Staff P of the English Wordbook.
Tongueshortenings:
- NE = New English
- ENE = Early New English
- ME = Middle English
- OE = Old English
- SC = Scots
- WF = West Frish
- NF = North Frish
- SF = Saterlandish Frish
- WO = Wangeroogish
- WLG = West Low Thetch
- EFLS = East Frish Low Saxish
- ELG = East Low Thetch
- NL = Netherlandish
- AF = Afrikaans
- NHG = New High Thetch
- IL = Icelandish
- HIL = High Icelandish
- FO = Faroish
- NO = Nornish
- SW = Swedish
- DN = Danish
- MLG = Middle Low Thetch
- MNL = Middle Netherlandish
- MHG = Middle High Thetch
- OF = Old Frish
- OS = Old Saxish
- OHG = Old High Thetch
- ON = Old Norse
- GO = Gottish
- PWG = Or-West-Theedish
- PG = Or-Theedish
Other shortenings:
- [ᛣ] = Loanwend
- [ᚹ] = Widened meaning given to a word for the sake of Anglish
- [ᛏ] = Transitive
- [ᚾ] = Intransitive
- [ᚩ] = Old and dead meaning of a living word
For a full list of etymological and other abbreviations used in these wordlists, see: Offshortenings.
Staffs under English Wordbook/P:
Pa Pb Pc Pd
Pe Pf Pg Ph
Pi Pj Pk Pl Pm Pn Po Pp Pq Pr Ps Pt Pu Pv
Pw Px Py Pz
*Note: If you click on one of the links above, and nothing happens, then that means no words have been put forth for that bookstaff as of yet.
| Chancery English | Class | Anglish/English | |
| Attested | Unattested | ||
Pa[] | |||
| pabulum | n | fodder, food of thought | - |
| pace | vb/n | speed; step, walk, stride, tread | skeeth (<IC skeið) |
| pacifier | n | soother | - |
| pacifist | n | dove | frithweaver, unfighter |
| pacify | vb | allay | asweeve (‹ ME aswēven ⁊ OE aswebban) |
| package | n | wrapping | - |
| paddle | n | oar | - |
| pagan | n | heathen | - |
| paganism | n | heathendom | - |
| page | n | sheet, leaf, side; knave, boy, helper, thane |
trammet (‹OE tramet), leafside |
| pain | n | smart(ing), soreness, warch/wark (obsolete; k-form may be due to influence from Norse); woe, sorrow | - |
| painful | adj | acheful, nasty, sore, harsh, harrowing, smarting | - |
| paint | n | dye | - |
| paint | vb | dye, stroke | mete/meet (‹ME mẹ̄ten), fay (‹OE fǽgan) |
| painting | n | - | meting (‹OE mēting), dyework, mealwork (calque: IC málverk) |
| pair | n | twain, twin, set | - |
| pajamas/pyjamas | n | nightclothes, sleepwear, sleepclothes, nightwear | - |
| palace | n | - | (lit. fortress) fastness (cf. NHG Festung); kinhove (‹OE cynehof), raked (‹OE ræced), highhall (‹OE hēahheall), kingshouse, kingshome, king's dwelling |
| palate | n | roof of the mouth, gums’ roof | mouthroof (‹OE mūþhrōf) |
| palatine bone | n | - | roofbone, gumsbone, goombone |
| pale | adj | bleak, bleach, dull, light, washed-out; ashen, wan | bloak (‹ME blōk), bloat (‹OE blāt) |
| pale | n | wall, weir | - |
| paleo- | pfx | - | or- (‹OE or-), ur- (‹NHG), ere- |
| paleography | n | - | orwritelore, erewritlore, old writing |
| paleolithic | adj | - | orstonely, orstonish |
| paleontology | n | - | orwightlore, erewritlore |
| paleozoic | n | - | Orlifen, eld of fish and lurrows, life's start |
| Palestine | n(p) | - | Filasten (‹Arabish فِلَسْطِين (filasṭīn)) |
| palindrome | n | - | crabword, drowword |
| palisade | n | - | stakehedge, stakewall, stakework, bredwall (<OE bredweall), stavewall, stickwall |
| palliate | vb | whitewash, soothe | - |
| pallid | adj | ashen, wan, ghastly, doughy, mealy, grey, bleak, white; sickly, ill | - |
| palmtree (‹OE) | n | - | folmtree, handtree |
| palmary | adj | - | heriworthy |
| palpitate | vb | throb | - |
| pamphlet | n | flyer, folder, leafling | leafel |
| panacea | n | healall (<NE heal-all) | allheal (calque) |
| pancreas | n | - | sweet kernel |
| pancreas (when used as a food) | n | gut bread | - |
| panda bear | n | - | (greater) catbear, eastern bear, eyeshadowbear |
| pandemonium | n | - | hexkettle (cf. NL heksenketel), alfiendness (calque) |
| panderer | n | bedbroker | - |
| pandemic | n | Blight | - |
| panel | n | shield, screen, board | - |
| Pangaea | n(p) | - | Alland (all + land; calque) |
| pangolin | n | - | shaledeer (calque: NL schubdier), shaly anteater (calque: NE scaly anteater) |
| panic | n | fright, elfshot | wode, wodening |
| panorama | n | - | allsight, umsight (see um-) |
| Panthalassa | n(p) | - | Allsea (all + sea; calque), Worldsea |
| pants | n | breeches, britches, shorts, leggings, hosen, strides, slacks, legwear | - |
| papaya | n | - | blasterapple (calque of Cuban Spanish fruta bomba) |
| paper | n | leaf, sheet, looseleaf | bookfell (OE paper (from Leeden) means "papyrus") |
| papier-mâché | n | - | sheetmash, mashed sheet |
| para- | suffix | over- | yond- |
| parable | n | likeness, byword | - |
| parachute | n | - | fall-shield (cf. NHG Fallschirm, NL valscherm)
fallward (calque of French parachute) |
| Paraclete | n(p) | - | Frooverghost (‹OE frōforgāst) |
| parade | n | uptight (cf. NL optocht), uptug (cf. DN optog) | |
| paradise | n | heaven, the afterlife | fairyard, narxenwong (<OE neorxnawang; c.f. dark < OE deorc); blessed abode |
| paradisiacal | adj | heavenly | heavenlike, narxenwongly |
| paradox | n | - | brainbreaker |
| paragraph | n | - | sidewrit (cf. para- "beside" + graph "to write") |
| parallel | adj | alongside; akin, matching | getherwended, withstraight |
| parallelogram | n | - | sides alongside; akinside |
| paralysis | n | lameness | - |
| paralyzed | adj | lame, lamed | - |
| paramour | n | lover, leman | - |
| paranoia | n | great fear, maddening fear; mistrust | mad mistrust |
| paranoid | n | - | mad misgiver, overmistruster |
| paranormal | adj | witchcraft, otherwordly; nithe, nicor | nitheness; overmean |
| paraphrase | n/vb | - | n: edwording
vb: edword |
| parasite | n | bloodsucker, free rider | sidefeeder (calque of Gk. parasitos, para (beside) + sitos (food) |
| parasitism | n | bloodsucking, freeriding | sidefeeding |
| parasol | n | sunshade | - |
| parchment | n | bookfell | - |
| parent | n | elder, father or mother, childrearer | kennen, kennend (‹OE cennend), may (‹OE mǣġ; narrowed meaning) |
| parenting | n | elderhood, childrearing, raising children/a child | - |
| parenthesis | n | afterthought (OED) | breeches, inputmark, sidemark, hookie (calque of NL haakje) |
| par excellence | n | better than others, best of its kind | by outstandingness (calque) |
| pariah | n | outcast, castoff, black sheep | - |
| parietal bone | n | - | skullwall |
| parish | n | - | priestshire (‹OE prēostscīr), bedeshire |
| park | n | - | ersh (<OE ersc), parrock, eddish (cf. OE edisc), deertown (<OE déortún) |
| parliament | n | - | wittenmoot (‹OE witena gemōt), folkthing (calque: DN Folketinget), stourthing (calque: NO Storting), lawthing (calque: SW Lagting), allthing (calque: IC Althing), ledeward, lawmoot, landmoot, rikesday (cf. NHG Reichstag, SW Riksdagen), rikesrede (calque: NHG Reichsrat) |
| parrot | n | - | bleefowl |
| parsimonious | adj | mean, stinting, tightfisted | flint-skinning |
| parsley | n | - | petersilly (‹OE petersilige), crispleaf |
| part | n | deal, share, bit | dealth |
