Staff P of the English Wordbook.
Basic abbreviations:
- OE = Old English
- ME = Middle English
- SC = Scots
- WF = West Frish
- NF = North Frish
- SF = Saterlandish Frish
- WLG = West Low Theech
- ELG = East Low Theech
- NL = Netherlandish
- NHG = New High Theech
- IC = Icelandish
- HIC = High Icelandish
- NO = Nornish
- SW = Swedish
- DN = Danish
- MLG = Middle Low Theech
- MNL = Middle Netherlandish
- MHG = Middle High Theech
- OF = Old Frish
- OS = Old Saxish
- OHG = Old High Theech
- ON = Old Norse
- GO = Gottish
- PWG = Or-West-Theedish
- PG = Or-Theedish
For a full list of etymological and other abbreviations used in these wordlists, see: Offshortenings.
Staffs under English Wordbook/P:
Pa Pb Pc Pd
Pe Pf Pg Ph
Pi Pj Pk Pl Pm Pn Po Pp Pq Pr Ps Pt Pu Pv
Pw Px Py Pz
*Note: If you click on one of the links above, and nothing happens, then that means no words have been put forth for that bookstaff as of yet.
Chancery English | Class | Anglish/English | |
Attested | Unattested | ||
Pa[] | |||
pabulum | n | fodder, food of thought | - |
pace | vb/n | speed; step, walk, stride, tread | skeeth (cf. IC skeið) |
pacifier | n | soother | - |
pacifist | n | dove | frithweaver, unfighter |
package | n | wrapping | - |
paddle | n | oar | - |
pagan | n | heathen | - |
paganism | n | heathendom | - |
page | n | side, sheet, leaf; knave, boy, helper, thane |
trammet (<OE tramet), leafside |
pacify | vb | allay | smolten, befrith |
pain | n | smart(ing), soreness, acheness, sorrow, care, teen(e) (obsolete), warch/wark (obsolete; k-form may be due to influence from Norse), woe | - |
painful | adj | acheful, nasty, sore, harsh, harrowing, smarting | - |
paint | n | dye |
farb (<OE færbu) |
paint | vb | mete (obsolete, but in the OED), dye, stroke | mete/meet (<ME mẹ̄ten), fay (<OE fǽgan) |
painting | n | meting (obsolete) | dyework, mealwork (cf. IC málverk) |
pair | n | twain, twin, set | - |
pajamas / pyjamas | n | nightclothes, sleepwear, sleepclothes, nightwear | - |
palace | n | hall | kingshouse, kingshome, kinghove (<OE cynehof), king's dwelling, sale (related to salon), sty |
palate | n | roof of the mouth, gums’ roof |
gums/goom (<OE góma) |
palatine bone | n | gums’ bone | gumsbone, goombone, roofbone |
pale | adj | bleach, dull, fallow, light, washed-out; ashen, doughy, mealy, wan | - |
pale | n | wall, weir | - |
paleo- | pfx | ere- | ur-, or- |
paleography | n | old writing | orwritelore, erewritlore |
paleolithic | adj | - | orstonely, orstonish |
paleontology | n | - | orwightlore, erewritlore |
paleozoic | n | - | Orlifen, eld of fish and lurrows, life's start |
Palestine | n | - | Meresetland (mere + set + land) |
palindrome | n | - | crabword, drowword |
palisade | n | - | stakehedge, stakewall, stakework, bredwall (<OE bredweall), stavewall, stickwall |
palliate | vb | whitewash, soothe | - |
pallid | adj | ashen, doughy, mealy, wan, ghastly, grey, bleak, white, sickly, ill | - |
palmtree | n | - | folmtree, handtree |
palmary | adj | - | heriworthy |
palpitate | vb | throb | - |
pamphlet | n | flyer, folder, leafling | leafel |
panacea | n | heal-all (not common, but in OED) | allheal (calque) |
pancreas | n | - | sweet kernel |
pancreas (when used as a food) | n | gut bread | - |
panda bear | n | - | (greater) catbear, eastern bear, eyeshadowbear |
pandemonium | n | - | hexkettle (cf. NL heksenketel), alfiendness (calque) |
panderer | n | bedbroker | - |
pandemic | n | Blight | allfolky |
panel | n | shield, screen, board | - |
Pangaea | n | - | Alland (all + land; calque) |
pangolin | n | - | shaledeer (calque) |
panic | n | fright, elfshot | wode, wodening |
panorama | n | - | allsight, umsight (see um-) |
Panthalassa | n | - | Allsea (all + sea; calque), Worldsea |
pants | n | breeches, britches, shorts, leggings, hosen, strides, slacks, legwear | - |
pants, under- | n | undies, underwear, drawers | netherlings, underkegs |
papaya | n | - | blasterapple (calque of Cuban Spanish "fruta bomba") |
paper | n |
leaf, sheet, looseleaf |
bookfell ('paper' in OE (from Latin) means "papyrus") |
papier-mâché | n | - | sheetmash, mashed sheet |
para- | suffix | over- | yond- |
parable | n | likeness, byword | - |
parachute | n | - | fall-shield (cf. NHG Fallschirm, NL valscherm)
fallward (calque of French parachute) |
Paraclete | n(p) | - | Frooverghost (<OE frōforgāst) |
parade | n | uptight (cf. NL optocht), uptug (cf. DN optog) | |
paradise | n | heaven, the afterlife | fairyard, narxenwong (<OE neorxnawang; c.f. dark < OE deorc); blessed abode |
paradisiacal | adj | heavenly | heavenlike, narxenwongly |
paradox | n | - | brainbreaker |
paragraph | n | - | sidewrit (cf. para- "beside" + graph "to write") |
parallel | adj | alongside; akin, matching | getherwended, withstraight |
parallelogram | n | - | sides alongside; akinside |
paralyzed(ysis) | adj/n | lame(ness), lamed | - |
paramour | n | lover | leman |
paranoia | n | great fear, maddening fear; mistrust | mad mistrust |
paranoid | n | - | mad misgiver, overmistruster |
paranormal | adj | witchcraft, otherwordly; nithe, nicor | nitheness; overmean |
paraphrase | n/vb | - | n: edwording
vb: edword |
parasite | n | bloodsucker, free rider | sidefeeder (calque of Gk. parasitos, para (beside) + sitos (food) |
parasitism | n | bloodsucking, freeriding | sidefeeding |
parasol | n | sunshade | - |
parchment | n | bookfell | - |
parent | n | elder, father or mother, childrearer | kennen, kennend (<OE cennend), may (<OE mǣġ; narrowed meaning) |
parenting | n | elderhood, childrearing, raising children/a child | - |
parenthesis | n | afterthought (OED) | breeches, inputmark, sidemark |
par excellence | n | better than others, best of its kind | by outstandingness (calque) |
pariah | n | outcast, castoff, black sheep | - |
parietal bone | n | - | skullwall |
parish | n | - | bedeshire |
park | n | - | ersh (<OE ersc), parrock, eddish (not exact: yard, field), deertown (<OE déortún) |
parliament | n | witenmoot (<OE) | folkthing (cf. DN Folketinget), stourthing (cf. NO Storting), lawthing (cf. SW Lagting), allthing (cf. IC Althing), ledeward, lawmoot, landmoot (there were shire moots, so this is the whole land), rikesday (cf. NHG Reichstag, SW Riksdagen), rikesrede (cf. NHG Reichsrat), forsamening (cf. NHG Versammlung), rikesforsamening (cf. NHG Reichsversammlung) |
parrot | n | - | bleefowl |
parsimonious | adj | mean, stinting, tightfisted | flint-skinning |
parsley | n | - | crispleaf |
part | n | deal, share, bit | dealth |
part | vb | break, rend, shed, split, sunder | - |
partake | vb | have, take with | bytake, dealnim (<OE dǣlniman), thie (<OE þicgan; c.f. lie < licgan, buy < bycgan) |
partial | n | some | bent (on), slanted (toward) |
