Staff E of the English Wordbook.
Basic abbreviations:
- OE = Old English
- ME = Middle English
- SC = Scots
- WF = West Frish
- NF = North Frish
- SF = Saterlandish Frish
- WLG = West Low Theech
- ELG = East Low Theech
- NL = Netherlandish
- NHG = New High Theech
- IC = Icelandish
- HIC = High Icelandish
- NO = Nornish
- SW = Swedish
- DN = Danish
- MLG = Middle Low Theech
- MNL = Middle Netherlandish
- MHG = Middle High Theech
- OF = Old Frish
- OS = Old Saxish
- OHG = Old High Theech
- ON = Old Norse
- GO = Gottish
- PWG = Or-West-Theedish
- PG = Or-Theedish
For a full list of etymological and other abbreviations used in these wordlists, see: Offshortenings.
| Chancery English | Class | Anglish/English | ||
| Attested | Unattested | |||
| eager | adj | earnest, keen, hungry, yearning, yearnsome | - | |
| earphone(s) | n | headset, earbud(s) (<OE budd, “beetle”), earspeaker(s) | earset, earswan | |
| ease | n | lightheartedness | eath (Scots) | |
| ease | vb | allay (alay), unburden, unlade, smoothen, sooth, quell | - | |
| easy | adj | smooth, downhill, hands-down, light, not hard, eath, eathy, struggleless, unburdensome, unwearisome | onefold | |
| eau de toilette | n | rosewater (<OE) | duft, cride water | |
| ebony | adj/n | blackwood | - | |
| ebullition | n | outburst, flare-up, blowup, frothing | - | |
| eccentric | adj | odd, far-out, crazy, kooky, offbeat, off-the-wall, outlandish, queer, way-out, weird, wild | sparky | |
| eccentric | n | odd | sunderling (cf. Du. zonderling, NHG Sonderling) | |
| ecclesiastical | adj | churchly, church | - | |
| echo | n | - | witherclank, backwave, witherwave, woodmare, windmare (<OE wudu-mær, windu-mær) lesser saying/doing again: wannabe, shadow verb: send back, wave back | |
| eclipse | vb/n | hide, darken,outshine (does not mean “eclipse!”) | overshadowing, forshadowing, fullhiding | |
| ecology | n | wonelore (Like Ice. vistfræði, <OE roots) | ||
| economics | n | trade, dealing, husbandry, stewardship; shopping | wealthlore, houselore/householdlore, shophouselore (partial cf. Greek), housekeeping, goldlore | |
| economy | n | wealthdom, stewardship, the shop; thrift, cutback | householding (cf. Du. huishouding); shophouse
of a nation: landwealth | |
| ecosystem | n | living earth | lifeweb, lifeworld | |
| ecstatic | adj | athrill, upbeat, beside oneself, blissful | overthrilled | |
| ectoplasm | n | - | evilslime, evilscum, witch’s slime/mud, nicorslime, nitheslime | |
| ecumenopolis | n | - | worldborough, all-shire | |
| edda | n | hoard, book, lore; greatmother | weth (<OE woþ), lorebook | |
| edelweiss | n | silver star | athelwhite | |
| edible | adj | eating, fit to eat, well eaten, “good eats” | eatsome, eatskilled, eatworthy | |
| edifice | n | building, house | outwork (<OE geweorc) | |
| edify | vb | build up, bulwark, bolster | intimber (<OE intimbrian) | |
| edifying | adj | teaching, uplifting, mindworthy, bolstering | - | |
| edit | vb | comb, rake, comb through, rake through, work over | bework (cf. Du. bewerken), by-draft, write, work through, wend | |
| edition | n | combing, raking, utttering (“publication,” OED), output, cast, stock | outlaying issue: begiving publication: foropening (cf. NHG veröffenlichung), forlaying (cf. NHG verlegen) | |
| educate | vb | teach, lere (<OE læran, cf. Du. leren, NHG lehren; in OED but obsolete, alt. spelling lear, Scottish leir/leyr); learn (dialectal, stigmatized) | atee, tee (<OE ateon; cf. NHG erziehen), belearn | |
| educated | adj | learned, well read, well taught | bewised | |
| education | n | learning, teaching, book-learning | lorecraft, lore, bewising, upbuilding, bilthing (cf. NHG Bildung) | |
| educator | n | teacher, loreman, lore keeper, upbuilder | teer (cf. NHG Erzieher), lorer | |
| educe | vb | outbring, outdraw, draw out, bring out, hand down the lore | bespell | |
| -ee | sfx | -end, -ling, -ed | - | |
| effect | n | aftermath, backwash, outcome, fallout, upshot; mark, sway | - | |
| effective | adj | handy, good, winning | overtful | |
| effectuate | v | bring about, win out | ||
| effeminate | adj | womanlike, womanly, unmanly, weak; bottom (vulgar) | she-like, underlyer | |