| part | vb | break, rend, shed, split, sunder | - |
| partake | vb | have, take with | dealnim (‹OE dǣlniman), bytake |
| partial | n | some | bent (on), slanted (toward) |
| participate | vb | join in, do with, leap in | dealnim (‹OE dǣlniman; akin to NL deelnemen) |
| participation | n | - |
dealnimhood, dealnimness in the Eucharist: meansomeness (<OE ġemǽnsumnes) |
| participant | n | - | dealnimmer |
| participle | n | - | dealnimmend (‹OE dǣlnimend) |
| particle | n | mote, bit, crumb, mite, nip, shed; fleck, flyspeck, snip | grammar: worldling |
| particularly | adv | namely, above all, all the more, at length, ever so, in the main, more than ever | hour (‹ME hūre), sunderly |
| partition | n | wall, wough | - |
| partner | vb/n | mate (‹MLG) | in battle: wyesithe |
| parturition | n | childbirth, birthing | - |
| party | n | gathering, fungathering, merrymaking, bash | - |
| parvenu | n | upstart | - |
| pascal | adj | - | tholing |
| pass | vb | overtake, overstep, hand over, give | undergo (calque of NHG untergehen) |
| passage | n | path, way, pathway, footway, footpath | extract: plucking, throughgang (calque of NHG Durchgang) |
| passage of time | n | flow of time | timeflow |
| passenger | n | faregoer | faregest (calque: NHG Fahrgast), byfarer |
| passion | n | love | love-fire, feel-fire, lithenship (calque of NHG Leidenschaft) |
| Passion (Christianity) | n(p) | - | Throeing (‹OE þrowing) |
| passive | adj | idle | throenly (‹OE þrowiendlīc) |
| Passover | n(p) | - | Easter |
| passport | n | - | wayleave, fareford, trekford |
| past | n | - | forthwist (<OE forðgewitan), forganghood (calque of NHG Vergangenheit), forgonehood/forgoneness, foretide (calque of IC fortíð) |
| past | adj | bygone, forgone, former, last, erstwhile | foreby (calque of NHG vorbei) |
| pasta | n | noodle, starch | starchfood |
| paste | n | clay | lim |
| pastiche | n | - | filling, aping |
| pasture | n | grassland, lea, meadow, field | leasow |
| patella | n | kneecap | - |
| paternal | adj | fatherly | - |
| Paternoster | n(p) | Our Father | Lord's Bead |
| patisserie | n | - | suckerbakern (cf. NHG Zuckerbäckerei, SW sockerbageri) |
| pathetic | adj | rueful, ruthful, sad | - |
| pathos | n | sadness | - |
| patience | n | forbearing(ness) | thild (‹OE geþyld), moodthwearness (‹OE módþwǽrnes) |
| patient | n | - | sickling (calque of IC sjúklingur) |
| patient | adj | forbearing | thildy (<OE geþyldig, cf. NL geduldig); bide-willing |
| patria | n | homeland, fatherland, motherland | - |
| patriarch | n | elder, eldfather | highfather (<OE hēahfæder) |
| patriarchy | n | - | fatherwield |
| patrician | n | - | highalder (<OE hēahealdor) |
| patricide | n | - | fatherslaughter, fathermurder |
| patrimony | n | fathersland | - |
| patriotic | n | home-loving | landtrothen, fatherlandish (calque) |
| patriotism | n | home-love, flag-waving (pejorative) | landtrothenness, fatherlandloving, motherlandtrothness |
| patron | n | backer, bestower | - |
| patronage | n | business, trade | - |
| patronym | n | - | fathername (calque) |
| pattern | n | cut, doing, doings, folkway, goings-on, layout, outline, setting, shape, set-up, warp & woof, way, ways, weave, web, yardstick | model: forelay (calque: NHG Vorlage) |
| pause | n | break, let-up | - |
| paucity | n | lack, fewness | - |
| pavement | n | sidewalk, footpath, walkway | - |
| pay | vb | yield, deal (out), set back | betale (cf. WF betelje, NF (Sylt) bitaali, ELG betahlen, NL betalen, NHG bezahlen) |
| payment | n | outlay | betaling (cf. NL betaling, NHG Bezahlung), scot |
Pd[] | |||
| PDA (Personal Digital Assistant) | n | handheld, handtop | handheld reckoner, handtop reckoner |
Pe[] | |||
| pea (‹OE) | n | - | art (‹PWG *arwīt; cf. WF eart, WLG Arvt, NL erwt) |
| peace | n | frith, bliss, rest, restfulness | sib (‹OE sibbe), grith (‹OE griþ) |
| peace | vb | afrith | - |
| peaceful | adj | dovish, restful | frithsome (‹OE friþsum and akin to NHG friedsam, NL vreedzaam), grithful (grith + ful) |
| peach | n | - | persock (‹ ME persogʒe ⁊ OE persoc), perseapple (Ferngreekish calque) |
| peal | vb | ring, toll | - |
| peanut (see pea) | n | earthnut, groundnut | - |
| pearl | n | - | mergroat (‹OE meregrot 'sea particle'), sandhurst, seahurst |
| peasant | n | bower, churl, boor, yeoman, husbandman, landman | swoon (‹ME swōn) |
| peculation | n | - | thefting |
| peculiar | adj | freak, unwonted, own | markly (calque: NO merkelig) |
| pedagogue | n | teacher | - |
| pedal | n | treadle, footkey, foot board, foot trigger | - |
| pedal | adj | foot(ed) | - |
| pedantic | n/adj |
inkhorn(y), know-it-all, nitpicking, teachy, boorish n: dryasdust |
- |
| pedestal | n | - | footstone (<OE fótstán) |
| pedestrian | n | walker | footman, footfarer, footgoer, footganger |
| pedophile | n | childluster | - |
| pedometer | n | - | walking-wheel |
| pedophilia | n | - | childlust |
| peel | n | husk, rind, shell, skin, strip | - |
| peel | vb | rend, skin, shell, tear, pull off, slough off, strip | - |
| peep | vb/n | cast, eye; slang: gander | - |
| peer | n | - | evening (‹ME ēvening), make (‹ME māke); eveneld (‹OE efenealda) |
| pegasus | n | - | winged horse |
| pejorative | adj | slighting, belittling, down-putting | - |
| pelican | n | - | divedopper (‹OE dūfedoppa), wanfoot, stone-yeller |
| pellucid | adj | unclouded | - |
| pelt | n | fell, hide | - |
| pen | n | marker | feather (‹ME fether), writsax (‹OE writseax), writingfeather (‹OE wrītingfeþer), reed, quill (uncertain origin), writing tool, writing needle, writing shaft; writiron (‹OE writīren) |
| penance | n | bote | sinboot (‹OE synbōt), deedboot (‹OE dǣdbōt) |
| penchant | n | leaning, fondness | - |
| pencil | n | - | leadstick, graystick, writingstick, stick |
| penetrate | vb | breach, stab, thrill, bore | - |
| peninsula | n | byland, foreland, headland, ness, spit, arm, neck of land | - |
| pentagon | n | - | fiveside, fivenook, fivedge |
| Pentecost | n(p) | Whitsunday | - |
| penultimate | adj | last-but-one, next-to-last, forelast | erelast |
| penguin | n | - | fatgoose (calque: NL vetgans), whiteauk, white auk (‹Welsh pen + gwyn meaning "headwhite" and ‹ON alka), small auk |
| penis | n | tarse, pintle, pizzle, yard, shaft (slang), manhood (slang) | weapon (‹OE wǣpen), brine hose (slang) |
| penitence | n | ruefulness, ruth | rueness (‹OE hrēowness), gild |
| penurious | adj | stingy | - |
| people | n | folk; throng (group of people); thede | lede (<OE lēod, cf. NHG Leute, cf. NL lieden) |
| pepperoni | n | - | pepperwurst |
| perceive | vb | wit; see, grasp, behold, smell, smack, fang, witness, make out, understand | yeme, onget, bemark (cf. NHG/NL bemerken), upmark (calque of NL opmerken) |
| percent | n | - | hundredth(s) |
| percentage | n | - | hundmeal |
| perception | n | insight, grip, hold | yeming, onget, undergetting, understanding, truetake, soothtake |
| percolate | vb | leach | - |
| perdition | n | - | forwird (‹ME forwīrd), forlornness |