participate | vb | join in, do with, leap in | dealnim (<OE dǣlniman; akin to NL deelnemen) |
participation | n | - |
dealnimhood, dealnimness in the Eucharist: meansomeness (<OE ġemǽnsumnes) |
participant | n | - | dealnimmer |
participle | n | - | dealnimmand (<OE dǣlnimend) |
particle | n | mote, bit, crumb, mite, nip, shed; fleck, flyspeck, snip | grammar: worldling |
particularly | adv | namely, above all, all the more, at length, ever so, in the main, more than ever | hour (<ME hūre), sunderly |
partition | n | wall, wough | - |
partner | vb/n | mate (<MLG) |
in battle: wyesithe (<OE wīġesīþ) |
parturition | n | childbirth, birthing | - |
party | n | gathering, fungathering, merrymaking, bash | - |
parvenu | n | upstart | - |
pascal | adj | - | tholing |
pass | vb | overtake, overstep, hand over, give | undergo (calque of NHG untergehen) |
passage | n | path, way, pathway, footway, footpath | extract: plucking, throughgang (calque of NHG Durchgang) |
passage of time | n | flow of time | timeflow |
passenger | n | faregoer | faregest (calque: NHG Fahrgast), byfarer |
passion | n | love | love-fire, feel-fire, lithenship (calque of NHG Leidenschaft) |
Passion (Christianity) | n(p) | - | Lithen (calque of NHG Leiden), Lithe |
passive | adj | idle | throwendly (<OE þrowiendlīc) |
Passover | n(p) | - | Easter |
passport | n | - | wayleave, fareford, trekford |
past | n/adj | bygone(s), forgone, former, last, erstwhile | forthwist (<OE forðgewitan), forganghood (calque of NHG Vergangenheit), forgonehood/forgoneness, foretide (calque of IC fortíð), foreby (calque of NHG vorbei)
bygonehood (calque of NHG Vergangenheit) |
pasta | n | noodle, starch | starchfood |
paste | n | clay | lim |
pastiche | n | - | filling, aping |
pasture | n | grassland, lea, meadow, field | leasow |
patella | n | kneecap | - |
paternal | adj | fatherly | - |
Paternoster | n | Our Father | Lord's Bead |
patisserie | n | - | suckerbakern (cf. NHG Zuckerbäckerei, SW sockerbageri) |
pathetic | adj | rueful, ruthful, sad | - |
pathos | n | sadness | - |
patience | n | forbearing(ness) | thild (<OE geþyld), moodthwearness (<OE módþwǽrnes) |
patient | n | - | sickling (cf. IC sjúklingur) |
patient | adj | forbearing | thildy (<OE geþyldig, cf. NL geduldig); bide-willing |
patria | n | homeland, fatherland, motherland | - |
patriarch | n | elder, eldfather | highfather (<OE hēahfæder) |
patriarchy | n | - | fatherwield |
patrician | n | - | highalder (<OE hēahealdor) |
patricide | n | - | fatherslaughter, fathermurder |
patrimony | n | fathersland | - |
patriotic | n | home-loving | landtrothen, fatherlandish (calque) |
patriotism | n | home-love, flag-waving (pejorative) | landtrothenness, fatherlandloving, motherlandtrothness |
patron | n | backer, bestower | - |
patronage | n | business, trade | - |
patronym | n | - | fathername (calque) |
pattern | n | cut, doing, doings, folkway, goings-on, layout, outline,setting, shape, set-up, warp & woof, way, ways, weave, web, yardstick | model: forelay (calque: NHG Vorlage) |
pause | n | break, let-up | - |
paucity | n | lack, fewness | - |
pavement | n | sidewalk, footpath, walkway | - |
pay | vb | yield, deal (out), set back | betale (cf. WF betelje, NF (Sylt) bitaali, ELG betahlen, NL betalen, NHG bezahlen) |
payment | n | outlay | betaling (cf. NL betaling, NHG Bezahlung), scot |
Pd[] | |||
PDA (Personal Digital Assistant) | n | handheld, handtop | handheld reckoner, handtop reckoner |
Pe[] | |||
pea (<OE) | n | - | art (<PWG *arwīt; cf. WF eart, ELG Arvte, NL erwt) |
peace | n | frith, bliss, rest, restfulness | sib (<OE sibbe), grith (<OE griþ) |
peace | vb | afrith | - |
peaceful | adj | dovish, restful | frithsome (<OE friþsum and akin to NHG friedsam, NL vreedzaam), grithful (grith + ful) |
peach | n | - | perseapple (ancient Greek calque) |
peal | vb | ring, toll | - |
peanut (see pea) | n | earthnut, groundnut | - |
pearl | n | - | mergroat (<OE meregrot 'sea particle'), sandhurst, seahurst |
peasant | n | bower, churl, boor, yeoman, husbandman, landman | - |
peasant farmer | n | - | bour (<OE būr; pl: bours (<OE būras); cf. neighbour) |
peculation | n | thefting | - |
peculiar | adj | freak, unwonted, own | markly (calque: NO merkelig) |
pedagogue | n | teacher | - |
pedal | n | treadle, footkey, foot board, foot trigger | - |
pedal | adj | foot(ed) | - |
pedantic | n/adj |
inkhorn(y), know-it-all, nitpicking, teachy, boorish n: dryasdust |
- |
pedestal | n | - | footstone (<OE fótstán) |
pedestrian | n | walker | footman, footfarer, footgoer, footganger |
pedophile | n | badling; childluster | - |
pedometer | n | - | walking-wheel |
pedophilia | n | badness | childlust |
peel | n | husk, rind, shell, skin, strip | - |
peel | vb | rend, skin, shell, tear, pull off, slough off, strip | - |
peep | vb/n | cast, eye; slang: gander | - |
peer | n | - | evening (<ME ēvening), make (<ME māke); eveneld (<OE efenealda) |
pegasus | n | - | winged horse |
pejorative | adj | slighting, belittling, down-putting | - |
pelican | n | - | wanfoot, stone-yeller, divedopper (<OE dūfedoppa; the first element is related to the verb "dive", not the noun "dove"; see OED entries "dive-dap|dive-dop" and "dive-dapper") |
pellucid | adj | unclouded | - |
pelt | n | fell, hide | - |
pen | n | marker, writing tool, writing needle, writing shaft | writsax (<OE writseax), writler, writingfeather, writingiron, (<OE wrítung-ísen), reed, quill (uncertain origin) |
penance | n | bote | sinboot (<OE synbōt), deedboot (<OE dǣdbōt) |
penchant | n | leaning, fondness | - |
pencil | n | stick | leadstick, graystick, writingstick |
penetrate | vb | breach, stab, thrill, bore | - |
peninsula | n | neck of land; arm, foreland, headland, ness, spit, half-iland (cf. NHG Halbinsel) | shankdom (as the boot of Italy) |
pentagon | n | - | fiveside, fivenook, fivedge |
Pentecost | n | Whitsunday | - |
penultimate | adj | last-but-one, next-to-last, forelast | erelast |
penguin | n | - | whiteauk, white auk (<Welsh pen + gwyn meaning "headwhite" and <ON alka)
small auk (as opposed to the great auk--now extinct) |
penis | n | pizzle, weapon (<OE wæpn), dick/cock (both slang; both vulgar), pintle, tarse (<OE), yard, shaft (slang), manhood (slang) | brine hose (slang), bockler (cf. ON bqllr) |
penitence | n | ruefulness, ruth | gild, rueness (<OE hreonisse) |
penurious | adj | stingy | - |
people | n | folk; throng (group of people); thede | lede (<OE lēod, cf. NHG Leute, cf. NL lieden) |
pepperoni | n | - | pepperwurst |
perceive | vb | wit; see, grasp, behold, smell, smack, fang, witness, make out, understand | yeme, onget, bemark (cf. NHG/NL bemerken), upmark (calque of NL opmerken) |
percent | n | - | hundredth(s) |
percentage | n | - | hundmeal |