| effervescent | adv | fizzy, bubbling, bubbly, lively, frothing, | - | |
| efficacious | adj | handy, working, winning | winful | |
| efficacy | n | handiness | winfulness | |
| effort | n | swink, sweat, while, work | onstrength, onstronging (cf. NHG Anstrengung, Du. inspanning, Sw. ansträngning, and others), elbow fat | |
| effrontery | n | shamelessness, brazenness | - | |
| e.g. | abbr. | - | f.b., 'for busen' or 'for byspel' (cf. NHG z.B., zum Beispiel) | |
| egalitarianism | n | evenhandedness, meekness | evenhood, flackhood, evennessdom; flattening, crushing; belief in sameness; hatred | |
| egg (<ON) | n | ey (pl. eyren) | - | |
| ego | n | bighead, pride, stuffed shirt
psychology: self, I (cf. Greek)) |
- | |
| egocentric | adj | selfish, self-bemiddled, stuffed shirt | - | |
| egoïsm | n | selfishness, self-worship, shirt-stuffing | self-mindedness | |
| egotistic | adj | bigheaded, overweening, proud, stuck-up, boastful, self-worshiping, selfish | self-minded | |
| egregious | adj | gross, striking | - | |
| egressive | adj | outflowing; crapped out, crappy; leaking, dripping; leaching | - | |
| Egypt | n | - | Two Narrows, Egipt (<OE) Ancient: Blackland, Bankland Niland ("Nile Land") | |
| ejaculate | vb | spout, toss, cast out; jizz (slang), cum/come (slang, vulgar) | indrive (<OE indrífan); outseed | |
| eject | vb | cast out, kick out, throw out, turf out | - | |
| elaborate | adj | spelled out; thorough, thought through | swotel, overwrought | |
| elastic | adj | rubbery, springy, stretchy, stretching, whippy | stretchingly | |
| elate | vb | uplift, stir up, gladden | - | |
| elect | vb | choose, wale | forechoose (cf. Du. verkiezen) | |
| election | n | choosing; the wale | corenness, chosenness (cf. OE corennes) | |
| electric | adj | - | sparkalne, sparkly, sparkwork (an electrician is often called a 'sparky'), glarum (<OE glærum ... dat. pl. for amber), thunderwork, thundery, stream-, streamfed | |
| electrician | n | sparky | sparksmith | |
| electricity | n | - | alneflow (alne, “energy” OED), alnestream; streamwork, streaming; sparkflow,sparkstream, lightflow, wattflow, thunderflow, thundermight, thundersprack, ghostfire (Ic.), Faraday's candle; lightkin. | |
| electrocution | n | - | sparkbite, sparkfang; sparkdeath | |
| electromagnetism | n | - | sparkdraught, streamloading; sparklodestonedom | |
| electromagnetic | adj | - | sparkdrawing, streamladen, streamloaded, sparklodestonely | |
| electro-mechanical | adj | - | sparkworkcraftly | |
| electron | n | - | lightbit, sparkling, sparkmote
amberling, glarumod (glarum+od ... see talk) | |
| electronic | adj | - | lightfed; sparklingly, sparkmotely, sparkworkish | |
| elegant(ce) | n/adj | trim(ness), handsome | smicker (<OE smicer) | |
| element | n | - | eredust (ere ~ NHÞ ‘’ur,’’ “original,” dust = “matter”), erestuff, firststuff, shaftroot, dealock (<deal, a part, + -ock, diminutive ending, <OE -uc) | |
| elephant | n | tusker | elp, armnoser, limbnoser | |
| elevate | vb | lift, lift up, uppen, hoist, heave up, raise | aloofen | |
| elevation | n | height, loftiness, heaving | - | |
| elevator | n | lift, lifter | - | |
| elite | n | best, top-notch | (social elite:) swelldom, toprank | |
| elite | adj | picky | athel-like | |
| ellipse | n | - | ringshadow, wheelshadow | |
| ellipsis | n | - | outlettingtoken (cf. NHG Auslassungszeichen; may also mean apostrophe), belettelsetoken (cf. Du. beletselteken), throughdots (cf. Du. doorlooppuntjes), threedot | |
| elocution | n | - | talecraft (OE talu; this would mean “the art of story-telling”); speechcraft, uttercraft | |
| elongate | vb | lengthen, stretch | - | |
| eloquent | adj | silver-tongued, well-spoken | queedel (<OE cwedol), wordskilled (cf. NHG wortgewandt) | |
| eloquence | n | - | wordskillness, wellspokenness | |
| email (but mail is from a Germanic source) | n/vb | - | wirewrit | |
| emanate | vb | cast, give out, send out; out wave | outstreal (cf. NHG ausstrahlen) | |
| emasculate | vb | unman | - | |
| embarrass | vb | shame; faze | - | |
| embassy | n | sent men, errand men; tidings, news | ||
| embassy (house) | n | - | sentmenhouse, errandhouse; tidingshouse, newshouse | |
| embody | vb | inbody, inflesh | - | |