| peregrine falcon | n | duck hawk |
duckhawk, wanderfalk (cf. DN vandrefalk, NHG Wanderfalke) |
| perennial | adj | - | thruyearly |
| perfect | adj | flawless; all-out, blank, blooming, clean, sheer, flat-out; well done, all done, done throug, yare |
fulfremmed (<OE fulfremed), fulmade (cf. NL volmaakt), yare (<OE ġearu) |
| perfect | vb | hone, fulcome | fulmake (cf. NL volmaken) |
| perfidious | adj | forsworn; untrue, untrustworthy, trothless | - |
| perforate | vb | awl, riddle, thrill, stick, thirl/thurl (< OE thyrel, now obsolete or dialectal), drill | - |
| perform | vb | do forth, do, behave, work, play, show |
even (‹OE efnan), uptread (theatrical; cf. NL optreden), athee (<OE ġeþēon), ove (‹PWG *ōbijan, cf. ELG öven, NL oefenen, NHG üben) |
| performance | n | - | oove (‹PG *ōbō; cf. OHG uoba) |
| perfume | n | - |
duft, cride, athelstench (<OE æðelstenċ), wortbreath (<OE wyrtbrǣþ), ilmwater (calque: IC ilmvatn) |
| perfunctory | adj | halfhearted, careless | - |
| peril | n | - | freeken (‹OE frēcen) |
| period (time) | n | while, timespan, time frame, spell, stint | - |
| period (punctuation) | n | fullstop | haltmark, stopmark, endmark |
| perish | vb | waste, waste away, be wrecked, dwindle, forfare, forworth, swelt (dialectal) | dwale |
| perjure | vb/n | forswear, lie under oath, forsworness, oathbreach, oathbreaking |
- |
| perhaps | adv | maybe, mayhap, likely | weenings (‹OE wēnunga) |
| perimeter | n | brim, hem, rim, skirt, edge | mereline |
| perineum | n | bonch | middlecrotch, middlecrook, crabwalk (slang) |
| period (time) | n | while, timespan, time frame, spell, stint | - |
| perish | adj | - | dreeze (<OE dreosan and <ME drēsen) |
| permanence | n | everlasting, abidingness, timeless, lasting, everliving, alwaysness | - |
| permanent | adj | everlasting, timeless, abiding, lasting | each (‹ME ēche), highfast (‹OE hēahfæst), foreversome |
| permafrost | n | - | everfrost |
| permission | n | leave, warrant, letting, green light, furlough | letship, thave (<OE þafian)
financial: tholing tithe, lethood, letship |
| permit | vb/n | green-light, leave, let, go-ahead | thave (<OE þafian), thole, tithe (<OE tīðian) |
| pernicious | adj | baleful, baneful | - |
| pernio | n | chilblain | - |
| perpendicular | adj | athwart, straight out from, upright | - |
| perpetually | adj | ever, everlastingly, for ay, endlessly, unendingly, world without end | - |
| perpetuity, in | adv | forevermore | - |
| perplex | vb | bewilder, muddle, befuddle, befog | bewonder |
| persecute | vb | ail, hound | eight (‹OE ēhtan) |
| persecution | n | witch hunt, hounding | ought (‹OE ōht)
towards a particular belief: liefhunt |
| perseverance | n | stick-with-it-ness | - |
| persevering | adj | - | oneread (<ME ānrēd <OE ānrǣd) |
| persimmon | n | - | dateplum (calque of Persimmon - from IC Döðluplóma) |
| persistence | adj | steadfastness | - |
| persistent | adj | steadfast, dogged, bound | - |
| person | n |
someone, fellow, man, soul, wight, bloke, being, body |
lede/leed(e) (<OE lēod, cf. NHG Leute, cf. NL lieden), mennish (cf. NL mens; NHG Mensch),
grammar: sway (<OE swég), hoad (<OE hād) |
| personal | adj | selfly, monnly, self, own, inner, innermost, inmost, belittling, near, of oneself | mennishly, wightly (calque) |
| personality | n | selfhood, mood, self, who-th, ghost, | - |
| personnel | n | staff, men, ware | - |
| perspective | n | outlook, ken, wits, witness, edge of sight (point of view) | view, opinion: onsight (calque of NHG Ansicht), outsight (Eng., cf. NL uitzicht, NHG Aussicht), wist (native English kin to 'view' and 'vista'), wholesight |
| perspicacious | adj | insightful, keen, shrewd | mindsuttle |
| perspicacity | n | insightfulness, keenness, shrewdness | - |
| persuade | vb | bring, talk into, win over, sway | beswipe (<OE beswapan) |
| pursue | vb | follow
a new path: tread, beat |
forfollow (cf. NHG verfolgen, NL vervolgen)
a new path: beshrithe (cf. NHG beschreiten, see shrithe) |
| pertinacious | adj | headstrong, strong-willed | - |
| peruse | vb | look through, read through | - |
| pervade | vb | wade (archaic), go through, spread through, fill with | forwade (calque), yond-sprout? (<OE geondsprútan), throughthrust (calque: NHG durchdringen) |
| perverse | adj | overthwart | forchared, bewarped, thirtover, lewd, wayward, thrawn, forcouth, untoward |
| pervert | n | - | lewdster (Shakespeare), rakehell |
| pervert | vb | twist, warp, befoul | bewarp, offset, froward |
| pestilence | n | - | quild (<OE cwild) |
| petition | vb/n | send writ, bene, beseech, beg, ask | - |
| pet name | n | nickname | ekename |
| petrify | vb | stiffen, harden, 'turn to stone' | bestone, instone (OE), forstone (calque: SW förstena) |
| petrified | adj | scared, stunned | - |
| petroleum | n | black gold
fuel: leaded, unleaded |
rock-lime (calque), stonesap |
| petticoat | n | - | underkirtle |
| petulant | adj | sour, moody, waspish | - |
| pessimism | n | naysaying, world-weariness | - |
| pessimistic | adj | downbeat, hopeless, world-weary | rainy-brained |
| peurile | n | childish, cradle-witted | - |
Ph[] | |||
| phanerozoic | n | - | Seenlifen, life's eld |
| phantasm | n | dream; shade, shadow, wraith | - |
| phantom | n | ghost | - |
| phalanx | n | - | speerlining |
| pharaoh | n | king (of Egypt) | sun-king, greathouser (calque of Anc. Egy. per aa "great house") |
| Pharisee | n | faker, holier-than-thou, cleanest one, show player | Sunderholies (<OE sundorhalgan) |
| pharmaceutical | n | - | lib (<OE lybb) |
| pharmacist | n | - | libman |
| pharmacy | n | - | libhouse, libshop (calque of drugstore) |
| pharynx | n | - | retch (calque: NHG Rachen), swallow (cf. DN svælg; SW svalg) |
| pheasant | n | - | woorhen (<OE wōrhana), redmouth (<OE rēodmūþa) |
| phenomenal | adj | outstanding, astounding | sarrow |
| phenomenon | n | happening, great show, good show | - |
| pheromone | n | - | seeperspur |
| -philia | sfx | - | -lust |
| Philippines | n | - | Philipsland |
| philistine | adj | uncouth | - |
| philological | adj | - | speechwritlorish |
| philology | n | - | speechwritlore |
| philosopher | n | - | outhwit (<OE ūþwita) |
| philosophy | n | wisdom, world outlook | outhwitting (<OE ūþwitigung), witlore, lorelief, wittinglove (calque) |
| phimosis | n | - | throttling |
| phlebotomy | n | bloodletting | - |
| phloem tube | n | - | wortrowel |
| -phobia | sfx | -fear | - |
| phobia | n | fear, misfear, fright, dread | - |
| phobic | adj | fearful | - |
| phonautograph | n | - | sweywriter, speaklogger |
| phoenix | n | - | firefowl |
| phone | n/vb |
n: blower, dog and bone,farspeaker, handset vb: ring, tinkle |
(linguistics): speechlimb, speechwhit (see whit) |
| phonetic | adj | - | dinly |
| phonological | adj | - | loudlorely |
| phonology | n | - |
reardwork, reardlore, loudlore (calque: NHG Lautlehre), clanglore, clanklore (calque: NL klankleer) |
| phonon | n | - | sweymote (‹ME swei), ringbit |
| phosphorescent | adj | - | lightshedding |