perception | n | insight, grip, hold | yeming, onget, undergetting, understanding, truetake, soothtake |
percolate | vb | leach | - |
perdition | n | forelornness | forwird (<ME forwīrd) |
peregrine falcon | n | duck hawk |
duckhawk, wanderfalk (cf. DN vandrefalk, NHG Wanderfalke) |
perennial | adj | - | thruyearly |
perfect | adj | flawless; all-out, blank, blooming, clean, sheer, flat-out; well done, all done, done throug, yare |
fulfremmed (<OE fulfremed), fulmade (cf. NL volmaakt), yare (<OE ġearu) |
perfect | vb | hone, fulcome | fulmake (cf. NL volmaken) |
perfidious | adj | forsworn; untrue, untrustworthy, trothless | - |
perforate | vb | awl, riddle, thrill, stick, thirl/thurl (< OE thyrel, now obsolete or dialectal), drill | - |
perform | vb | do forth, do, behave, work, play, show |
even (<OE efnan), uptread (theatrical; cf. NL optreden), athee (<OE ġeþēon), ove (<PWG *ōbijan, cf. ELG öven, NL oefenen, NHG üben) |
performance | n | - |
oove (<PG *ōbō; cf. OHG uoba) |
perfume | n | - |
duft, cride, athelstench (<OE æðelstenċ), wortbreath (<OE wyrtbrǣþ), ilmwater (calque: IC ilmvatn) |
perfunctory | adj | halfhearted, careless | - |
peril | n | - | freeken (<OE frēcen) |
period (time) | n | while, timespan, time frame, spell, stint | - |
period (punctuation) | n | fullstop | haltmark, stopmark, endmark |
perish | vb | waste, waste away, be wrecked, dwindle, forfare, forworth, swelt (dialectal) | dwale |
perjure | vb/n | forswear, lie under oath, forsworness, oathbreach, oathbreaking |
- |
perhaps | adv | maybe, mayhap, likely | weenings (<OE wēnunga), byhaps |
perimeter | n | brim, hem, rim, skirt, edge | mereline |
perineum | n | bonch | middlecrotch, middlecrook, crabwalk (slang) |
period (time) | n | while, timespan, time frame, spell, stint | - |
perish | adj | - | dreeze (<OE dreosan and <ME drēsen) |
permanence | n | everlasting, abidingness, timeless, lasting, everliving, alwaysness | - |
permanent | adj | everlasting, eche (archaic), timeless, abiding, lasting |
highfast (<OE hēahfæst), foreversome |
permafrost | n | - | everfrost |
permission | n | leave, warrant, letting, green light, furlough | letship, thave (<OE þafian), financial: tholing tithe, lethood, letship |
permit | vb/n | green-light, leave, let, go-ahead | thave (<OE þafian), thole, tithe (<OE tīðian) |
pernicious | adj | baleful, baneful | - |
pernio | n | chilblain | - |
perpendicular | adj | athwart, straight out from, upright | - |
perpetually | adj | ever, everlastingly, for ay, endlessly, unendingly, world without end | - |
perpetuity, in | adv | forevermore | - |
perplex | vb | bewilder, muddle, befuddle, befog | bewonder |
persecute | vb | ail, hound | eight (<OE éhtan, ǽhtian, éhtian, eáhtan; rhyme: height) |
persecution | n | witch hunt, hounding | - |
perseverance | n | stick-with-it-ness | - |
persevering | adj | - | oneread (<ME ānrēd <OE ānrǣd) |
persimmon | n | - | dateplum (calque of Persimmon - from IC Döðluplóma) |
persistence | adj | steadfastness | - |
persistent | adj | steadfast, dogged, bound | - |
person | n |
someone, fellow, man, soul, wight, bloke, being, body |
lede/leed(e) (<OE lēod, cf. NHG Leute, cf. NL lieden), mennish (cf. NL mens; NHG Mensch),
grammar: sway (<OE swég), hoad (<OE hād) |
personal | adj | selfly, monnly, self, own, inner, innermost, inmost, belittling, near, of oneself | mennishly, wightly (calque) |
personality | n | selfhood, mood, self, who-th, ghost, | - |
personnel | n | staff, men, ware | - |
perspective | n | outlook, ken, wits, witness, edge of sight (point of view) | view, opinion: onsight (calque of NHG Ansicht), outsight (Eng., cf. NL uitzicht, NHG Aussicht), wist (native English kin to 'view' and 'vista'), wholesight |
perspicacious | adj | insightful, keen, shrewd | mindsuttle |
perspicacity | n | insightfulness, keenness, shrewdness | - |
persuade | vb | bring, talk into, win over, sway | beswipe (<OE beswapan) |
pursue | vb | follow
a new path: tread, beat |
forfollow (cf. NHG verfolgen, NL vervolgen)
a new path: beshrithe (cf. NHG beschreiten, see shrithe) |
pertinacious | adj | headstrong, strong-willed | - |
peruse | vb | look through, read through | - |
pervade | vb | wade (archaic), go through, spread through, fill with | forwade (calque), yond-sprout? (<OE geondsprútan), throughthrust (calque: NHG durchdringen) |
perverse | adj | overthwart | forchared, bewarped, thirtover, lewd, wayward, thrawn, forcouth, untoward |
pervert | n | - | lewdster (Shakespeare), rakehell |
pervert | vb | twist, warp, befoul | bewarp, offset, froward |
pestilence | n | - | quild (<OE cwild) |
petition | vb/n | send writ, bene, beseech, beg, ask | - |
pet name | n | nickname | ekename |
petrify | vb | stiffen, harden, 'turn to stone' | bestone, instone (OE), forstone (calque: SW förstena) |
petrified | adj | scared, stunned | - |
petroleum | n | black gold
fuel: leaded, unleaded |
rock-lime (calque), stonesap |
petticoat | n | - | underkirtle |
petulant | adj | sour, moody, waspish | - |
pessimism | n | naysaying, world-weariness | - |
pessimistic | adj | downbeat, hopeless, world-weary | rainy-brained |
peurile | n | childish, cradle-witted | - |
Ph[] | |||
phanerozoic | n | - | Seenlifen, life's eld |
phantasm | n | dream; shade, shadow, wraith | - |
phantom | n | ghost | - |
phalanx | n | - | speerlining |
pharaoh | n | king (of Egypt) | sun-king, greathouser (calque of Anc. Egy. per aa "great house") |
Pharisee | n | faker, holier-than-thou, cleanest one, show player | Sunderholies (<OE sundorhalgan) |
pharmaceutical | n | - | lib (<OE lybb) |
pharmacist | n | - | libman |
pharmacy | n | - | libhouse, libshop (calque of drugstore) |
pharynx | n | - | retch (cf. NHG Rachen), swallow (cf. DN svælg; SW svalg) |
pheasant | n | - | wildhen (<OE wildhænn), woorhen (<OE wōrhana) |
phenomenal | adj | outstanding, astounding | sarrow |
phenomenon | n | happening, great show, good show | - |
pheromone | n | - | seeperspur |
-philia | sfx | - | -lust |
Philippines | n | - | Philipsland |
philistine | adj | uncouth | - |
philological | adj | - | speechwritlorish |
philology | n | - | speechwritlore |
philosopher | n | - | outhwit (<OE ūþwita) |
philosophy | n | wisdom, world outlook | outhwitting (<OE ūþwitigung), witlore, lorelief, wittinglove (calque) |
phimosis | n | - | throttling |
phlebotomy | n | bloodletting | - |
phloem tube | n | - | wortrowel |
-phobia | sfx | -fear | - |
phobia | n | fear, misfear, fright, dread | - |
phobic | adj | fearful | - |
phoenix | n | - | firefowl |
phone | n/vb |
n: blower, dog and bone,farspeaker, handset vb: ring, tinkle |
speechlore (linguistics): speechlimb, speechwhit (see whit) |
phonetic | adj | - | dinly |
phonological | adj | - | loudlorish, loudlore- |
phonology | n | - |