| embrace | vb | fathom, hug | befathom (< OE befæþman) | |
| embroidery | n | needlework, needlecraft | - | |
| embryo | n | - | wightblossom, womb-berry, new kin | |
| emerald | adj/n | - | greenhurst | |
| emerge | vb | come up, crop up, spring up | kythe, forthkythe | |
| emergency | n | need | needstand, needfall (cf. NHG Notstand, Notfall) | |
| emigrant | n | - | outgoer, outwanderer | |
| eminence | n | height, hill, knoll, link, mound, barrow, hurst, down, wold | - | |
| emissary | n | - | sentman (Ice. sendiman); offsent (cf. NHG Abgesandte) | |
| emit | vb | spout; forthsend, give out, send out, shine, give off, outsend | - | |
| emotion | n | stirring, feeling; warmth, white heat | soulgrip, heartgrip | |
| emotional | adj | stirring, heartfelt; overwrought, worked up | - | |
| empathy | n | fellow-feel, samefeel | - | |
| emperor | n | king of kings, Kaiser, head | highking (cf. Manx ard-ree), highwield (wield < OE walda), caser (<OE), overlord, highcaser (<OE) | |
| emphasize | vb | underscore, highlight | - | |
| empire | n | - | richdom (<OE ricedom, cf. OHG rihhituom), anweald (<OE), rich, caserdom, rike (<ME); overdom, riche (<ME) | |
| empiricism | n | - | fandlieving | |
| employ | vb | hire, hight, enthrall; own | - | |
| employee | n | underling, hireling, worker, staff, knave, churl, thrall, henchman, hightman | - | |
| employer | n | hirer | heerman (“captain,” order giver), workgiver (cf. Du. werkgever, Af. werkgewer) | |
| employment | n | - | hiring, swinkhood, thralldom | |
| empress | n | - | highqueen (cf. Manx ard-venrein), casern (<OE) | |
| emulate | vb | ape, poppinjay, follow after; underfollow | - | |
| emulsion | n | forblending, waterbutter | - | |
| en- | pref |
in-, on-, be- |
umb-, um- | |
| enable | vb | let, allow; strengthen | ||
| endow | beken | |||
| enact | vb | belaw; hight | umdo | |
| en masse | adv | in bulk | - | |
| en route | phrase | on the way | - | |
| enchant | vb | spellbind; wile, bewitch, hex | bewile | |
| enchantment | n | bliss; spell, witchcraft, hex | bewiling | |
| enchantress | n | witch | - | |
| encircle | vb | begird, beclip, beset, gird, gird about, enring, inring, ring about, loop | umwreathe, umring (cf. NHG umringen); set aring, bering, enbee (bee = “circle”) | |
| enclose | vb | bound, enfold, enwrap, impound, pen, hedge, hem in, wall in | umfold | |
| enclosure | n | haw, pen, paddock, field, yard, earth | - | |
| encode | vb | overset; bestave | - | |
| encompass | vb | hold, deal with, take in; ring, girdle | inwreath, umhold, bethring (<OE beþringan), belouk (<ME Bilouketh) | |
| encounter | vb | meet, go against; live through, undergo | - | |
| encourage | vb | stouten, strengthen, bolster, give heart to, hearten on, mood on, foster, upprop, help, egg on, goad, spur, will on | bield (<OE bieldan), alne (OED), beborough (fortify) | |
| encouragement | n | - | stoutening, alne (OED) | |
| encroachment | n | overstep, inroads | overstepping | |
| encryption | n | stave hiding | forkeying | |
| encumber | vb | block, burden, hinder, weigh down, hold back, tie up | - | |
| encumbrance | n | burden, hindering, faltering | - | |
| encyclopedia | n | - | worldkenning, wisdombook (<OE wīsdōmbōc), all-lore | |
| encyclopedic | n | all-in, in-depth, thorough | all-lorish | |
| endeavour | vb | undertake, seek | inbework | |
| endeavour | n | - | ettel | |
| endoplasmic reticulum | n | - | lifebrick net, lifebrick web | |
| endorse | vb | stamp, back up | ||
| endow | vb | gift; underwrite, give | indow | |
| endowment | n | knack, gift | life-gift | |
| endure | vb | last, hold out, abear, withstand, undergo, bear, keep on, put up with, hold through, stand through, bear through | dree (<OE drēogan), thole, raven (<OE ræfnian) | |
| endurance | n | strength, alne, doggedness; lastingness | dreeing, tholing, throughholding, throughbearing, throughstanding | |
| enemy | n | foe, foeman, fiend, the other side |
fiendsheathe (<OE fēondsceaða), scathe (<OE scaða) | |
| energy | n | alne (OED), fire; work, flow, beans, drive
feel energetic: feel one's oats |
alne, caveness (<OE cāfnes), dodrive, inwork (calque), spring, go, might, workfire | |