| phosphorus | n | - | blikeshaft, coldfire, fosfor |
| photograph | n | shot; lightshot, frame, sight, showing, still | lightbilth (cf. IC ljósmynd), lightwrit, lightdrawing |
| photography | n | lightshooting | lightbilthwrit, lightwritcraft, lightdrawingcraft |
| photon | n | - | lightmote, lightbit, lightgang (calque) |
| phrasal | adj | (grammar) bound, having many words but being one | wordstringly, quide (obs.) |
| phrase | n | - | wordstring, quide (obs.) |
| phylum | n | stem, stock, kind | - |
| physical | adj | bodily, earthly | rinenly (< ME rīnen + ME -enlīc), rinendly |
| physics | n | - | kindlore (calque of NL natuurkunde), worldken |
| physician | n | leech | - |
Pi[] | |||
| piano(forte) | n | - | strikeharp (calque of IC slagharpa); keyharp |
| pickaxe | n | pike | - |
| picture | n | likeness, drawing, sight, frame, shot, showing, still |
meting (‹OE mēting), lightdrawing |
| picturesque | adj | fair | litey (‹OE wlitig), elfsheen (‹OE ælfsciēne) |
| pie | n | bake | rindcake |
| piece | n |
bit, snead, clump; shtick (as in my piece/gimmick) piece of art/music: work |
|
| piecemeal | adv |
little by little, step by step, bit by bit |
bitwise |
| pier | n | landing, wharf, breakwater | - |
| pierce | vb | bore, hole; gore, rift, rive, spear | - |
| pigeon | n | dove, quist, cushat | towndove, mean dove |
| pile | n | heap, hill, mound, mow (hay), swath (corn) | - |
| pillage | vb | sack | reave |
| pilgrimage | n | bead-faring | - |
| pillar | n | mast, pole, stake | - |
| pilot | n | of an aircraft: flyer
of a ship: lodesman |
skyward; (of a tv episode) fanding bit/broadcast, first bit/broadcast |
| pilot whale | n | pothead whale | grindwhale (calque) |
| pimp | n | bedbroker | - |
| pimple | n | wheal | - |
| piñata | n | - | wonderbag (cf. NHG Wunderhüte), sweetpot |
| piña colada | n | - | mashed firapple (Spanish calque) |
| pinch | vb |
nip, squeeze, steal, scrimp, nab |
- |
| pine | n | fir, firtree, evergreen (more general) | furrowwood (‹OE furhwudu) |
| pineapple | n | - | firapple (cf. IC granaldin) |
| pinecone | n | - | pinenut (‹ME pīnnote), firtap (cf. NHG Kiefernzapfen) |
| pioneer | n |
groundbreaker, |
foretrecker (cf. NL voortrekker) |
| pink | adj | - | light red |
| pioneering | adj | groundbreaking, waymaking |
foremoving, foretrecking (cf. NL voortrekker) |
| pious | adj | godly | eafast (‹OE ǣfæst) |
| pip | n |
seed; bee's knees, day's eye |
kern |
| pipe (‹PWG) | n | leat, reed (in some contexts) | rear (‹PG *rauza-; cf. SW rör, NHG Rohr; cf. "red" = NHG rot ‹PG *raudaz) |
| pirate | n | - | |
| pirate captain | n | - |
highseareaver, highseathief (‹OE héahsǽþéof) |
| pisiform bone | n | - | peabone, peashapebone |
| pistol | n | handgun, gat (informal) | staff (cf. ME staf) |
| piston | n | - | sucker (cf. NL zuiger), stampend |
|
pity |
n |
shame, kindheartedness, ruth |
earming (<OE earmung) |
| pivotal | adj | key | - |
| pixel | n | dot | bilthdot (cf. NHG Bildpunkt) |
| pizza | n | - | firekitch, flatcake |
Pl[] | |||
| place | vb | lay, put, stell, stow, put down | - |
| place | n | spot, berth | stead, stow, lough (<OE lóh), ord |
| placenta | n | afterbirth | afterbird, mothercake ([ᛣ]: NHG Mutterkuchen, SW moderkaka) |
| plagiarism | n | - | thought-theft, brain-steal |
| plagiarist | n | - | thought-thief, brain-stealer |
| plague | n | outbreak | death, folkbane, blightdom, quild-tide, manqualm, man-qualm, qualm (<OE cwealm) |
| plan | vb | forethink, plot, draft, hatch | howe (<OE hogian) |
| plan | n | layout, outline, draft, framework | howe |
| plank | n | board, sill | - |
| plankton | n | - | drifter moss |
| planning | n | frame, layout, shape, look, mean | howing |
| planet | n | world, heavenly body, wanderstar | tungle (‹OE tungol), wanderer (calque from Greekish) |
| plant | n | wort | - |
| plant | vb | sow, scatter, besow | wortwale (‹OE wyrtwalian) |
| plantation | n | farmstead | wortfield, seed farm, sowing field |
| plasma | n | - | state of matter: stirloft (calque: IC rafgas)
blood: bloodslime |
| plaster | n/vb |
stickum; besmear |
limecoat; cleam (<OE clǣman and <ME clēmen) |
| plastic | n | - | newclay, hardclay |
| platform | n | - | flatsty |
| plateau | n | dish; headland | flatbarrow |
| plate | n | dish, bowl, board, layer | - |
| plate of metal | n | - | clout (‹OE clút), fat/fet (‹OE fæt) |
| platform | n | deck, staddle; soapbox, flatscape | flatstand, flatstead; flatpad |
| platinum | n | white gold | silvershaft |
| platitude | n | hackneyed saying | flatness (calque) |
| Platonism | n(p) | - | Platelief |
| platypus | n | watermole, duckbill, duckmole | billwight (cf. NHG Schnabeltier), flatfoot (calque of Greek platypus), birdnose (calque of Greek ornithorhynchus) |
| pleasant | adj |
blessed, darling, dreamy, good, grateful, heavenly, sweet, welcome |
lief, liefsome (Eng, calque of Ger. speech), faining, listing, quemsome (<OE gecwemsum) |
| please | interj | kindly, if you will; gladly | bithee ([ᛣ]: NE prithee), bid ([ᛣ]: NHG bitte), fain, liever (from NE lief) |
| please | vb | gladden, list | queme |
| pleased | adj | blissful, thankful | eady, quemed |
| pleasing | adj | grateful, welcome | quemely (<OE cwémlic) |
| pleasure | n | lust, gladness |
quemeness (satisfaction), itheness (<OE īeðnes) |
| plebiscite | n | - | folkfrain, folkcast, folksay, folkspoll, folksstevening (calque: NL volksstemming), folksanswer (calque of NHG Volksentscheid) |
| plectrum | n | pick | harpnail (‹OE hearpenægel) |
| pledge | n | plight | - |
| pledge | vb | plight, swear, sicker | - |
| plentiful | adj | rife, teeming, manyful | - |
| plenty | adv | enough/enow, many | weal, fele (<OE fela and akin to SC fele, NL veel and NHG viel) |
| plethora | n | overflow | overmuchness |
| -plex | suf | -fold | - |
| pliable | adj | - | lithy (‹OE līþiġ) |
| pliant | adj | - | lithy |
| plumage | n | feathers, featherware, hackles | - |
| plumber | n | - | leatfitter, bogfitter, johnman (slang), leadworker |
| plumbing | n | - | leadwork |
| plumbline | n | - | wall-thread (<OE weallþrǽd) |
| plunder | vb | - | stroud (‹OE strūdan) |
| plunge | vb | dip, dunk, dive | - |
| plural | adj | morefold |
manifold(ly) (‹OE manigfealdlic), manisome |
| plus | pre | and | - |
| plush | n | stuffed toy | - |
| plutocracy | n | - | gelddom, goldwield |
| pluvial | adj | rainly | indicator: watergall |
Pm[] | |||
| P.M. (post meridiem) | adv | - | A.M. (after midday), A.M. (aftermidday) (cf. SW eftermiddag) |
Pn[] | |||
| pneumatic | adj | of a woman: shapely | thringlofty |
| pneumonoultramicrosco-picsilicovolcanoconosis | n | - | inbreathedgroundashandsanddustsickness (inbreathed-ground-ash-and-sand-dust-sickness), (poetic) dusty-lung dree |
Po[] | |||
| n | bag (‹ON) | pough (‹ME poughe, OE pohha) | |
| poem | n | lay, yed (in OED, <OE giedd) | leeth (‹ME lēth), queeth (<PG *kwēþiją) |
| poet | n | scop (learned borrowing), writer, dighter |
shop (‹OE scop), leethwright (‹OE lēoþwyrhta) |
| poetic | adj | - | leethly (‹OE lēoþlīċ) |