reardwork, reardlore, loudlore (cf. NHG Lautlehre), clanglore, clanklore (NL klankleer) |
phosphorescent | adj | - | lightshedding |
phosphorus | n | - | blikeshaft, coldfire, fosfor |
photograph | n | shot; lightshot, frame, sight, showing, still | lightbilth (cf. IC ljósmynd), lightwrit, lightdrawing |
photography | n | lightshooting | lightbilthwrit, lightwritcraft, lightdrawingcraft |
photon | n | - | lightmote, lightbit, lightgang (calque) |
phrasal | adj | (grammar) bound, having many words but being one | wordstringly, quide (obs.) |
phrase | n | - | wordstring, quide (obs.) |
phylum | n | stem, stock, kind | - |
physics | n | - | worldken |
physical | adj | bodily, bodylike, wordly, earthly | lichly, lundsome |
physician | n | leech | - |
Pi[] | |||
piano(forte) | n | - | beatharp (<IC slagharpa); keyharp |
pickax | n | pike | - |
picture | n | likeness, drawing, sight, frame, shot, showing, still |
bild (<OE biliþ, cf. NHG Bild, NL beeld), lightdrawing |
picturesque | adj | fair | litey (<OE wlitig), elfsheen (<OE ælfsciēne) |
pie | n | bake | rindcake |
piece | n |
bit, snead, shtick (as in my piece/gimmick), clump piece of art/music: work |
stitch (<ME stiche/stech, cf. SC steck, WF stik, NHG Stück) of silver: silverling (<NHG, the Dschinghis Khan song, Judas, specifically) |
piecemeal | adv |
little by little, step by step, bit by bit |
bitwise |
pier | n | landing, wharf, breakwater | - |
pierce | vb | bore, hole; gore, rift, rive, spear | - |
pigeon | n | dove, quist, cushat | towndove, mean dove |
pile | n | heap, hill, mound, mow (hay), swath (corn) | - |
pillage | vb | sack | reave |
pilgrimage | n | bead-faring | - |
pillar | n | mast, pole, stake | - |
pilot | n | lodeman, skyship boss, foreflyer, loftman | skyward |
pilot whale | n | - | grindwhale (calque) |
pimp | n | bedbroker | - |
pimple | n | wheal | - |
piñata | n | - | wonderbag (cf. NHG Wunderhüte), sweetpot |
piña colada | n | - | mashed firapple (Spanish calque) |
pinch | vb |
nip, squeeze, steal, scrimp, nab |
- |
pine | n | fir, firtree, evergreen (more general) | furrowwood (<OE furhwudu) |
pineapple | n | - | firapple (cf. IC granaldin) |
pinecone | n | - | firtap (cf. NHG Kiefernzapfen) |
pioneer | n |
groundbreaker, |
foretrecker (cf. NL voortrekker) |
pink | adj | - | light red |
pioneering | adj | groundbreaking, waymaking |
foremoving, foretrecking (cf. NL voortrekker) |
pious | adj | godly | eafast (<OE ǣfæst) |
pip | n |
seed; bee's knees, day's eye |
kern |
pipe | n |
leat, reed (in some contexts) |
rear (<PG *rauza-; cf. SW rör, NHG Rohr; cf. "red" = NHG rot <PG *raudaz) |
pirate | n | - |
seareaver, shaythman (<OE scegthmann) |
pirate captain | n | - |
highseareaver, highseathief (<OE héahsæþéof) |
pisiform bone | n | - | peabone, peashapebone |
pistol | n | handgun, gat (informal) | staff (cf. ME staf) |
piston | n | - | sucker (cf. NL zuiger), stampend (from Minecraft) |
pity |
n |
shame, kindheartedness, ruth |
earming (<OE earmung) |
pivotal | adj | key | - |
pixel | n | dot | bilthdot (cf. NHG Bildpunkt) |
pizza | n | - | flatcake, clampcake |
Pl[] | |||
place | vb | lay, put, stell, stow, put down | - |
place | n | spot, berth | ord, stead, stow, lough (<OE lóh) |
placenta | n | afterbirth |
mothercake (cf. NHG Mutterkuchen, SW moderkaka) |
plagiarism | n | - | thought-theft, brain-steal |
plagiarist | n | - | thought-thief, brain-stealer |
plague | n | outbreak | death, folkbane, blightdom, quild-tide, manqualm, man-qualm, qualm (<OE cwealm) |
plan | vb | forethink, plot, draft, hatch | howe (<OE hogian) |
plan | n | layout, outline, draft, framework | howe |
plank | n | board, sill | - |
plankton | n | - | drifter moss |
planning | n | frame, layout, shape, look, mean | howing |
planet | n | wanderstar, world, (heavenly) body |
tungle (<OE tungol), wanderer (calque from Greekish) |
plant | n | wort | - |
plant | vb | sow, besow, scatter | - |
planted | adj | - | besowen |
plantation | n | farmstead | wortfield, seed farm, sowing field |
plasma | n | - | state of matter: stirloft (calque: IC rafgas)
blood: bloodslime |
plaster | n/vb |
stickum; besmear |
limecoat; cleam (<OE clǣman and <ME clēmen) |
plastic | n | - | newclay, hardclay, clay-stuff, shape-stuff |
platform | n | - | flatsty |
plateau | n | dish; headland | flatbarrow |
plate | n | dish, bowl, board, layer | - |
plate of metal | n | - | clout (<OE clút), fat/fet (<OE fæt) |
platform | n | deck, staddle; soapbox, flatscape | flatstand, flatstead; flatpad |
platinum | n | white gold | - |
platitude | n | hackneyed saying | flatness (calque) |
Platonism | n | - | Platelief |
platypus | n | watermole, duckbill, duckmole | billwight (cf. NHG schnabeltier), flatfoot (calque of Greek platypus), birdnose (calque of Greek ornithorhynchus) |
pleasant | adj |
blessed, darling, dreamy, good, grateful, heavenly, sweet, welcome |
lief/ liefsome (Eng, calque of Ger. speech), faining, listing, quemsome (<OE gecwemsum) |
please | interj | kindly, gladly, fain, if you will |
bid (cf. NHG bitte), liever (from lief) |
please | vb | gladden, list | queme |
pleased | adj | blissful, thankful | eady, quemed |
pleasing | adj | grateful, welcome | quemely (<OE cwémlic) |
pleasure | n | lust, gladness |
quemeness (satisfaction), itheness (<OE īeðnes) |
plebiscite | n | - | folkfrain, folkcast, folksay, folkspoll, folksstevening (calque: NL volksstemming), folksanswer (calque of NHG Volksentscheid) |
plectrum | n | pick | harpnail (<OE hearpenægel) |
pledge | n | plight | - |
pledge | vb | plight, swear, sicker | - |
plentiful | adj | rife, teeming, manyful | - |
plenty | adv | enough/enow, many | weal, fele (<OE fela and akin to SC fele, NL veel and NHG viel) |
plethora | n | overflow | overmuchness |
-plex | suf | -fold | - |
pliable | adj | - | lithy (<OE līþiġ) |
pliant | adj | - | lithy |
plumage | n | feathers, featherware, hackles | - |
plumber | n | - | leatfitter, bogfitter, johnman (slang), leadworker |
plumbing | n | - | leadwork |
plumbline | n | - | wall-thread (<OE weallþrǽd) |
plunder | vb | - | stroud (<OE strūdan; PST: strode, PTCP: stroden) |
plunge | vb | dip, dunk, dive | - |
plural | adj | morefold |
manifold(ly) (<OE manigfealdlic), manisome |
plus | pre | and | - |
plush | n | stuffed toy | - |
plutocracy | n | - | gelddom, goldwield |
pluvial | adj | rainly | indicator: watergall |
Pm[] | |||
P.M. (post meridiem) | adv | - | after midday (A.M.), aftermidday (A.M.) (cf. SW eftermiddag) |
Pn[] | |||
pneumatic | adj | of a woman: shapely | thringlofty |
pneumonoultramicrosco-picsilicovolcanoconosis | n | - | inbreathedgroundashandsanddustsickness (inbreathed-ground-ash-and-sand-dust-sickness), (poetic) dusty-lung dree |
Po[] | |||
n | bag (<ON) | pough (<ME poughe, OE pohha) | |