| enervate | vb | unman, weaken, unsettle, faze | unalne | |
| enforce | vb | helmstand, wield | - | |
| engaged | adj | working, busy, tied up; betrothed, pledged | ||
| engine | n | craft; means, gearwork, burner | gearwork, iron horse | |
| engineer | n | wright, sarrow wright (“miracle” or technology-designer), craftsman | - | |
| enigma | n | riddle, brainteaser | - | |
| enjoy | vb | (intrans.) wen; gladden oneself, have lust, be gleeful over;
(trans.) like, belove |
- | |
| enjoyment | n | wen; fun, gladness, happiness | brooking (<OE brucan), neeting (<OE neotan, cf. NHG genießen) | |
| enlarge | vb | swell, greaten, biggen | forgreaten (cf. NHG vergrößern) | |
| enmity | n | foedom, hatred, bitterness, ill will | feaghth/feaght/faught (<OE fæhþ), fiendship (cf. NHG Feindschaft) | |
| ennui | n | boredom, tiredness, listlessness | wanfeeling | |
| enrich | vb | make wealthy, richen ("rich" was semantically influenced by French, but from a native Germanic root) | wealy (<OE weligian "to enrich", derived from welig "rich, wealthy") | |
| enrichment | n | - | wealying (see above) | |
| ensnare | vb | grin (obsolete or dialectal, <OE noun grin akin to grīn "snare") | swarl | |
| ensue | vb | follow, come after | - | |
| ensure | vb | see to it | sicker (Eng., calque of Ger. speeches)
sickerstell, sickerput, sickermake (calque of all Ger. speeches) (see stell) | |
|
enter |
vb | go into, come into, step into, begin, in fare data entry: key in, input |
ingo, intread, betread (calque of Ger. speeches) | |
| entrance | n | ingang | inway | |
| enterprise | n | business, undertaking; readiness, get-up-and-go | undernimming | |
| entheogen | n | holyspring | ||
| enthusiasm | n | white heat; keenness, warmth, thrill | bedrivenness, listfulness, lustfulness, felelust, felelist | |
| entice | vb | draw to, spur, goad, wheedle, sweet talk | forlead (<OE forlǽdan, cf. NHG verleiten) | |
| entire | adj | whole, full; sound, unharmed, without a scratch | - | |
| entirely | adv | fully, thoroughly, outright, wholly, altogether | - | |
| entirety | n | whole, fullness | all-hood, alhood | |
| entitle | vb | let, brook (not to be confused with brook as in used), give right, have right | bid (opposite of forbid), aleave (<OE aliefan), bename (cf. NHG betitelen) | |
| entitled | adj | upstart, highbrow, overbearing, high-handed, full of oneself, above oneself, (slang terms) stuck-up, snooty, hoity-toity, uppity, uppish, big-headed, high and mighty, la-di-da | ||
| entitled | adj (p.p.) | named, called, yclept, ycleped (poetic), deemed | hight (<OE hatan) | |
| entrail | n | innard | - | |
| entrance | n | key, doorway, in faring, ingang | - | |
| entrance | vb | bewitch, spellbind | - | |
| entreat | vb | - | ||
| entreaty | n | - | ||
| entrepreneur | n | business(wo)man, undertaker | - | |
| entry | n | threshold, way in, gateway; headword, infaring, ingang | inway | |
| enumerate | vb | - | outtell (cf. NLG uttellen, NHG auszählen), sum up, upsum (cf. Du. opsommen) | |
| enunciate | vb | say sharply, speak sharply, utter sharply | outspeak (cf. NHG aussprechen), outdeal (cf. Sw. uttala) | |
| envelop | vb | shroud, wrap, hide, swaddle | bewrap, inshroud, inwomb, overfathom (<OE oferfaðman) | |
| envelope | n | - | kite (US prison slang), wrapper, wordholder, mailholder | |
| envious | adj | - | evestful, andy jealous (<OE andig) | |
| environment | n | setting | umworld (cf. NHG umwelt), umsetting, umwerve (<OE 'ymbhwyrft') lifeworld (cf. Du. levenswereld) | |
| envision | vb | foretell, foresee | mindsee | |
| envoy | n | sent one, spokes(wo)man | sent (cf. Du gezand, NHG Gesandter), offsent, sent off (cf. Du afgezand, NHG Abgesandter) | |
| envy | vb | want | evest (<OE æfest), ondy (jealous), benithe, nithe (hatred) | |
| envy | n | - | nithe (Eng., NHG neid, Du. nijd, Swed, nid), onde, havelust, seething for | |
| enzyme | n | - | yeaster, yeastuff | |
| (a)eon | n | thrisandyear (astronomy), (rhetorical) everyear, evertide | ||
| ephemeral | adj | fleeting, short-lived | dwimmerly, dwimmerlike | |
| ephemerality | n | |||
| ephemeris | n | - | tunglebook, starbook | |
| epic | n/adj | adj: lofty, high-flown | heleth(<OE hæleþ) | |