| poetry | n | dighting | leethcraft (‹OE leoðcræft), wordcraft |
| point | n | tip, tine, nib, score, stake, log | ord (<Eng. but seldom) |
| point | v | token at
point out sth: betoken, forewarn, make smb aware of |
- |
| pointless | adj | - | sakeless |
| poison | n | bane, gall, atter (obsolete or dialectal) | - |
| poison | vb | sting, atter | - |
| poisonous | adj | attery | attern (‹ME attern) |
| polar (land/physics) | adj | - | axled |
| polar bear | n | - |
icebear (see WF iisbear, NL ijsbeer, NHG Eisbär, DN isbjørn, IC ísbjörn, NO isbjørn, SW isbjörn), white bear (IC hvítabjörn, Far. hvítabjørn) |
| polar zone | n | land of the midnight Sun | everfrost belt |
| pole (land/physics) | n | axle | - |
| pole (‹PWG) | n | - | shot (<OE sceāt "corner, angle, nook," cognate of IL skaut); worldshot (<IC heimskaut) |
| polecat | n | - | thummart |
| polemic | n/adj | rant | - |
| police | n | law, lawmen, watchmen, coppers, warders | lawthane, warden |
| policy | n | - | thew (<OE þeaw), steven (calque of IC stefna) |
| polite | adj | becoming, befitting | - |
| political | adj |
- |
shirecrafty, shirecunning, rikescrafty, rikescunn, flock (Icelandic: flokkur), mootish party: mootband |
| politician | n | lawmaker | shireling |
| politics | n | - | wieldcraft, shirecraft, shirecunning, mootsmanship, rikescraft, rikescunning |
| pollen | n | - | bloomdust, father dust |
| pollutant | n | - | filemote |
| pollute | vb | foul, befoul, make dirty | smear, besnit, besmut, sootdew |
| pollution | n | - | soot-dew, sootdew |
| poltergeist | n | - | dinghost |
| polycephaly | n | - | manyheadedness |
| polygamist | n | - | maniwed |
| polyglot | n | - | tonguesmith |
| polygon | n | - | manihern |
| polyhedron | n | - | manineb |
| polymorph | n | - | manishape |
| polymorphism | n | - | manishapedom |
| polytheism | n | - | manigodlief, sundergodtroth, sundrygodtroth, manygodtroth, sundertroth, sundrytroth, manytroth, sunderoath, sundryoath, manyoath |
| pomegranate | n | - | cornapple (calque), seedapple (calque), seedovet (calque) |
| pompous | adj | showy, overbearing, high-flown, boastful | - |
| ponder | vb | wonder, eye, think, weigh, wrestle with | hiler, smigh |
| pontoon | n | card game: twenty one | sundstall, float-bridge |
| pony | n | - | horseling |
| pool (money) | n | pot | - |
| poor | adj | in need, on the breadline, wretched, needy, wantsome |
arm; ill-stared; needmore (slang) |
| pop (music) | n | folk | folksglee |
| pope (<OE) | n | Holy Father |
Romish headrunner (runner = bishop, cf. NHG Läufer, SW löpare), Highfather (<OE héahfæder) |
| popular | adj | beloved, folksy, folkly, folkish | - |
| popularity | n | belovedness | allthede-love (<IC alþýðu-lof) |
| populate | vb | - | befolk (cf. NHG bevölkern, NL bevolken) |
| population | n | folks |
population: befolking (cf. NHG Bevölkerung, NL bevolking), dwellerscore, ledescore inhabitants: inwoners (cf. NHG Einwohnern, NL inwoners), indwellers, erdeners, allfolks (allhallows) |
| population density | n | crowding; thickness of settling | huddlemete |
| populism | n | folks | folksdom, folkship, folksric, folkswield, folksreevedom, folkshire |
| populist | adj | folksy | - |
| populous | adj | crowded, teeming | folkful, folkrich (calque of NHG) |
| populus assembly | n | - |
folkforsaming (calque of many germanic languages), folksgathering, folksmoot |
| porcelain | n | shiny earthenware | - |
| porch | adj | - | forehouse |
| porcine | n | pig, boar, hog, swine, sow, yelt | - |
| porcupine | n | - | quillpig |
| pore | n | hole, hidehole, skinhole | thirl, sweathole |
| pork | n | pig, swine, swineflesh, pigflesh | farrow (<OE fearh) |
| porn | n | smut | - |
| pornography | n | - | smutcraft |
| porous | adj | holey, seepsome | siftful, thirl (‹OE þyrel) |
| porpoise | n | mereswine | - |
| porridge | n | mush, oatmeal | gread (<ON grautr) |
| port | n | harbour, haven | ford, hythe |
| portable | adj | handheld | ferryworth |
| portmanteau | n | - | word: mingleword (cf. NL mengwoord) |
| portal | n | doorway, door, gate, gateway |
rother (<OE rodor) |
| portend | vb |
bode, by-sen, forerun, ill-bode, foreshadow, forewarn |
- |
| portent | n | - | foretoken, boding |
| portentous | adj |
doomy, foreboding, ill-boding, threatening, awesome, stunning, wonderful |
- |
| portion | n | deal, lot, share, dole | - |
| portrait | n | likeness (of) | bilth, mealing |
| position | n | berth | steadholding |
| positive (aspect) | n | upside | - |
| positive | adj | - | mathematics: overnaught |
| possess | vb |
own, owe; devilsicken, |
- |
| possessed | adj |
devilsick, fiendsick, owned, ought, |
- |
| possession | n | ownership, belonging, ought | aught (<ME aughte); haft (<OE hæft) |
| possessor | n | owner, holder | ower (<OE āga; archaic and not recommended) |
| possibility | n | likelihood, likeliness |
comendliness (<OE acumendlīcness), mailihood, mightliness, maybehood |
| possible | adj | within reach, can-be | mightly (<OE meahtelīc), comendly (<OE ácumendlic), maily, maybesome, doughtbefall, dowedbefall, hapsome, mightsome |
| possibly | adv | maybe, mayhaps | maily |
| post | n | upload (internet post) | - |
| post- | pref | after- | - |
| poster (a picture) | n | - | woughleaf, leaf, sender (calque) |
| posterior | n | rump, back(side) | - |
| posteriority | n | afterness | - |
| posterity | n | children, offspring, seed, hinderhood |
- |
| postexistence | n |
afterlife, afterbeing, the beyond, the great beyond, the next world, other world, the great unknown |
- |
| posthuman | n | - | afterwere, gearwere, beyond mankind |
| posthumanism | n | - | afterweredom, gearweredom |
| postpone | vb | forestall, put off, call off | eld (‹ME ēlden), forslow, forshove (for- "away" + shove; calque of NHG verschieben) |
| post script (p.s.) | n | afterthought | afterword, afterwrit (a.w.), aftertale |
| postulate | n | - | bead, foreneed, foreweening |
| potassium | n | - | potash (pot-ash), potashshaft |
| potato | n | earthapple, spud (‹?) | nightshade runner (solanum tuberosa), shaderoot, breadroot, groundpear |
| potential | adj | likely, maybe, Foremighty | maily |
| potential | n | strength, fitness, wherewithal, Foremight | - |
| potentiometer | n | volt knob | - |
| potion | n | - | lib, tiverdrink (cf. NL toverdrank) |
| pouch | n | bag (‹ON) | pough (<ME poughe, OE pohha), pung (‹ME pung, cf. SW/DN pung), cheed (‹OE cēod) |
| poultry | n |
fowl, barnyard birds, bird meat |
- |
| pound | n | nowl | nail, nool, neel, nagle (calque: SW nagel) |
| poverty | n | need, want; dearth, drought, | hardupness (slang) wantsomeness, armth |
| powder | n/vb |
dust, beat, crush, grind |
- |
| power | n |
grip, sway, strength, brawn, might, mains, craft |
thirth (<ME thirth/thrith), wield/wald (<OE weald), avel (<ME āvel <OE afol) special: sundercraft (<OE sundorcræft) |
| power | vb | drive, feed | - |
| power line | n | mains line | spark rope |
| powerful | adj | heavy, mighty, strong |
thritheful (<OE þrȳþfull) |
