cf. NHG gleichwertig), samewise, evenworth | |
Er[] | ||||
| era | n | time, eld | - | |
| eradicate | vb | wipe out | forspill, naughten, uplock (<OE úpálúcan), uproot, wipe out | |
| erase | vb | rub out, root out, wipe out | unmark | |
| eraser | n | rubber | - | |
| erect | adj/vb | upright; rear, set up, lift up | aheave (‹ME ahebben), tield (‹ME telden) | |
| erection | n | 1. building 2. hardon, boner | - | |
| ergo | conj/adv | therefore, thus, forthy (att'd <OE for + thy, the instrumental form of the article) | - | |
| ergonomic | adj | body-friendly | - | |
| erinacine | n | hedgehog | - | |
| eritrocyte | n | - | red bloodmote | |
| ermine | n | stoat, short-tailed weasel | northern weasel | |
| erode | vb | begnaw | gnaw away | |
| erotic | adj | lovely, lewd, teasing | - | |
| err | vb | wander | dwole (<OE dwolian, cf. NL dwalen) | |
| erratic | adj | wild-willed, wild-witted | - | |
| error | n | dwale, wrong, slip, slip-up, mistake | dwole (<OE dwola), dwoleship (<OE dwolscip), dwild (<OE dwild) | |
| erupt | vb | flare up, blow up, break out, burst out | - | |
| eruption | n | outburst, outbreak | - | |
Es[] | ||||
| escape | n | breakout, flight, getaway, slip, dodging, ducking, shunning | fleam (<OE flēam), leaping out, outleaping, other -ing from below | |
| escape | vb | break out, break free, flee, run off, shun, weasel out of | withfare (<OE wiþfaran), othshake (<OE óþscacan), othshoot (<OE óþscéotan), othrun (<OE óþrinnan), aturn (<OE ætiernan), atlimp (<OE ætlimpan), outleap (<OE óþléapan), atfare (<OE ætfaran)
by rowing: outrow (<OE óþrowan) by swimming: outswim (<OE óþswimman) | |
| escape pod | n | - | fleepod | |
| esophagus | n | weasand | swallowtharm (calque: NL slokdarm) | |
| especially | adv | namely, moreso, above all | hour (‹ME hūre), sundrily (cf. OE syndriglice), besunderly (cf. NHG besonders, NL in het bijzonder) | |
| espionage | n | - | sleuthcraft | |
| essence | n | nub, heart, kernel, pith, being, whatness, broth, selfhood | wist (<OE), selfship | |
| essential | adj | key, foremost | - | |
| essentially | adv/phr | mostly, all but, all-in-all, as good as, as much as, mainly, at heart, in itself, on the whole, utterly, well-nigh, wholly, soundly, | - | |
| establish | vb | build, begin, settle, install, set up, staddle | beground (cf. NHG begründen) | |
| established | adj | longstanding, staddled, well-grounded | begrounded (cf. NHG begründet) | |
| establishment | n | body, steadiness, staddling | steadihood | |
| establishment (the) | n | - | the topside | |
| estate | n | grounds, landholding | ethel | |
| esteem | vb | worthen | aughten (<OE eahtian, cf. NL/NHG achten) | |
| estimate | n | guessing; guesswork; reckoning | shatting, shetting (cf. NL schatten, NHG schätzen, SW skatta), upshatting, upshetting (SW uppskattning) | |
| estimate | vb | guess; reckon | shat, shet (cf. NL schatten, NHG schätzen, SW skatta), upshat, upshet (cf. SW uppskatta) | |
| Estonia | n | - | Estland (‹ME ēstland) | |
| estuary | n | mouth, firth, inlet | - | |
| esurient | adj | hungry, greedy | - | |
Et[] | ||||
| et al.(ia) | phr | and others | - | |
| et cetera/etcetera | phr | and so on, and so forth, and the like, and others, and what-not | - | |
| eternal | adj | ay, everlasting | each (‹ME ēche) | |
| eternal life | n | The Afterworld | the after-grave | |
| eternity | n | everness | ekeness (‹OE ēcnes), ewiness (‹OE ǣwicness), eith (<PWG *aiwiþu) | |
| ether | n | - | swail (<OE swegl) | |
| ethic | n/adj | straight, upright | n: lief-walk | |
| ethmoid bone | n | - | sievebone | |
| ethnology | n | - | folklore | |
| etymology | n | rootlore, wordlore (has a broader meaning than rootlore.) | - | |
Eu[] | ||||
| eu- | n | - | good-, bet- (<PG *bataz, cf. better, best), well- (cf. NHG wohl-) | |