| epicentrum | n | - | heart, middleord | |
| epiglottis | n | - | throatlid (cf. NHG Kehldeckel)
overtongue (cf. Greek) | |
| epilepsy | n | falling sickness | - | |
| epilogue | n | afterword, afterthought | endspeech, endwrit, aftertale, last words, end tale | |
| epiphany | n | - | sweetling (<OE sweotolung), atewing, heavensight, heaventhought to have an (...): to be heavenstruck | |
| Epiphany | n | - | Sweetlingday (<OE sweotolungdæg), Atewmas (after Christmas, Candlemas, etc.) | |
| episode | n | follow (cf. NHG. Folge) | ||
| epistemology | n | - | knowledgelore, knowlore | |
| epistle | n | - | errandwrit (<OE ærendġewrit) pl: errandwriotu (<OE ærendġewriotu) | |
| epithet | n | byname, handle | - | |
| equal | adj | even, alike, same, evenworthy, sameworthy | - | |
| equal | n | match | - | |
| equality | n | fairness; sameness, alikeness, evenness, likeness | - | |
| equanimity | n | steadiness | evenmood | |
| equate | vb | match, even up; offset, liken | - | |
| equation | n | match, likeness | likening (calque), besaming, bematching | |
| equator | n | - | evener (cf. Fr.. evener, Du. evenaar) girdle, midring, burning-line, heat-belt | |
| equatorium | n | - | stargirdler, starlengthreckoner | |
| equidistant | adj | midway, evenfar | - | |
| Equestria | n | - | Horseland | |
| Equestrian | adj/n | horsemanship, horse-riding, on-horseback. | horselandish, horselanding | |
| equine | n/adj | steed, horse, stot | adj: horsely | |
| equinox | n | - | evennight (<OE efenniht) | |
| equip | vb | graith, (be)gear, fit (out), gear up, outfit, rig up, beweapon | ryst/rist (<OE hyrstan, cf. NHG rüsten, Du rusten) | |
| equipment | n | gear, graith | outrysting (cf. NHG Ausrüstung, Du. uitrusting) | |
| equitable | adj | evenhanded | - | |
| equivalent | adj | - | likeworthy (cf. NHG gliechwertig), samewise, evenworth | |
| equivalent | n | fellow, like, match, withstander | withersteck, witherbit, gainbit, gainsteck (cf. NHG Gegenstück), gainshtick (<English [gain- + steck], "One who is against my part", see Gainstander) | |
| era | n | timespan, time, world, eld | - | |
| eradicate | vb | wipe out | forspill, naughten, uplock (<OE úpálúcan), uproot, wipe out | |
| erase | vb | rub out, root out, wipe out | unmark | |
| eraser | n | rubber | - | |
| erect | n/vb | upright, rear, set up, lift up | aheave (<OE ahebban) | |
| erection | n | 1. building 2. hardon, boner | 1. uprighting | |
| ergo | conj/adv | therefore, thus, forthy (att'd <OE for + thy, the instrumental form of the article) | - | |
| ergonomic | adj | body-friendly | - | |
| erinacine | n | hedgehog | - | |
| eritrocyte | n | - | red bloodmote | |
| ermine | n | stoat, short-tailed weasel | northern weasel | |
| erotic | adj | lovely, lewd, kinky, teasing | - | |
| err | vb | wander | dwole (<OE dwolian, cf Du dwalen) | |
| error | n | dwale, wrong, slip, slip-up, mistake, blunder, flop (informal) | dwole (<OE dwola), dwoleship (<OE dwolscip) | |
| erupt | vb | flare up, blow up, break out, burst out | - | |
| eruption | n | outburst, outbreak | - | |
| escalator | n | - | ridestairs; smart-stairs | |
| escape | n | breakout, flight, getaway, slip, dodging, ducking, shunning | leaping out, outleaping, other -ing from below | |
| escape | vb | break out, flee, run off, shun, weasel out of | withfare (<OE wiþfaran), othshake (<OE oþscacan), (<OE losian), othshoot (<OE oþsceotan), othrun (<OE oþrinnan), aturn (<OE ætiernan), atlimp (<OE ætlimpan), outleap (<OE oþléapan), atfare (<OE ætfaran)
by rowing: outrow (<OE oþrowan) by swimming: outswim (<OE oþswimman) | |
| escape pod | n | - | fleepod | |
| esophagus | n | weasand | swallowtharm (cf. Du. slokdarm) | |
| especially | adv | namely, moreso, above all | hure (<OE huru), sundrily (cf. OE syndriglice), besunderly (cf. NHG besonders, Du. in het bijzonder) | |
| espionage | n | - | sleuthcraft | |
| essay | n | - | spellwrit, lorewriting, lorewise writing | |
| essence | n | nub, heart, kernel, pith, being, whatness, broth, selfhood | wist (<OE), selfship | |
| essential | adj | key, foremost | - | |
| essentially | adv/phr | mostly, all but, all-in-all, as good as, as much as, mainly, at heart, in itself, on the whole, utterly, well-nigh, wholly, soundly, | - | |