| power supply | n | mains brick | - |
Pr[] | |||
| practical | adj | working; earthy, down-to-earth | - |
| practically | adv |
about, all-but, fair, fairly, |
- |
| practice | vb/n | - |
vb: ove (‹PWG *ōbijan, cf. ELG öven, NL oefenen, NHG üben) n: oving (calque: NHG Übung, NL oefening) |
| practicing | n | - | oove (‹PG *ōbō; cf. OHG uoba) |
| pragmatic | adj | hardheaded, down-to-earth | - |
| praise | n | worth | loave (‹ME lōf), heriness (<OE herenes), herrying (<OE herung), wulder |
| praise | vb | worth, beworth, puff up | herry (archaic New English) |
| pram | n | buggy | push-wainling (Barnes) |
| prawn (‹?) | n | shrimp | - |
| prayer | n | bead | bene, boon, inspeaking |
| prayerful | adj | - | beadful, inspeechful |
| pre- | pref | fore- | - |
| preach | vb | - | bode ([ᚩ]: ‹ME bōden), athelbid |
| preacher | n | - | lorebode (see OE lārbodung and ME bōde), athelbode, heaven-reacher (slang) |
| preamble | n | foreword, inleading, forespell | - |
| precaution | n | forecare | - |
| precede | vb | herald, forerun | - |
| preceding | adj | before-time, fore-time | - |
| precinct | n | space: pen pedestrian zone: walkway |
- |
| precipitation | n | rainfall, snowfall, downsheet, breefall | downsheet |
| precious | adj | dear, dearworth, dearworthly | - |
|
preciousness |
n | dearworthiness | - |
| precise | adj | - | right on, spot-on |
| precisely | adv | well | - |
| preclude | vb | forestall, foreclose | - |
| precocious | adj | ahead | rathe-ripe, rathish |
| precognition | n | foreknowledge, foreboding | - |
| precursor | n | forerunner, before-runner, forebear | - |
| predator | n | hunter (in some contexts) |
reavedeer (cf. NHG Raubtier, NL roofdier), flesheater |
| predecessor | n | forerunner, forebear, forefather | foreling, before-comer |
| predestination | n | wyrd/weird, doom, foredooming |
coring, foreteeing (<OE foreteohhung) |
| predetermine | vb | foredoom, forechoose | - |
| predicament | n | swamp, sticky wicket | hardfettle |
| predict | vb |
foretell, foresay, beeforesay, before-tell, foresee, forecast, soothsay, foreshow |
- |
| prediction | n |
foretelling, foresight, foretelling, |
- |
| predominant | adj | overweighing | - |
| preeminent | adj | foremost | elderdomly (<OE ealdordōmlīce) |
| preexistence | n | aforeness, beforeness, forebeing | - |
| prefabricated | adj | ready-made, ready-built, forewrought | fore-timbered (houses) |
| preface | n | foreword |
throughlook(ing) (<OE þurhlōcung) |
| prefect | n | - | fyrdenhighshireman |
| prefer | vb | forechoose, (would) rather, wouldsooner, fain | beliken |
| preferable | adj | - |
liever (cf. NHG lieber, NL liever) |
| preference | n | forechoice | beliking, forechoosing |
| prefigure | vb | foreshadow, foreshow | - |
| prefix | n | - | forefastening |
| pregnant | adj | with child, heavy (with child) | bearing, barneken (<OE bearnēacen) |
| prehistoric | adj | - | yesteryorely |
| prehistory | n | - | yesteryore
study: forewritlore |
| prejudice(al) | n/adj | foredeem(ing) | - |
| prejudge | vb | foredeem | - |
| prelude | n | foreword, warm-up, before-runner | forspell |
| premature | adj | untimely, unripe, early, betimes (literary) | foreripe |
| prematurely | adv | beforehand, oversoon | - |
| premeditated | adj | forethought | - |
| premier | adj | foremost, first | - |
| premise | n |
given, forestep, if; toft (building site')
|
forehedging |
| premonition | n | forefeeling, foreboding | - |
| preoccupy | vb |
- |
forebusy |
| preparation | n | gearing up, reening, readying, foregearing | - |
| prepare | vb |
taw, fit, fix, groom, graith, lay, ready; draft, draw up, frame; lay out, foreready, forework |
reen (<OE renian) |
| prepared | adj | ready, tawed, neat, foreworked, forereadied | - |
| prepreparedness | n | alreadiness | - |
| preposition | n | - |
foreput, foresetness (< Ælfric's OE calque foresetnes) |
| prequel | n | - | forefollow, forebook, foresaga |
| prerequisite | n | - | foreneed |
| prerogative | n/adj | - | sundergift, sundergifted, sundergiftedness |
| prescience | n |
foreknowledge; farsightedness, oresightedness, forethought |
forewisdom |
| prescient | adj |
foreknowing, farseeing, farsighted, forehanded, foreseeing, forethoughtful, forward |
- |
| prescribe | vb | lay down | |
| presence | n | sight; look, outside | atdom (the state of being at something) at-ness, theresomeness, onbe-hood, onbe-hood, theresomeness |
| present | adj |
in, ongoing, nowaday, today's, now's, nowadays', running, nowen |
anward (<OE andweard), gainward (calque: NHG gegenwart) |
| present | n |
here and now, today, gift, handsel |
nowtide, nowtime, nonce, time being, now, grammar: anward (<OE andweard). mathom (<OE maþm) |
| present | vb |
show; give, bestow, furnish, |
foredraw (calque of all Ger. speeches), forthset, forthput, overreach (cf. NHG überreichen) submit: forelay (cf. NHG vorlegen) |
| Presentation of the Lord | n(p) | Candlemas | - |
| presentiment | n | forefeeling | - |
| preserve | vb | forlast, hain, keep, uphold, aspare | - |
| preside | vb | steward, overlook | foresit over |
| president | n | - |
foresitter (calque), kithhead, stoolman, landleader |
| presidency | n | - | foresittership |
| presque vu | n | - | nighseen |
| press | vb | thring, thrutch | - |
| press down | vb | - | bethrutch |
| pressure | n | - | thringmight, thrutch (<OE þryċċan and akin to NHG drücken) |
| prestige | n | standing, swey, weight | - |
| presume | vb | foreguess, daresay | athrist (<OE áthristian) |
| presumably | adv | likely, seemingly | - |
| presumptuous | adj | uppity, overweening, daring | - |
| presuppose | vb | - | forettle, forereasow (<OE rǣswan) |
| pretend | vb | do as if, play as if, sham, put on, fake | bebraid (<OE bebregdan), braid (<OE gebregdan), hue (<OE hiwian), let (<OE lǣtan), fordo, formake |
| pretender | n | would-be, fake, faker | - |
| pretend friend | n | back-friend | - |
| pretense | n |
put-on, show; high horse |
- |
| pretentious | adj | showy, over the top, kitsch | - |
| prevail | vb | hold up, keep up, last | throughswithe (<OE þurhswiðan) |
| prevalent | adj | rife | - |
| prevent | vb |
hinder, forcome, forbid, forestop, forestall, forehinder |
let (<OE lettan), forstand |
| preview | vb/n | forelook, forepeek, foreshow, foreshowing | - |
| previous | adj | former, last, latter, foregoing, earlier, yester, back-a-long | - |
| previously | adv |
afore, already, before, beforehand, earlier, formerly |
- |
| prey | n | (the) hunted (in some contexts) | feng (<OE) |
| price | n | outlay, worth | toll |
| pride | n | highmindedness | orgle (‹ME orgel), lonk (‹ME wlonk), overmood (‹ME ouermoð ⁊ ‹OE ofermōd), highmoodness (‹OE hēahmōdnes) |
| priest (‹OE) | n | father, blesser, hallower, shepherd; shriver; godsmith, soul-carer, heaven-reacher, sin-buster, sin-shifter, soul-whisperer, white-choker | gospel-shooter, elder, ghost-man (heathen); godkind man, Godspeeder, speeder; snither |
| prima donna | n | leading lady, first lady | bitchy woman, showy woman |