| eucalyptus | n | gum tree | kindlewood, kindlebark | |
| eukaryote | n | - | wholelifebit, wholekerneling (cf. IC heilkjörnungar) | |
| euphemism | n | - | gilded words, mellowword, fairwording, welltalk (eu- "good" + pheme "talk") | |
| euphonic | adj | - | wellclinking, wellclang (cf. NHG Wohlklang) | |
| euphoria | n | good-feeling | well-at-burden | |
| eureka | n | - | archhurray (cf. HIC proposal erkihurra, found here) | |
| Europe | n(p) | - | Eveland ([ᛣ]: NHG Abendland), Broadland/Broadleer (eurus- "wide" + ops- "face") | |
| euthanasia | n | - | death-choosing, willful death, smoothdeath | |
Ev[] | ||||
| evacuate | vb | empty, empty out, drain | - | |
| evade | vb | dodge, sidestep | - | |
| evaluate | vb | - | bedeem, bereckon, beworthen, think over, weigh up, look carefully at, sift through | |
| evaluation | n | reckoning | bedeeming (cf. Dn. bedømme), bereckoning, beworthening, worthreckoning, worthening | |
| evangel | n | gospel | - | |
| evangelist | n | gospeler, sendling | - | |
| evangelization | n | gospeling | - | |
|
evaporate |
vb | dry up, become wind, become loft | outsteam (cf. NL uitdampen), forsteam (cf. NHG verdampfen, NL verdampen), forfly (cf. NL vervliegen), yeathem (<OE ġeæðmian, to raise vapor) | |
| eve | n | Dawn-woman, The Earth Mother or First Mother | - | |
| event | n | happening, hap, befall; show | - | |
| eventually | adv | in time, in the end, at last | outendly ( cf. NL uiteindelijk), endly | |
| evidence | n | word, witness, truth of | bewise (cf. NHG Beweis, NL bewijs) | |
| evident | adj | abere | sweatle (<OE sweotol), couthly (<OE cuthlīc) | |
| evidently | adv | - | aberely, eyeshinely (cf. NHG augenscheinlich, NL ogenschijnlijk), selfstandingly | |
| evince | vb | bespeak, give away | becouthe | |
| evocative | adj | mindful | eftminding | |
| evoke | vb | awake, call up, bring to mind, stir up | eftmind, beswear (cf. NHG beschwören) | |
| evoker | n | - | awakener | |
| evolution | n | unfolding | forblowing | |
| evolutionary | adj | unfolding | forblowing | |
| evolve | vb | grow, unfold, bloom | forblow, forthwrap | |
Ex[] | ||||
| ex– | pref | fore-, out- | ere- | |
| exact | adj | right, full | narrowkiry (cf. NL nauwkeurig), anew (<OE ge- + hnēaw, cf. NHG genau) | |
| exactly | adv | rightly, fully | narrowkirily | |
| exaggerate | vb | overplay, overdo | overdrive (calque: NHG übertreiben, NL overdrijven, SW överdriva) | |
| exaggeration | n | - | overblowing, whid, overdriving, overplay, overdoing | |
| exalt | vb | uplift, heighten | aheave (<OE ahebban), hee (<OE héan) | |
| examine | vb | go over, con | underseek, underseech (<OE; cf. NL onderzoeken, NHG untersuchen, also in regards to beseech) | |
| example | n | byword | byspel (<ME bīspel ⁊ <OE bigspell and akin to NHG Beispiel) model: bisen (<ME bīsne), showing, showdeal, showoff | |
| exaptation | n | kludging | - | |
| exasperate | vb | imbitter | tire (<OE tirgan) | |
| excavate | n | delve, unearth, hollow out, dig up | - | |
| excavation | n | delving, unearthing | - | |
| exceed | vb | overrun, overstep, outdo | - | |
| excel | vb | outdo, shine, outshine, overtop | in brightness: overlight (<OE oferlīhtan) in stature: overlyve [pronounced overlaɪv] (<OE oferhlīfian) | |
| excellent | adj | outstanding, gilt-edged, swell, topping, wonderful | - | |
| except | prep | but, other than | - | |
| exception | n | standout, outlier, outstander, outtake | - | |
| exceptional | adj | outstanding | - | |
| excerpt | n | - | outpull (cf. NHG Auszug), offcut, snippet | |
| excessive | adj | overmuch, steep, sharp, rank, overdone, too much | overdeedy (cf. NL overdadig) | |
| excessively | adv | overly, too much, too | - | |
| exchange | vb | swap, wrixle | bewrixle (<OE bewrixlan) | |
| excise | vb | snithe, cut out | - | |