poem | n | lay, yed (in OED, <OE giedd) | leeth (<ME lēth) |
poet | n | scop, writer, dighter |
shop (<OE scop), leethwright (<OE lēoþwyrhta) |
poetic | adj | - | leethly (<OE lēoþlīċ) |
poetry | n | dighting | leethcraft (<OE leoðcræft), wordcraft |
point | n | tip, tine, nib, score, stake, log | ord (<Eng. but seldom) |
point | v | token at
point out sth: betoken, forewarn, make smb aware of |
- |
pointless | adj | - | sakeless |
poison | n | bane, gall, atter (obsolete or dialectal) | - |
poison | vb | sting, atter | - |
poisonous | adj | attery | attern (<ME attern) |
pole (land/physics) | n | axle | - |
polar (land/physics) | adj | - | axled |
polar bear | n | - |
icebear (see WF iisbear, NL ijsbeer, NHG Eisbär, DN isbjørn, IC ísbjörn, NO isbjørn, SW isbjörn), white bear (Far. hvítabjørn, IC hvítabjörn) |
polar zone | n | land of the midnight Sun | everfrost belt |
pole | n | - |
shot (<OE sceāt "corner, angle, nook," cognate of skaut), worldshot (<IC heimskaut) |
polecat | n | - | thummart |
polemic | n/adj | rant | - |
police | n | law, lawmen, watchmen, coppers, warders | lawthane, warden |
policy | n | - | thew (<OE þeaw), steven (<OE stefn, cf. IC stefna) |
polite | adj | becoming, befitting | - |
political | adj |
mootish |
shirecrafty, shirecunning, rikescrafty, rikescunn, gerecky, flock (Icelandic: flokkur) |
politically correct language | n | - | egg-shell speak, gereckspeak, thoughtful speak, heed-speak |
politician | n | lawmaker | shireling, gerecker |
politics | n | - | shirecraft, shirecunning, mootsmanship, kingspeak, reevedom, reevecunning, rikescraft, rikescunning |
poll | n | - | (survey): worthdeem |
pollen | n | - | bloomdust, father dust |
pollutant | n | - | filemote |
pollute | vb | foul, befoul, make dirty | smear, besnit, besmut, sootdew |
pollution | n | - | soot-dew, sootdew |
poltergeist | n | - | dinghost |
polycephaly | n | - | manyheadedness |
polygamist | n | - | maniwed |
polyglot | n | - | tonguesmith, manitongue |
polygon | n | - | manihern |
polyhedron | n | - | manineb |
polymorph | n | - | manishape |
polymorphism | n | - | manishapedom |
polytheism | n | - | manigodlief, sundergodtroth, sundrygodtroth, manygodtroth, sundertroth, sundrytroth, manytroth, sunderoath, sundryoath, manyoath |
pomegranate | n | - | cornapple (calque), seedapple (calque), seedovet (calque) |
pompous | adj | showy, overbearing, high-flown, boastful | - |
ponder | vb | wonder, eye, think, weigh, wrestle with | hiler, smigh |
pontoon | n | card game: twenty one | sundstall, float-bridge |
pony | n | - | horseling |
pool (money) | n | pot | - |
poor | adj | in need, on the breadline, wretched, needy, wantsome |
arm; ill-stared; needmore (slang) |
pop (music) | n | folk | folksglee |
pope (<OE) | n | Holy Father |
Romish headrunner (runner = bishop, cf. NHG Läufer, SW löpare), Highfather (<OE héahfæder) |
popular | adj | beloved, folksy, folkly, folkish | - |
popularity | n | belovedness | allthede-love (<IC alþýðu-lof) |
populate | vb | - | befolk (cf. NHG bevölkern, NL bevolken) |
population | n | folks |
population: befolking (cf. NHG Bevölkerung, NL bevolking), dwellerscore, ledescore inhabitants: inwoners (cf. NHG Einwohnern, NL inwoners), indwellers, erdeners, allfolks (allhallows) |
population density | n | crowding; thickness of settling | huddlemete |
populism | n | folks | folksdom, folkship, folksric, folkswield, folksreevedom, folkshire |
populist | adj | folksy | - |
populous | adj | crowded, teeming | folkful, folkrich (calque of NHG) |
populus assembly | n | - |
folkforsaming (calque of many germanic languages), folksgathering, folksmoot |
porcelain | n | shiny earthenware | - |
porch | adj | - | forehouse |
porcine | n | pig, boar, hog, swine, sow, yelt | - |
porcupine | n | - | quillpig |
pore | n | hole, hidehole, skinhole | thirl, sweathole |
pork | n | pig, swine, swineflesh, pigflesh | farrow (<OE fearh) |
porn | n | smut | - |
pornography | n | - | smutcraft |
porous | adj | holey, seepsome | siftful, thirl (<OE þyrel) |
porpoise | n | mereswine | - |
porridge | n | mush, oatmeal | gread (<ON grautr) |
port | n | harbour, haven | ford, hythe |
portable | adj | handheld | ferryworth |
portmanteau | n | - | word: mingleword (cf. NL mengwoord) |
portal | n | doorway, door, gate, gateway |
rother (<OE rodor) |
portend | vb |
bode, by-sen, forerun, ill-bode, foreshadow, forewarn |
- |
portent | n | - | foretoken, boding |
portentous | adj |
doomy, foreboding, ill-boding, threatening, awesome, stunning, wonderful |
- |
portion | n | deal, lot, share, dole | - |
portrait | n | likeness (of) | bilth, mealing |
position | n | berth | steadholding |
positive (aspect) | n | upside | - |
positive | adj | - | mathematics: overnaught |
possess | vb |
own, owe; devilsicken, |
- |
possessed | adj |
devilsick, fiendsick, owned, ought, |
- |
possession | n | ownership, belonging, ought | aught (<ME aughte); haft (<OE hæft) |
possessor | n | owner, holder | ower (<OE āga; archaic and not recommended) |
possibility | n | likelihood, likeliness |
comendliness (<OE acumendlīcness), mailihood, mightliness, maybehood |
possible | adj | within reach, can-be | mightly (<OE meahtelīc), comendly (<OE ácumendlic), maily, maybesome, doughtbefall, dowedbefall, hapsome, mightsome |
possibly | adv | maybe, mayhaps | maily |
post | n | upload (internet post) | - |
post- | pref | after- | - |
posterior | n | rump, back(side) | - |
posteriority | n | afterness | - |
posterity | n | children, offspring, seed, hinderhood |
- |
postexistence | n |
afterlife, afterbeing, the beyond, the great beyond, the next world, other world, the great unknown |
- |
posthuman | n | - | afterwere, gearwere, beyond mankind |
posthumanism | n | - | afterweredom, gearweredom |
postpone | vb | forestall, put off, call off | forslow, forshove (for- "away" + shove; calque of NHG verschieben), eld (<ME ēlden) |
post script (p.s.) | n | afterthought | afterword, afterwrit (a.w.), aftertale |
postulate | n | - | bead, foreneed, foreweening |
potassium | n | - | potash (pot-ash), potashshaft |
potato | n | earthapple, spud, tater, tatty |
nightshade runner ('solanum tuberosa'), shaderoot, breadroot |
potential | adj | likely, maybe, Foremighty | maily |
potential | n | strength, fitness, wherewithal, Foremight | - |
potentiometer | n | volt knob | - |
potion | n | - | lib, tiverdrink (cf. NL toverdrank) |
pouch | n | bag (<ON) | pough (<ME poughe, OE pohha), pung (<ME pung, cf. SW/DN pung), cheed (<OE cēod) |
poultry | n |
fowl, barnyard birds, bird meat |
- |
pound | n | nowl | nail, nool, neel, nagle (calque: SW nagel) |
poverty | n | need, want; dearth, drought, | hardupness (slang) wantsomeness, armth |
powder | n/vb |
dust, beat, crush, grind |
- |
power | n |