| primacy | n | - | foremostness, elderdom (‹OE), apeness |
| primary | adj | foremost, first, erst, main | - |
| primate | n | - | firstdeer, foredeer |
| prime | adj | main, head | form (‹OE forma; cognate of Leeden primus) |
| primer | n | starter | futhorc writ, firstbook |
| primeval | adj | hoary, olden | - |
| primogeniture | n | - | firstbirth (‹ME firste birthe), firstbird, first begetting (‹ME fyrste begetynge), elderfing (elder (e.g. OE ealdormann) + erf (‹OE ierfan) + -ing), formerfing (form- ‹OE forma), firsterfing |
| prince | n | atheling, highness | thingel (‹OE þengel), fingel (‹OE fengel), brey (‹OE brego), high earl, kingling |
| princess | n | highness, lady | athelingen (< ME atheling + -en), brinen (< OE brego + -en), ides (‹OE ides "woman of nobility"?), high earlen |
| principality | n | - | thingeldom, fingeldom, breydom, high earldom |
| principle | n | - | howing, eldertruth |
| principle | adj | main, foremost, first, head | - |
| vb | - | thrutch (<ME thricchen), outlay | |
| printing press | n | - | thrycker, thringing thryck calque |
| prior | adj | before(hand), earlier | - |
| priority | n | right-of-way | forerank, foreweight, foreness, forehood, beforeness |
| prism | n | block | andleamer |
| prison | n | clink, lockup, pound, slammer | fangness (fang "to capture" (now dial.) + -ness; akin to NL gevangenis and NHG Gefängnis), dung (<OE dung) |
| prisoner | n | inmate | haftling (<OE hæftling) |
| pristine | n | earliest, firstness, speckless, spotless | yoreness, orhood, fromfirst |
| private | adj | hidden, hushed, shut, asunder, set away | dern, onelepy (<OE anlipig), sunder, wightly (calque of personal) |
| privilege | n | right, freedom | sunderfreedom (<OE), sundergift (cf. OE sundorgiefu) |
| privileged | adj | gifted | - |
| privy | n | outhouse, backhouse | cackhouse (<OE cachūs), felton (<OE feltūn) |
| pro | n | craftsman | - |
| probability | n | likelihood, likeliness, odds | - |
| probable | adj | likely | - |
| probably | adv | likely, in all likelihood, likely enough, maybe, most likely, belike | trueshinely (cf. NL waarschijnlijk, NHG wahrscheinlich) |
| probe | vb | prod | - |
| probity | n | uprightness | - |
| problem | n | worry, kinch, bugbear, reck, hang-up, hitch, snag, rub, pitfall, fall, downside, drawback, shortcoming | - |
| problematic | adj | worrysome | - |
| procedure | n | - | forsetting (cf. DN fortsætte, SW fortsätta), forfareld |
| proceed | vb | go forward, go forth, go on, go ahead | yede, forefare, forthfare, forthgo, shrithe (<OE scrīþan) |
| proceeding | n | - | foregoing, foregang (cf. NHG Vorgang) |
| process | vb | - |
forework, forthfaring, forfare (cf. NHG verfahren), taw, handle |
| process | n | - |
foregang (cf. NHG Vorgang), workway |
| processor | n | computer: mainframe | telcruncher, reckoner |
| proclaim | vb | bode | - |
| proclamation | n | banns, boding | ban (<ME ban) |
| proclivity | n | forelike, forelove | towardbend |
| procrastinate | vb | put off, stall | eld (<ME ēlden ⁊ <OE ildan), ebb out, morrowstall, forestall |
| procrastinator | n | - | forslower, morrowstaller |
| procreate | vb | beget, breed | - |
| proctophilia | n | - | arselust |
| procurator | n | - | highshireman (<OE hēahscīremann) |
| procure | vb | - | beshape |
| product | n | ware | - |
| prodigy | n | - | wonderchild |
| prodigal | adj | spareless | unbridled, feespilling |
| produce | vb | beget, breed, bring about, bring forth, draw on, work, yield, | forthbring, ale (<OE alan; PST: ool, PTCP: alen) |
| produce | n | handiwork, output, thing, work, yield, outcome | - |
| producing | adj | begetting, life-begetting, yielding | - |
| production | n | yield, output, handiwork | forthbringing |
| productive | adj | waresome, thrifty, yoelding | forthbear |
| productivity | n | output | - |
| proem | n | foreword | - |
| profanity | n | curse, curseword, cuss | warm words (slang) |
| professional | adj | skilled | - |
| professional | n | worker, craftsman | - |
| professor | n | lorespeaker, loregiver | - |
| profile | n | - | selfleaf (internet) |
| profit | n | gain, boot, yield, winnings, earnings | - |
| profitable | adj | worthwhile | - |
| proficiency | n | skill | - |
| profound | adj | underlying, deep | - |
| profoundly | adv | underlyingly, deeply, groundly | - |
| profusely | adv phr | flow thickly, running overly, teemingly | - |
| profusion | n | beteeming | - |
| progenitor | n |
begetter, elder, father, alder-father, forebear, forefather, fore-elder, forerunner |
- |
| program | n | - | foredraft, broadcast, sending (see source code) language: draft writ |
| progress | n | inroads, headway | forthgang (<OE forþgang), forthship (<OE forþscype), forthstride |
| progressive | adj | forward, late, broad-minded, cutting-edge | forblowing |
| prohibit | vb | forbid, forfend | - |
| project | n | work | howe, goalwork |
| projector | n | beamer | - |
| prokaryote | n | - | forenut, forekern (calque) |
| proleptic | adj | - | foreyiftish |
| proletariat | n | churls, boors, thralls, hirelings, knaves; thralldom | churldom, boordom, knavedom |
| prolific | adj | fat, lush, rich | birthy, broodful, birthful |
| prologue | n | foretale | - |
| prolong | vb | lengthen | eld (<ME ēlden ⁊ <OE ildan) |
| prolonged | adj | lengthened | linged |
| promiscuous | vb | bed-hop | - |
| promiscuous | adj | bedhopping; slutty (derogatory) | - |
| promise | n | behight, oath, troth, foreword | - |
| promise | vb | behight, swear; forebode | forspeak (calque of NHG versprechen), forhight (calque: NHG verheissen) |
| promontary | n | headland, foreland, ness, bill, (Portland Bill); hoe | - |
| promote | vb | uprear, (up)further, boost | - |
| prompt | adj | - | oneread (<ME ānrēd <OE ānrǣd), coaf (<OE cāf) |
| promptness | n | - | coafship (<OE cāfsċiepe) |
| prone | adj | given, open; helpless | alout (<OE áloten), forthlout (<OE forþlútan), onfally (<NHG anfällig, see onfall) |
| pronghorn antelope | n | - | tinedeer, outrunning tinehorner |
| pronoun | n | - | byname (<OE bīnama), forename (<OE forenama) |
| pronounce | vb | say | speak out, outspeak (cf. NHG aussprechen, NL uitspreken) |
| pronunciation | n | - | wordway, loudcarve (<IC hljóðkerfi), outspeaking, outspeech (cf. NHG Aussprache, NL uitspraak), how to say [it] proper/correct: rightsteven (<OE rihtstefn) |
| proof | n | witness | shedding, reckonedness (cf. OE gerecednes), bewise (cf. NF (Sylt) Biwiis, NL bewijs, NHG Beweis, SW bevis) |
| propaganda | n | - | forspreading (cf. NL verspreiding) |
| propel | vb | thrust, drive, drive forth | - |
| proper | adj | fitting, meet, seemly, right, true, echt | bedavenly (<OE gedafenlic) |
| proper noun | n | self-name | ownname (<OE āgen nama; cf. NHG Eigenname, NL eigennaam) |
| property | n | ownings, holdings, hallmark, belongings | aught (<ME aughte), owndom (<NHG Eigentum; cf. WF eigendom, SF Oaindum), owe (<OE āge) private: sunderfee (<OE sundorfeoh), landgood (NL landgoed) |