| excite | vb | upedge, thrill, key up | upwake, upwind, upstir | |
| excited | adj | thrilled | ackle (<OE acol) | |
| excitement | n | - | upstirring | |
| exciting | adj | thrilling, gripping, spellbinding | upstirring | |
| exclamation mark | n | - | outrooptoken (cf. NHG Ausrufezeichen), outtoken | |
| exclude | vb | outshut | yout (<OE geūtian) | |
| excommunicate | vb | - | amanse (<ME amansen) | |
| excoriate | vb | chide, flay | threap | |
| excrement | n | shit | shittle (<OE scytel), queeth (<OE cwead) | |
| excursion | n | outing | - | |
| excuse | vb | forgive, unguilt, let off the hook, let leave, unburden, free | offsake (cf. IC afsaka), unshild (cf. NHG entschuldigen, see shild), unwite (<OE wītan), load (<OE lādian), beload (<OE belādian) | |
| excuse | n | grounds, sake, shield, ward, out | load (<OE lād), beloading (<OE belādung), unwiting, outfleeing (cf. NHG Ausflucht) | |
| ex-directory | adj | unlisted | - | |
| execute | vb | kill, quell, slay, put to death | carry out: even (<OE efnan), eaven (<OE æfnan), lead out | |
| executioner | n | halseman | hangman, deathman, headsman, headman | |
| exemplar | n | - | template: forelay (cf. NHG Vorlage), foreblithe (cf. NHG Vorbild, NL voorbeeld) | |
| exercise | vb/n | work out | vb: ove (<PG *ōbijaną; cf. ELG öven, NL oeven, NHG üben)
n: oving | |
| exert | vb | put forth, bestir | - | |
| exhale | vb | breathe out | athem (<OE æðmian) | |
| exhaust | vb | overwork, wear out, forspend, tire, drain | - | |
| exhausted | adj | tired, weary, worn out, drained, overtired, work-wearied, fordone, windless, overcome | - | |
| exhaustive | adj | all-out | - | |
| exhaustive | adj | thorough, thoroughgoing | groundly (cf. NL grondig, NHG gründlich) | |
| exhibit | vb | show | - | |
| exhibition | n | show | - | |
| exhume | vb | dig up, unearth | - | |
| exile | vb | send away, outlaw, blackball, blacklist, banish, cast out | - | |
| exile | n | outcast, outlaw, castaway | wracksithe (<OE wræcsíþ) | |
| exist | vb | be, live, stand | bestand (cf. NHG bestehen, NL bestaan), forelie (cf. NHG vorliegen) | |
| existence | n | thingness, beingness, beinghood | therehood, wist (<OE wist), being, therebeing (calque: NHG Dasein), therestanding, worldliness | |
| existent | adj | living, standing | bestanding (cf. NHG Bestand), wistsome, forelying (cf. NHG vorliegend) | |
| exit | n | way out, outway, outgang, outlet | outgang (<OE ūtgang) | |
| exit | vb | leave, move out of, go out, forsake, outlet | abandon: forlet (cf. NL verlaten, NHG verlassen) | |
| exotic | vb | outlandish | - | |
| expand | vb | broaden, greaten, spread (out), unfold, widen, stretch | braid out (cf. NL uitbreiden) | |
| expanse | n | spread, reach, broadening | outstretching (cf. NL uitgestreking, NHG Ausgestreckung) | |
| expect | vb | hope for, watch for, foresee | ween, awatch, forwatch (cf. WF ferwachtsje, NL verwachten) | |
| expectation | n | - | weening | |
| expectorate | vb | spit | - | |
| expedient | n | makeshift, stopgap | - | |
| expedite | vb | hurry, quicken | - | |
| expedition | n | outing | - | |
| expeditious | adj | fast, quick, swift, speedy | - | |
| expel | vb | drive out, throw out, cast out | fordrive (<OE fordrīfan) | |
| expenditure(s) | n | outgoing(s), dole out(s) | - | |
| expenses | n | overheads, dole outs | - | |
| expensive | adj | dear, dearbought, unthrifty | - | |
| experience | vb | undergo, go through, feel (or "get a feel for") | afand, afare, uplive | |
| experience | n | feel: ordeal, been-thru-ness, dealing | afanding, afaring (cf. NHG Erfahrung), livedness, cunning | |
| experience bottle | n | - | handvat of galdering | |
| experience orb | n | - | cunball | |
| experienced | adj | wise, learned, well-read | afanded, hired, afared, frood (<OE frōd) | |