grip, sway, strength, brawn, might, mains, craft |
thirth (<ME thirth/thrith), wield/wald (<OE weald), avel (<ME āvel <OE afol) special: sundercraft (<OE sundorcræft) |
power | vb | drive, feed | - |
power line | n | mains line | spark rope |
powerful | adj | heavy, mighty, strong |
thritheful (<OE þrȳþfull) |
power supply | n | mains brick | - |
Pr[] | |||
practical | adj | working; earthy, down-to-earth | - |
practically | adv |
about, all-but, fair, fairly, |
- |
practice | vb/n | - |
vb: ove (<PWG *ōbijan, cf. ELG öven, NL oefenen, NHG üben) n: oving (calque: NHG Übung, NL oefening) |
practicing | n | - |
oove (<PG *ōbō; cf. OHG uoba) |
pragmatic | adj | hardheaded, down-to-earth | - |
praise | n | worth, wulder |
loave (<ME lōf), heriness (<OE herenes), herrying (<OE herung) |
praise | vb | worth, beworth, puff up | herry (archaic New English) |
pram | n | buggy | push-wainling (Barnes) |
praught | vb | - | athelbade |
prayer | n | bead | bene, boon, inspeaking |
prayerful | adj | - | beadful, inspeechful |
pre- | pref | fore- | - |
preach | vb | - | athelbid |
preacher | n | - | athelbode, heaven-reacher (slang) |
preamble | n | foreword, inleading, forespell | - |
precaution | n | forecare | - |
precede | vb | herald, forerun | - |
preceding | adj | before-time, fore-time | - |
precinct | n | space: pen pedestrian zone: walkway |
- |
precipitation | n | rainfall, snowfall, downsheet, breefall | downsheet |
precious | adj | dear, dearworth, dearworthly | - |
preciousness |
n | dearworthiness | - |
precise | adj | - | right on, spot-on |
precisely | adv | well | - |
preclude | vb | forestall, foreclose | - |
precocious | adj | ahead | rathe-ripe, rathish |
precognition | n | foreknowledge, foreboding | - |
precursor | n | forerunner, before-runner, forebear | - |
predator | n | hunter (in some contexts) |
reavedeer (cf. NHG Raubtier, NL roofdier), flesheater |
predecessor | n | forerunner, forebear, forefather | foreling, before-comer |
predestination | n | wyrd/weird, doom, foredooming |
coring, foreteeing (<OE foreteohhung) |
predetermine | vb | foredoom, forechoose | - |
predicament | n | swamp, sticky wicket | hardfettle |
predict | vb |
foretell, foresay, beeforesay, before-tell, foresee, forecast, soothsay, foreshow |
- |
prediction | n |
foretelling, foresight, foretelling, |
- |
predominant | adj | overweighing | - |
preeminent | adj | foremost | elderdomly (<OE ealdordōmlīce) |
preexistence | n | aforeness, beforeness, forebeing | - |
prefabricated | adj | ready-made, ready-built, forewrought | fore-timbered (houses) |
preface | n | foreword |
throughlook(ing) (<OE þurhlōcung) |
prefect | n | - | fyrdenhighshireman |
prefer | vb | forechoose, (would) rather, wouldsooner, fain | beliken |
preferable | adj | - |
liever (cf. NHG lieber, NL liever) |
preference | n | forechoice | beliking, forechoosing |
prefigure | vb | foreshadow, foreshow | - |
prefix | n | - | forefastening |
pregnant | adj | with child, heavy (with child) | bearing, barneken (<OE bearnēacen) |
prehistoric | adj | - | yesteryorely |
prehistory | n | - | yesteryore
study: forewritlore |
prejudice(al) | n/adj | foredeem(ing) | - |
prejudge | vb | foredeem | - |
prelude | n | foreword, warm-up, before-runner | forspell |
premature | adj | untimely, unripe, early, betimes (literary) | foreripe |
prematurely | adv | beforehand, oversoon | - |
premeditated | adj | forethought | - |
premier | adj | foremost, first | - |
premise | n |
given, forestep, if; toft (building site')
|
forehedging |
premonition | n | forefeeling, foreboding | - |
preoccupy | vb |
- |
forebusy |
preparation | n | gearing up, reening, readying, foregearing | - |
prepare | vb |
taw, fit, fix, groom, graith, lay, ready; draft, draw up, frame; lay out, foreready, forework |
reen (<OE renian) |
prepared | adj | ready, tawed, neat, foreworked, forereadied | - |
prepreparedness | n | alreadiness | - |
preposition | n | - |
foreput, foresetness (< Ælfric's OE calque foresetnes) |
prequel | n | - | forefollow, forebook, foresaga |
prerequisite | n | - | foreneed |
prerogative | n/adj | - | sundergift, sundergifted, sundergiftedness |
prescience | n |
foreknowledge; farsightedness, oresightedness, forethought |
forewisdom |
prescient | adj |
foreknowing, farseeing, farsighted, forehanded, foreseeing, forethoughtful, forward |
- |
prescribe | vb | lay down | forewrite |
presence | n | sight; look, outside | atdom (the state of being at something) at-ness, theresomeness, onbe-hood, onbe-hood, theresomeness |
present | adj |
in, ongoing, nowaday, today's, now's, nowadays', running, nowen |
anward (<OE andweard), gainward (calque: NHG gegenwart) |
present | n |
here and now, today, gift, handsel |
nowtide, nowtime, nonce, time being, now, grammar: anward (<OE andweard). mathom (<OE maþm) |
present | vb |
show; give, bestow, furnish, |
foredraw (calque of all Ger. speeches), forthset, forthput, overreach (cf. NHG überreichen) submit: forelay (cf. NHG vorlegen) |
Presentation of the Lord | n | Candlemas | - |
presentiment | n | forefeeling | - |
preserve | vb | forlast, hain, keep, uphold, aspare | - |
preside | vb | steward, overlook | foresit over |
president | n | - |
foresitter (calque), kithhead, stoolman, landleader |
presidency | n | - | foresittership |
presque vu | n | - | nighseen |
press | vb | thring, thrutch | - |
press down | vb | - | bethrutch |
pressure | n | - | thringmight, thrutch (<OE þryċċan and akin to NHG drücken) |
prestige | n | standing, swey, weight | - |
presume | vb | foreguess, daresay | athrist (<OE áthristian) |
presumably | adv | likely, seemingly | - |
presumptuous | adj | uppity, overweening, daring | - |
presuppose | vb | - | forettle, forereasow (<OE rǣswan) |
pretend | vb | do as if, play as if, sham, put on, fake | bebraid (<OE bebregdan), braid (<OE gebregdan), hue (<OE hiwian), let (<OE lǣtan), fordo, formake |
pretender | n | would-be, fake, faker | - |
pretend friend | n | back-friend | - |
pretense | n |
put-on, show; high horse |
- |
pretentious | adj | showy, over the top, kitsch | - |
prevail | vb | hold up, keep up, last | throughswithe (<OE þurhswiðan) |
prevalent | adj | rife | - |
prevent | vb |
hinder, forcome, forbid, forestop, forestall, forehinder |
let (<OE lettan), forstand |
preview | vb/n | forelook, forepeek, foreshow, foreshowing | - |
previous | adj | former, last, latter, foregoing, earlier, yester, back-a-long | - |
previously | adv |
afore, already, before, beforehand, earlier, formerly |
- |
prey | n | (the) hunted (in some contexts) | feng (<OE) |
price | n | outlay, worth | toll |
pride | n | orgul (archaic) | unmoodness (<OE unmōdnes), highmoodness (<OE hēahmōdnes), stolt |