| establish | vb | build, begin, settle, install, set up, staddle | beground (cf. NHG begründen) | |
| established | adj | longstanding, staddled, well-grounded | begrounded (cf. NHG begründet) | |
| establishment | n | body, steadiness, staddling | steadihood | |
| establishment (the) | n | - | 'the establishment" : 'the topside' | |
| estate | n | grounds, landholding | ethel | |
| esteem | vb | - | aughten (<OE eahtian, cf. Du./NHG achten) | |
| esteem | n | aught | - | |
| estimate | vb/n | guess; reckoning | shatting (<OE sceatt, cf. Du. schatting, NHG Schätzung, Sw. skattning) | |
| estuary | n | mouth, firth, inlay | - | |
| esurient | adj | hungry, greedy | - | |
| et al.(ia) | phr | and others | - | |
| et cetera | phr | and so on, and so forth, and the like, and others, and what-not | - | |
| eternal | adj | ay, everlasting | - | |
| eternity | n | everness | - | |
| ether | n | - | swail (<OE swegl) | |
| ethic | n/adj | straight, upright | n: lief-walk | |
| ethmoid bone | n | - | sievebone | |
| ethnic group | n | folkstock, bloodkin | - | |
| ethnic minority | n | - | outlandish fellowship | |
| ethnology | n | - | folkken (cf. NHG Völkerkunde), folklore | |
| etymology | n | rootlore, wordlore (has a broader meaning than rootlore.) | brickwordlore, wordbuildlore, wordyorelore | |
| eu- | n | - | good-, bet- ("good" <PG *bataz, cf. "better," "best), well- (cf. NHG wohl-) | |
| eukaryote | n | - | wholelifebit, wholekerneling (cf. Ic. "heilkjörnungar") | |
| euphemism | n | - | gilded words, mellowword, welltalk (eu- "good" + pheme "talk") | |
| euphonic | adj | wellclinking, wellclang (cf. NHG wohlklang) | ||
| euphoria | n | good-feeling | well-at-burden | |
| Europe | n | - | Eveland, Quildland (quild "evening" <OE cwild(tid) + land, cf. H Ic. Kvöldland and NHG Abendland "Occident") | |
| euthanasia | n | - | death-choosing, willful death, smoothdeath | |
| evacuate | vb | empty, empty out, drain | - | |
| evade | vb | dodge, sidestep | - | |
| evaluate | vb | - | bedeem, bereckon, beworthen, think over, weigh up, look carefully at, sift through | |
| evaluation | n | reckoning | bedeeming (cf. Dn. bedømme), bereckoning, beworthening, worthreckoning, worthening | |
| evangelism | n | holy errand | - | |
| evaporate | vb | dry up, become wind, become loft | outsteam (cf. Du. uitdampen), forsteam (cf. NHG verdampfen, Du. verdampen), forfly (cf. Du. vervliegen), yeathem (<OE ġeæðmian, to raise vapor) | |
| evangelist | n | sendling | - | |
| event | n | happening, hap, befall; show | - | |
| eventually | adv | in time, in the end, at last | outendly ( cf. Du. uiteindelijk), endly | |
| evidence | n | word, witness, truth of | bewise (cf. NHG. Beweis, Du. bewijs) | |
| evidently | adv | - | eyeshinely (cf. NHG augenscheinlich, Du. ogenschijnlijk), selfstandingly | |
| evince | vb | bespeak, give away | becouthe | |
| evocative | adj | mindful | eftminding | |
| evoke | vb | awake, call up, bring to mind, stir up | eftmind | |
| evolution | n | unfolding | forblowing | |
| evolutionary | adj | unfolding | forblowing | |
| evolve | vb | grow, unfold, bloom | forblow | |
| ex– | pref | fore-, out- | ere- | |
| exact | adj | right, full | narrowkiry (cf. Du. nauwkeurig)
ynauw (<OE ge- + hnēaw, cf. NHG genau) | |
| exactly | adv | rightly, fully | narrowkirily | |
| exaggerate | vb | overplay, overdo | overdrive (cf. NHG übertreiben, Du. overdrijven, Sw. överdriva, and others) | |
| exaggeration | n | - | overblowing, whid, overdriving, overplay, overdoing | |
| exalt | vb | uplift, heighten | aheave (<OE ahebban), hee (<OE héan) | |
| examine | vb | go over, con | underseek, underseech (<OE, NHG untersuchen, Du. onderzoeken, also in regards to beseech) | |
| example | n | byword | bisen (<OE bysen), bispel, byspel (<OE bispell, cf. NHG Beispiel) model: forebilthe, bilthe (<NHG. vorbild), showing, showdeal, showoff | |
| example (for) | n | thus | for byspel, for bilthe, for bisen; for showing | |
| exaptation | n | kludging | - | |
| exasperate | vb | imbitter | tire (<OE tirgan) | |
| excavate | n | delve, unearth, hollow out, dig up | - | |
| excavation | n | delving, unearthing, digging up | - | |