| prophesy | vb | speak forth, bode; foretell, foresee, soothsay, say sooth | - |
| prophesy | n | speech, boding; foresight, boding, foretelling, soothsaying | - |
| prophet | n | spokesman, preacher, boder; spaeman, spaewife, spaer; seer, soothsayer, foresayer, before-sayer, before-speaker, forth-speaker | spaesayer |
| propitious | adj | - | winsome (<ME wynsom) |
| proportion | n | - | andeven (<OE andefn) |
| proposal | n | foreset | forthput, forthputting, forthsetting |
| propose | vb | foreset, put forth, say | forthput, forthsay, forthset |
| proprietor | n | householder, owner, landlord/lady | - |
| propulsion | n | thrust | - |
| proscribe | vb | forbid | forewrite (<OE forewrītan) |
| prosecute | v | - | forfollow (cf. NL vervolgen, NHG verfolgen) |
| prosecution | n | - | forfollowing (cf. NL vervolging, NHG verfolgung) |
| proselyte | n | freshman (Sir John Cheke) | - |
| prosopagnosia | n | - | neb blindness |
| prosody | n | - | linsaycraft |
| prosper | vb | thrive, thee | - |
| prosperity | n | theedom | forblowing (<OE blowan), ead (<OE ēad), douth or dowth (<OE duguþ) |
| prosperous | adj | frim (physically), lush, thriving | theely, wealth-owning, eady (<OE ēadiġ) |
| prostate | n | - | forestander (forestander drooze) (<NHG Vorsteherdrüse) |
| prostitute | vb | whore | - |
| prostitute | n | hooker, whore, streetwalker, hustler | - |
| prostrate | adj | aground | - |
| prostrate oneself (to) | vb | lay aground before | hien (<OE hīenan, lit. "to lie prostrate") |
| protagonist | n | - | headfellow (cf. DN hovedperson) |
| protarchæopteryx | n | - | foreorfowl, first orbird |
| protect | vb | ward, shield, forstand, beshield, frith | - |
| protection | n | shield, ward | lewing (<OE hleowung), mundwist (<OE mundwist) |
| protective | adj | - | wardly, holdsome (<OE ġehealdsum) |
| protector | n | warden | holdand (<OE healdend) |
| protégé | n | ward | - |
| protein | n | - | eggwhite (cf. NHG Eiweiß, NL eiwit) |
| protest | n/vb | witness; uproar, outcry wrangle, gainsay | -
forstride |
| Protestant (< Lat. pro testare, “for a witness”) | adj(p) | witnessing, gospelling; true faith; speaking out against lies | for the troth |
| Protestant | n(p) | witness for Christ, gospeller, true believer; speaker against lies | - |
| proto- | pref | ere-, ur- | or- (‹OE) |
| Proto-Germanic | n | - | Ortheedish, Eretheedish |
| proton | n | - | ekemote, erebit, firstbit |
| protoplasm | n | - | ereslime, orslime |
|
protrude |
vb | stick out, jut | - |
| protuberance | n | knob, outgrowth | - |
| proud | adj | haughty, showy, overbearing, self-worshipping, lofty, stout | rank (<OE ranc), stolt (<OE stolt; akin to NHG stolz) |
| prove | vb | show, truthen, witness, settle | soothe (OE soþian, ME sothen), bewise (calque: NL bewijzen, NHG beweisen, SW bevisa) |
| proverb | n | byword, saying, saw, folksay(ing) | - |
| provide | vb | afford, feed, give, hand over | beheft |
| province | n | - | landshare; outland, folkshire (<OE folcscearu) |
| provocateur | n | - | gremer (<OE gremung) |
| provocation | n | - | greming (<OE gremung) |
| prow | n | foreship | - |
| prudence | n | forewit, sparefulness, wariness, wisdom, | long-thinkingness |
| prudent | adj | keen, forewitting, spareful, wary, wise, long-thinking; glew, i-sely (OED) | - |
| prune | n | plum | - |
| pruning | n | shredding, shreading (in OED, obsolete; <OE scrēadung) | - |
| Prunus Spinosa | n | blackthorn, sloe | sloethorn (<OE slāhþorn) |
| Prussia | n | - | Pruceland, Leatherland |
| pry | vb | 1. key-hole 2. uproot | - |
| prying | n/adj | key-holeing | - |
Ps[] | |||
| pseudo- | n | fake, -like | lease- |
| psychedelic | adj | - | soulkithing, mindopening, mindrooming, soulopening (calque: SW själsöppnande) |
| psychiatrist | n | shrink | mindhealer, crockwright, soulkithler, mindlorer |
| psychiatry | n | - | soulkith (cf. NL seelkunde), mindkith |
| psychic | n | - | soulsman, mindsman |
| psychic | adj | - | soulish, mindish |
| psychologist | n | shrink | mindlorer, crockwright, rat-tamer |
| psychology | n | - | mindlore |
| psychopath | adj | - | mindsick, mind-ill |
| psychotropic/psychoactive | adj | - | mindwending |
Pt[] | |||
| pterosaur | n | - | wingask(ard) (calque of Greekish "πτερόν" + "σαῦρος"), flyslinkand |
Pu[] | |||
| puberty | n | - | ripehood, sleyripe (cf. NHG Geschlechtsreife) |
| pubic bone | n | - | sharebone (<ME shār), shamebone (cf. NL schaambeen), ripebone |
| pub(lic house) | n | inn, alehouse, boozer | - |
| public | n | - | openliness (calque of NHG Öffentlichkeit) |
| public | adj | open, mean | openly, folkly (calque from Latin) |
| public servant | adj | - | theen, onbidsman |
| public toilet | n | - | outhouse |
| publication | n | uttering | foropening (cf. NHG Veröffentlichung), abaning |
| publish | vb | utter (lasted in New English until around 1740, when “publish” overtook it), forthset, bring out, forthsend | to release: foropen (cf. NHG veröffentlichen)
lay down: aban (<OE abannan), forlay (cf. NHG verlegen), outlay, foropen (cf. NHG veröffenlichen) |
| publisher | n | - | utterer; forlayer, forlay house (cf. NHG Verlag), abaner |
| pulsate | vb | beat, throb | - |
| pulse | n | 1. beat, throb 2. bean | - |
| pumice | n | - | foamstone |
| pumpkin | n | marrow | tillberry, harvestball |
| punch | vb | clout, hit | handstrike, fiststrike, dunch |
| punctuation | n | - | tokenmark, tokensetting (cf. NHG Zeichensetzung, DN tegnsætning) |
| punish | vb | wreak, smite | witten (<OE wítnian), strafe (<NHG), give back |
| punishment | n | wreak | wittening (<OE wítnung), wreaking, smiting, strafing (<NHG), giveback (< payback) |
| pup | n | whelp | - |
| pupil | n | of the eye: strale | - |
| puppet | n | cat's paw | handdoll (cf. NHG Handpuppe) |
| purchase | vb | buy, take | - |
| purchase | n | buy, buying | bicgen (<OE byċġen) |
| pure | adj | clean, mere, sheer, white, wemless, unwemmed | lutter (<OE hlūtor), shire (<OE scīr), smeat (<OE smǣte) |
| purebred | adj | thoroughbred | - |
| Purgatory | n | - | Sweepfire (cf. NHG Fegefeuer), Otherworld |
| purge | vb | cleanse | furb |
| purify | vb | cleanse | sye (<ME sīen) |
| purple (‹OE) | adj/n | - | baze (‹OE basu), bleered (‹OE blēorēad), woaden (‹OE wǣden); fishdye (‹OE fiscdēag), clamhue, clam |
| purpose | n | sake, goal | - |
| pursue | vb | follow, shadow, tail | - |
| pursuit | n | following, shadowing, tailing | woath (‹OE wāþ) |
| purveyor | n | monger | - |
| pus | n | atter | - |
| push | vb | shove, thrust, thrutch | outarm |
| pusillanimous | adj | wan, yellow, yellow-bellied | weak-minded |
| pustule | n | pock, w(h)eal, whelk | - |
| putrefaction | n | rot(ting) | addleness |
| puzzle | n/vb | brainteaser, riddle | - |
Py[] | |||
| pygmy | n | dwarf; Tom Thumb | - |
| pyramid | n | - | fourflat (calque of NL viervlak) |
| pyre | n | - | oad (<ME ād <OE ād) |
| pyromania | n | - | firemadness |
| pyromaniac | n | kindler, enkindler | firesetter |
| pyrophobia | n | fire-dread | fireawe, firefear, firefright, baleyse (<OE bǣlegsa) |