priest | n | blesser, hallower, beadle, shepherd; shriver; godsmith, soul-carer, heaven-reacher, sin-buster, sin-shifter, soul-whisperer, white-choker. | gospel-shooter, elder, ghost-man (heathen); godkind man, Godspeeder, speeder; snither |
prima donna | n | leading lady, first lady | bitchy woman, showy woman |
primacy | n | - | foremostness, elderdom (<OE), apeness |
primary | adj | foremost, first, erst, main | - |
primate | n | - | firstdeer, foredeer |
prime | adj | main, head | form (<OE forma; cognate of Leeden primus) |
primer | n | starter | futhorc writ, firstbook |
primeval | adj | hoary, olden | - |
prince | n | frim, atheling, highness |
high earl, kingling, fengle (<OE fengel), brey (<OE brego "prince; lord; ruler") |
princess | n | highness, lady |
athelingen (æþeling + -en), high earlin, brinen (< OE brego + -en), ides (<OE ides "woman of nobility"?) |
principality | n | - | fengledom (fengel + -dom), high earldom, breydom (<OE brego + -dom) |
principle | n | - | howing, eldertruth |
principle | adj | main, foremost, first, head | - |
vb | - |
thrutch (<ME thricchen), outlay | |
printing press | n | - | thrycker, thringing thryck calque |
prior | adj | before(hand), earlier | - |
priority | n | right-of-way | forerank, foreweight, foreness, forehood, beforeness |
prism | n | block | andleamer |
prison | n | clink, lockup, pound, slammer | fangness (fang "to capture" (now dial.) + -ness; akin to NL gevangenis and NHG Gefängnis), dung (<OE dung) |
prisoner | n | inmate | haftling (<OE hæftling) |
pristine | n | earliest, firstness, speckless, spotless | yoreness, orhood, fromfirst |
private | adj | hidden, hushed, shut, asunder, set away | dern, onelepy (<OE anlipig), sunder, wightly (calque of personal) |
privilege | n | right, freedom | sunderfreedom (<OE), sundergift (cf. OE sundorgiefu) |
privileged | adj | gifted | - |
privy | n | outhouse, backhouse | cackhouse (<OE cachūs), felton (<OE feltūn) |
pro | n | craftsman | - |
probability | n | likelihood, likeliness, odds | - |
probable | adj | likely | - |
probably | adv | likely, in all likelihood, likely enough, maybe, most likely, belike | trueshinely (cf. NL waarschijnlijk, NHG wahrscheinlich) |
probe | vb | prod | - |
probity | n | uprightness | - |
problem | n | worry, kinch, bugbear, reck, hang-up, hitch, snag, rub, pitfall, fall, downside, drawback, shortcoming | - |
problematic | adj | worrysome | - |
procedure | n | - | forsetting (cf. DN fortsætte, SW fortsätta), forfareld |
proceed | vb | go forward, go forth, go on, go ahead | yede, forefare, forthfare, forthgo, shrithe (<OE scrīþan) |
proceeding | n | - | foregoing, foregang (cf. NHG Vorgang) |
process | vb | - |
forework, forthfaring, forfare (cf. NHG verfahren), taw, handle |
process | n | - |
foregang (cf. NHG Vorgang), workway |
processor | n | computer: mainframe | telcruncher, reckoner |
proclaim | vb | bode | - |
proclamation | n | banns, boding | ban (<ME ban) |
proclivity | n | forelike, forelove | towardbend |
procrastinate | vb | put off, stall | eld (<ME ēlden ⁊ <OE ildan), ebb out, morrowstall, forestall |
procrastinator | n | - | forslower, morrowstaller |
procreate | vb | beget, breed | - |
proctophilia | n | - | arselust |
procurator | n | - | highshireman (<OE hēahscīremann) |
procure | vb | - | beshape |
product | n | ware | - |
prodigy | n | - | wonderchild |
prodigal | adj | spareless | unbridled, feespilling |
produce | vb | beget, breed, bring about, bring forth, draw on, work, yield, | forthbring, ale (<OE alan; PST: ool, PTCP: alen) |
produce | n | handiwork, output, thing, work, yield, outcome | - |
producing | adj | begetting, life-begetting, yielding | - |
production | n | yield, output, handiwork | forthbringing |
productive | adj | waresome, thrifty, yoelding | forthbear |
productivity | n | output | - |
proem | n | foreword | - |
profanity | n | curse, curseword, cuss | warm words (slang) |
professional | adj | skilled | - |
professional | n | worker, craftsman | - |
professor | n | lorespeaker, loregiver | - |
profile | n | - | selfleaf (internet) |
profit | n | gain, boot, yield, winnings, earnings | - |
profitable | adj | worthwhile | - |
proficiency | n | skill | - |
profound | adj | underlying, deep | - |
profoundly | adv | underlyingly, deeply, groundly | - |
profusely | adv phr | flow thickly, running overly, teemingly | - |
profusion | n | beteeming | - |
progenitor | n |
begetter, elder, father, alder-father, forebear, forefather, fore-elder, forerunner |
- |
program | n | - | foredraft, broadcast, sending (see source code) language: draft writ |
progress | n | inroads, headway | forthgang (<OE forþgang), forthship (<OE forþscype), forthstride |
progressive | adj | forward, late, broad-minded, cutting-edge | forblowing |
prohibit | vb | forbid, forfend | - |
project | n | work | howe, goalwork |
projector | n | beamer | - |
prokaryote | n | - | forenut, forekern (calque) |
proleptic | adj | - | foreyiftish |
proletariat | n | churls, boors, thralls, hirelings, knaves; thralldom | churldom, boordom, knavedom |
prolific | adj | fat, lush, rich | birthy, broodful, birthful |
prologue | n | foretale | - |
prolong | vb | lengthen | eld (<ME ēlden ⁊ <OE ildan) |
prolonged | adj | lengthened | linged |
promiscuous | vb | bed-hop | - |
promiscuous | adj | bedhopping | - |
promise | n | behight, oath, troth, foreword | - |
promise | vb | behight, swear; forebode | forspeak (calque of NHG versprechen), forhight (calque: NHG verheissen) |
promontary | n | headland, foreland, ness, bill, (Portland Bill); hoe | - |
promote | vb | uprear, (up)further, boost | - |
prompt | adj | - | oneread (<ME ānrēd <OE ānrǣd) |
prone | adj | given, open; helpless | alout (<OE áloten), forthlout (<OE forþlútan), onfally (<NHG anfällig, see onfall) |
pronghorn antelope | n | - | tinedeer, outrunning tinehorner |
pronoun | n | - | byname (<OE bīnama), forename (<OE forenama) |
pronounce | vb | say | speak out, outspeak (cf. NHG aussprechen, NL uitspreken) |
pronunciation | n | - | wordway, loudcarve (<IC hljóðkerfi), outspeaking, outspeech (cf. NHG Aussprache, NL uitspraak), how to say [it] proper/correct: rightsteven (<OE rihtstefn) |
proof | n | witness | shedding, reckonedness (cf. OE gerecednes), bewise (cf. NF (Sylt) Biwiis, NL bewijs, NHG Beweis, SW bevis) |
propaganda | n | - | forspreading (cf. NL verspreiding) |
propel | vb | thrust, drive, drive forth | - |
proper | adj | fitting, meet, seemly, right, true, echt | bedavenly (<OE gedafenlic) |
proper noun | n | self-name | ownname (<OE āgen nama; cf. NHG Eigenname, NL eigennaam) |
property | n | ownings, holdings, hallmark, belongings | aught (<ME aughte), owndom (<NHG Eigentum; cf. WF eigendom, SF Oaindum), owe (<OE āge) private: sunderfee (<OE sundorfeoh), landgood (NL landgoed) |