| exceed | vb | outreach, outrun, overrun, overstep; outdo, outshine, overtop | - | |
| excel | vb | outdo, shine, outshine, overtop | in brightness: overlight (<OE oferlīhtan) in stature: overlyve [pronounced overlaɪv] (<OE oferhlīfian) | |
| excellent | adj | outstanding, gilt-edged, swell, topping, wonderful | highcraft (<OE heáhcræft) | |
| except | prep | but, other than | - | |
| exception | n | standout, outstander, outtake | - | |
| exceptional | adj | outstanding | - | |
| excerpt | n | - | outpull (cf. NHG Auszug), offcut, snippet | |
| excessive | adj | overmuch, steep, sharp, rank, overdone, too much | overdeedy (cf. Du. overdadig) | |
| excessively | adv | overly, too much, too | - | |
| exchange | vb | swap, wrixle | bewrixle (<OE bewrixlan) | |
| excise | vb | snithe, cut out | - | |
| excite | vb | upedge, thrill, key up | upwake (cf. Du. opwekken), upwind (cf. Du. opwinden) | |
| exciting | adj | thrilling, gripping, spellbinding | - | |
| exclamation mark | n | outrooptoken (cf. NHG ausrufezeichen), outtoken | ||
| exclude | vb | outshut | yout (<OE geutian) | |
| excommunication | vb | - | amonsuming (<OE ámánsumung) | |
| excoriate | vb | chide, flay | threap | |
| excrement | n | shit | shittle (<OE scytel), queeth (<OE cwead) | |
| excursion | n | outing | - | |
| excuse | vb | forgive, unguilt, let off the hook, let leave, unburden, free | offsake (cf. Ic. afsaka), unshild (cf. NHG entschuldigen, see shild), unwite (<OE wītan), load (<OE lādian), beload (<OE belādian) | |
| excuse | n | grounds, sake, shield, ward, out | offsake, offsaking (cf. Ic. afsaka), guiltshifting, unguilting, unwiting, unshilding (cf. NHG Entschuldigung), outspeech (cf. NHG Ausrede), foretwisting, outtwisting (cf. NHG. Vorwand), outflight, outfleeing (cf. NHG. Ausflucht), load (<OE lād), beloading (<OE belādung) | |
| ex-directory | adj | unlisted | - | |
| execute | vb | kill, quell, slay, put to death | carry out: affen (<OE æfnan), lead out, lead through | |
| executioner | n | halseman | hangman, deathman, headsman, headman | |
| exemplar | n | - | template: forelay (cf. NHG vorlagen), foreblithe (cf. NHG vorbild, Du. voorbeeld) | |
| exempt | vb | let out, let off | outnim (cf. NHG ausnehmen, Du. uitnemen), outtake | |
| exercise | vb/n | work out | vb: ove (<PG ōbijaną cf. Du. oeveren, NHG üben), n: oving | |
| exert | vb | put forth, bestir | - | |
| exhale | vb | breathe out, outbreathe | athem (<OE æðmian) | |
| exhaust | vb | overwork, wear out, forspend, tire, drain | - | |
| exhausted | adj | tired, weary, worn out, drained, overtired, work-wearied, fordone, windless, overcome | - | |
| exhaustive | adj | all-out | - | |
| exhaustive | adj | thorough, thoroughgoing | groundly (cf. Du. grondig, NHG gründlich) | |
| exhibit | vb | show | - | |
| exhibition | n | show, showing | outstelling <OE roots (Like Fris. útstalling, Ger. Ausstellung) | |
| exhume | vb | dig up, unearth | - | |
| exile | vb | send away, outlaw, blackball, blacklist | - | |
| exile | n | outcast, outlaw, castaway | wraxlithe (<OE wræcslíþ) | |
| exist | vb | be, live, stand | bestand (<OE gestandan; cf. NHG 'bestehen', Du 'bestaan'), forelie (cf. NHG vorliegen) | |
| existence | n | thingness, beingness, beinghood | therehood, wist (<OE wist), being, therebeing (cf. NHG Dasein), therestanding, worldliness | |
| existent | adj | living, standing | bestanding (cf. NHG Bestand), wistsome, forelying (cf. NHG vorliegend) | |
| exit | n | way out, outway, outgang, outlet | ||
| exit | vb | leave, move out of, go out, forsake, outlet | abandon: forlet (cf. Du. verlaten, NHG verlassen) | |
| exotic | vb | outlandish | elthedish, farlandish | |
| expand | vb | broaden, greaten, spread (out), unfold, widen, stretch | theen, then (<OE þennan, þenian, cf. NHG dehnen, Du. dennen, ON þenja, L tendere), outbraid, braid out (cf. Du. uitbreiden) | |
| expanse | n | spread, reach, broadening | outstretching (cf. Du uitgestreking, NHG. ausgestreckung) | |
| expect | vb | hope for, watch for, foresee, await, wait for | ween, awatch, forwatch (cf. Fr ferwachtsje, Du verwatch) | |
| expectation | n | awaitedness | waiting-for (William Tyndale), weening | |