| experiment | vb | fand, bid, seek | forseek (cf. NHG versuchen) | |
| experiment | n | fanding, bidding, seeking | fanding (cf. OE afundennes), forseeking | |
| experimental | adj | fanding, bidding, seeking | fandly, bidly, seekly, forseeking, forseekly | |
| expert | n | dab | fieldknower (calque) | |
| expertise | n | know-how, skill, cunning | - | |
| expiate | vb | atone | - | |
| expiration date | n | sell-by | - | |
| explain | vb | spell out, lay out | retch (‹ME recchen) | |
| explanation | n | atelling | retching (recchen + -ing) | |
| explicit | n | outfold | - | |
| explode | vb | blow up, blast, burst | - | |
| exploit | vb | overwork | - | |
| explore | vb | delve, look into | rose/roase (<OE rāsian), outfare | |
| explorer | n | pathfinder, foregoer, forerunner, groundbreaker | - | |
| explosive | n | - | fireshot, blasttinder, firespringer, burster | |
| explosion | n | burst, blast | blow-up | |
| exponent(iate) | n/vb | - | mightsfold | |
| expose | vb | nail, show up, unshroud bare: lay out |
outset (calque: NHG aussetzen) | |
| exposed | adj | bare | - | |
| exposé | n | - | shendful outlaying | |
| exposition | n | - | outstelling (cf. NHG Ausstellung) | |
| expound | vb | flesh out | - | |
| express | vb | utter, say, word, speak out | one's feelings: thrutch out/outthrutch (cf. NHG ausdrücken), put out, lay out
atell (<ME atellen) | |
| expression | n | - | uttering; sainess, sayness (<OE gesegnes, cf. NL gezegde) | |
| expressive | adj | well spoken, thoughtful, outspoken | - | |
| expropriate | vb | - | unown (calque: NHG enteignen) | |
| exsolve | vb | unmix | - | |
| exsolution | n | - | unmishing (calque: NHG Entmischung) | |
| extant | adj | lasting, still-living, still being, still going, keeping on | - | |
| extend | vb | lengthen | braid out (cf. NL uitbreiden), awiden (calque: NHG erweitern) | |
| extend for | vb | span | - | |
| extension | n | furthering | - | |
| extensive | adj | broad, deep, far-reaching, fulsome, far-flung, wide, widespread, lengthy | - | |
| extensively | adv | fulsomely, wholesale | - | |
| extent | n | length, breadth | andeven (‹OE andefn) | |
| exterior | n/adj | adj: outer; n: shell, outside | - | |
| exterminate | vb | wipe out | - | |
| external | adj | outward, outer | - | |
| extinct | adj | dead, gone, lost, died out | - | |
| extinction | n | death, doom, knell | ||
| extinguish | vb | douse, put out, quench | aquench (‹ME aquenchen), adretch (cf. OE ádrysnan) | |
| extort | vb | - | atread (‹OE atredan) | |
| extra- | pfx | - | beyond | |
| extra | adj | spare, more, more other(s), more else, othermore | - | |
| extra marital affair | n | wedbreach, bedswerve | - | |
| extra time | n | overtime | - | |
| extract | vb | take out, draw out, pull out, pluck, unearth, harvest, worm out | outdraw (kinword) | |
| extraordinary | adj | amazing, outstanding, dazzling, astounding, awesome |
- | |
| extrapolate | vb | draw out | - | |
| extraterrestrial | adj | otherworldly | farlander, beyond-earthly | |
| extravagance | n | wanthrift (<SC), unthrift, dazzle | - | |
| extravagant | adj | unthrifty, showy, dazzling, big | wanthrifty, wanthriftish | |
| extreme | adj | utmost | outermost (IE cognate) | |
| extrinsic | adj | outborn, outly | - | |
| extrovert | n | backslapper, glad-hander | outgoer (cf. outgoing) | |
| extroverted | adj | outgoing | - | |
| exuberant | adj | outgoing, sparkling | - | |
| exultation | n | glee | highting (<OE hyhting) | |
| exuviate | vb | shed, cast off, slough | - | |
Ey[] | ||||
| eye-candy | n | - | eye-sweets, eye-kind | |
| eye-catching | adj | - | eye-gripping, eye-heeding, eye-taking | |
| eyelet | n | - | handle ([ᚩ]: see ME hōndel), oose (‹PWG *ansiju > WF oes) | |
| eyeliner | n | - | eyemarker | |
| eye socket | n | - | eyering | |