prophesy | vb | speak forth, bode; foretell, foresee, soothsay, say sooth | - |
prophesy | n | speech, boding; foresight, boding, foretelling, soothsaying | - |
prophet | n | spokesman, preacher, boder; spaeman, spaewife, spaer; seer, soothsayer, foresayer, before-sayer, before-speaker, forth-speaker | spaesayer |
propitious | adj | - | winsome (<ME wynsom) |
proportion | n | - | andeven (<OE andefn) |
proposal | n | foreset | forthput, forthputting |
propose | vb | foreset, put forth, say | forthput, forthsay |
proprietor | n | householder, owner, landlord/lady | - |
propulsion | n | thrust | - |
proscribe | vb | forbid | - |
prosecute | v | - | forfollow (cf. NL vervolgen, NHG verfolgen) |
prosecution | n | - | forfollowing (cf. NL vervolging, NHG verfolgung) |
proselyte | n | freshman (Sir John Cheke) | - |
prosopagnosia | n | - | neb blindness |
prosper | vb | thrive, thee | - |
prosperity | n | theedom | forblowing (<OE blowan), ead (<OE ēad), douth or dowth (<OE duguþ) |
prosperous | adj | frim (physically), lush, thriving | theely, wealth-owning, eady (<OE ēadiġ) |
prostate | n | - | forestander (forestander drooze) (<NHG Vorsteherdrüse) |
prostitute | vb | whore | - |
prostitute | n | hooker, whore, streetwalker, hustler | - |
prostrate | adj | aground | - |
prostrate oneself (to) | vb | lay aground before | hien (<OE hīenan, lit. "to lie prostrate") |
protagonist | n | - | headfellow (cf. DN hovedperson) |
protarchæopteryx | n | - | foreorfowl, first orbird |
protect | vb | ward, shield, forstand, beshield, frith | - |
protection | n | shield, ward | lewing (<OE hleowung), mundwist (<OE mundwist) |
protective | adj | - | wardly, holdsome (<OE ġehealdsum) |
protector | n | warden | holdand (<OE healdend) |
protégé | n | ward | - |
protein | n | - | eggwhite (cf. NHG Eiweiß, NL eiwit) |
protest | n/vb | witness; uproar, outcry wrangle, gainsay | -
forstride |
Protestant (< Lat. pro testare, “for a witness”) | adj | witnessing, gospelling; true faith; speaking out against lies | for the troth |
Protestant | n | witness for Christ, gospeller, true believer; speaker against lies | - |
proto- | pref | ere-, ur- | or- (<OE) |
Proto-Germanic | n | - | Ortheedish, Eretheedish |
proton | n | - | erebit, firstbit; watermaker |
protoplasm | n | - | ereslime, orslime |
protrude |
vb | stick out, jut | - |
protuberance | n | knob, outgrowth | - |
proud | adj | haughty, showy, overbearing, self-worshipping, lofty, stout | rank (<OE ranc), stolt (<OE stolt; akin to NHG stolz) |
prove | vb | show, truthen, witness, settle | soothe (OE soþian, ME sothen), bewise (calque: NL bewijzen, NHG beweisen, SW bevisa) |
proverb | n | byword, saying, saw, folksay(ing) | - |
provide | vb | afford, feed, give, hand over | beheft |
province | n | - | landshare; outland, folkshire (<OE folcscearu) |
provocateur | n | - | gremer (<OE gremung) |
provocation | n | - | greming (<OE gremung) |
prow | n | foreship | - |
prudence | n | forewit, sparefulness, wariness, wisdom, | long-thinkingness |
prudent | adj | keen, forewitting, spareful, wary, wise, long-thinking; glew, i-sely (OED) | - |
prune | n | plum | - |
pruning | n | shredding, shreading (in OED, obsolete; <OE scrēadung) | - |
Prunus Spinosa | n | blackthorn, sloe | sloethorn (<OE slāhþorn) |
Prussia | n | - | Pruceland, Leatherland |
pry | vb | 1. key-hole 2. uproot | - |
prying | n/adj | key-holeing | - |
Ps[] | |||
pseudo- | n | fake, -like | lease- |
psychedelic | adj | - | soulkithing, mindopening, mindrooming, soulopening (calque: SW själsöppnande) |
psychiatrist | n | shrink | mindhealer, crockwright, soulkithler, mindlorer |
psychiatry | n | - | soulkith (cf. NL seelkunde), mindkith |
psychic | n | - | soulsman, mindsman |
psychic | adj | - | soulish, mindish |
psychologist | n | shrink | mindlorer, crockwright, rat-tamer |
psychology | n | - | mindlore |
psychopath | adj | - | mindsick, mind-ill |
psychotropic/psychoactive | adj | - | mindwending |
Pt[] | |||
pterosaur | n | - | wingask(ard) (calque of Greekish "πτερόν" + "σαῦρος"), flyslinkand |
Pu[] | |||
puberty | n | - | ripehood, sleyripe (cf. NHG Geschlechtsreife) |
pubic bone | n | - | shamebone |
pub(lic house) | n | inn, alehouse, boozer | - |
public | n | - | openliness (calque of NHG Öffentlichkeit) |
public | adj | open, mean | openly, folkly (calque from Latin) |
public servant | adj | - | theen, onbidsman |
public toilet | n | - | outhouse |
publication | n | uttering | foropening (cf. NHG Veröffernlichung), abaning |
publish | vb | utter (lasted in New English until around 1740, when “publish” overtook it), forthset, bring out, forthsend | to release: foropen (cf. NHG veröffentlichen)
lay down: aban (<OE abannan), forlay (cf. NHG verlegen), outlay, foropen (cf. NHG veröffenlichen) |
publisher | n | - | utterer; forlayer, forlay house (cf. NHG Verlag), abaner |
pulsate | vb | beat, throb | - |
pulse | n | 1. beat, throb 2. bean | - |
pumice | n | - | foamstone |
pumpkin | n | marrow | tillberry, harvestball |
punch | vb | clout, hit | handstrike, fiststrike, dunch |
punctuation | n | - | tokenmark, tokensetting (cf. NHG Zeichensetzung, DN tegnsætning) |
punish | vb | wreak, smite | witten (<OE wítnian), strafe (<NHG), give back |
punishment | n | wreak | wittening (<OE wítnung), wreaking, smiting, strafing (<NHG), giveback (< payback) |
pup | n | whelp | - |
pupil | n | of the eye: strale | - |
puppet | n | cat's paw | handdoll (cf. NHG Handpuppe) |
purchase | vb | buy, take | - |
pure | adj | clean, mere, sheer, white, wemless, unwemmed | lutter (<OE hlūtor), shire (<OE scīr), smeat (<OE smǣte) |
purebred | adj | thoroughbred | - |
Purgatory | n | - | Sweepfire (cf. NHG Fegefeuer), Otherworld |
purge | vb | cleanse | furb |
purify | vb | cleanse | sye (<ME sīen) |
purple (<OE) | n | - | baze (<OE basu), fishdye (<OE fiscdēah), tiver (<OE teafor), woaden (<OE wǣden), bleered (<OE blēorēad), wormred, clamhue, clam |
purple dye (<OE) | n | - | welktallow (<OE weoloctælg) |
purple martin | n | - | bawseswallow, blueswallow |
purpose | n | sake, goal | - |
pursue | vb | follow, shadow, tail | - |
pursuit | n | following, shadowing, tailing | woath (<OE wāþ) |
purveyor | n | monger | - |
pus | n | atter | - |
push | vb | shove, thrust, thrutch | outarm |
pusillanimous | n | wan | weak-minded |
pustule | n | pock, w(h)eal, whelk | - |
putrefaction | n | rot(ting) | addleness |
puzzle | n/vb | brainteaser, riddle | - |
Py[] | |||
pygmy | n | dwarf; Tom Thumb | - |
pyramid | n | - | fourflat (calque of NL viervlak) |
pyre | n | - | oad (<ME ād <OE ād) |
pyromania | n | - | firemadness |
pyromaniac | n | kindler, enkindler | firesetter |
pyrophobia | n | fire-dread | fireawe, firefear, firefright, baleyse (<OE bǣlegsa) |