| expectorate | vb | spit | - | |
| expedient | n | makeshift, stopgap | - | |
| expedite | vb | hurry, quicken | - | |
| expedition | n | outing | outfooting | |
| expeditious | adj | fast, quick, swift, speedy | - | |
| expel | vb | drive out, throw out, cast out | fordrive (<OE fordrifann) | |
| expenditure(s) | n | outgoing(s), dole out(s) | - | |
| expenses | n | overheads, dole outs | - | |
| expensive | adj | dear, dearbought, unthrifty | - | |
| experience | vb | undergo, go through, uplive, feel (or "get a feel for") | afand, afare (cf. NHG erfahren) | |
| experience | n | feel
bad: ordeal |
afanding, afaring (cf. NHG Erfahrung) | |
| experienced | adj | wise, learned, well-read | afanded, hired, afared | |
| experiment | vb | fand, bid, seek | forseek (cf. NHG versuch) | |
| experiment | n | fanding, bidding, seeking | fanding (cf. OE afundennes), forseeking | |
| experimental | adj | fanding, bidding, seeking | fandly, bidly, seekly, forseeking, forseekly | |
| expert | n | dab | fieldknower (calque) | |
| expertise | n | know-how, skill | - | |
| expiate | vb | atone | - | |
| expiration date | n | sell-by | - | |
| explain | vb | spell out, unriddle, unfold, arread | swuttle (<OE sweotolian), outlay (cf. Du uitleggen) | |
| explanation | n | atelling, arreadiness | sweetling (<OE sweotolung) | |
| explicit | n | outfold | - | |
| explode | vb | burst, toburst, blow up | ||
| exploit | vb | overwork | outnote (cf. NHG ausnutzen)
outbooty (calque of many germanic lang.) | |
| exploitation | n | - | bedraining
outnoting outbootying (calque of many germanic lang.) | |
| explore | vb | delve, look into | rose/roase (<OE rasian), outfare | |
| explorer | n | pathfinder, foregoer, forerunner, groundbreaker | - | |
| explosive | n | - | fireshot, tinderstuff, blasttinder, springstuff, firespringer, burster | |
| exponent(iate) | n/vb | - | mightsfold | |
| export | vb | outsend | - | |
| expose | vb | nail, show up bare: lay out |
- | |
| exposé | n | - | shendful outlaying | |
| exposition | n | - | outstelling (cf. NHG ausstellung) | |
| expound | vb | flesh out | - | |
| express | vb | utter, say, word, outspeak | one's feelings: thrutch out/outthrutch (cf. NHG ausdrücken), put out, lay out | |
| expression | n | - | uttering; swettling; sainess, sayness (<OE gesegnes, cf Du. gezegde) | |
| expressive | adj | well spoken, thoughtful, outspoken | ||
| expulsion | n | outcast, driving out, throwing out, banning | - | |
| extant | adj | lasting, still-living, still being, still going, keeping on | - | |
| extend | vb | lengthen, outstretch | outbraid/braid out (cf. Du. uitbreiden), awiden (cf. NHG erweitern) | |
| extend for | vb | span | - | |
| extension | n | furthering | - | |
| extensive | adj | broad, deep, far-reaching, fulsome, far-flung, sweeping, wide, widespread | - | |
| extensively | adv | fulsomely, wholesale | - | |
| extent | n | length, breadth, reach | outmete (cf. NHG Ausmaß) | |
| exterior | n/adj | adj: outer; n: shell, outside | - | |
| exterminate | vb | wipe out, kill all | - | |
| external | adj | outward, outer | - | |
| extinct | adj | dead, gone, lost, died out | outdead, outstarved, starved out (cf. NHG aussterben; Du. uitgestorven) | |
| extinction | n | death, doom, knell, wiping out, dying out | outdying/outstarving | |
| extinguish | vb | douse, dout, put out, quench | aquench (<OE ácwencan), adretch (cf. OE ádrysnan) | |
| extra | adj | spare, more, more other(s), more else, othermore | - | |
| extra time | n | overtime | - | |
| extract | vb | take out, draw out, pull out, pluck, unearth, harvest, worm out | - | |
| extraordinary | adj | amazing, outstanding, dazzling, astounding, awesome |
- | |
| extrapolate | v | draw out | - | |
| extraterrestrial | adj | - | farlander | |
| extravagance | n | wanthrift | - | |
| extreme | adj | utmost | outermost (IE cognate) | |
| extrinsic | adj | outborn, outly | - | |
| extrovert | adj | backslapper, glad-hander | outgoer (cf. Eng. outgoing) | |
| extroverted | adj | outgoing | - | |
| exuberant | adj | outgoing, sparkling | - | |
| exultation | n | glee | highting (<OE hyhting) | |
| exuviate | vb | shed, cast off, slough | - | |