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|''adv'' |
|''adv'' |
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| enough/enow, many |
| enough/enow, many |
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+ | |weal, fele (<OE [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fela#Old_English fela] and akin to SC fele, Du veel and NHG viel) |
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− | |weal |
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|'''plethora''' |
|'''plethora''' |
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| morefold |
| morefold |
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− | manifold(ly) (<'''OE''' manigfealdlic), |
+ | manifold(ly) (<'''OE''' manigfealdlic), manisome |
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|'''plus''' |
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|'''pluvial''' |
|'''pluvial''' |
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|''adj'' |
|''adj'' |
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− | | |
+ | | rainly |
|''indicator:'' watergall |
|''indicator:'' watergall |
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|''n'' |
|''n'' |
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| - |
| - |
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− | |tonguesmith, |
+ | |tonguesmith, manitongue |
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|'''polygon''' |
|'''polygon''' |
Revision as of 18:39, 21 November 2020
Staff P of the English Wordbook.
Basic abbreviations:
- OE = Old English
- ME = Middle English
- SC = Scots
- WF = West Frish
- NF = North Frish
- SF = Saterlandish Frish
- WLG = West Low Theech
- ELG = East Low Theech
- NL = Netherlandish
- NHG = New High Theech
- IC = Icelandish
- HIC = High Icelandish
- NO = Nornish
- SW = Swedish
- DN = Danish
- MLG = Middle Low Theech
- MNL = Middle Netherlandish
- MHG = Middle High Theech
- OF = Old Frish
- OS = Old Saxish
- OHG = Old High Theech
- ON = Old Norse
- GO = Gottish
- PWG = Or-West-Theedish
- PG = Or-Theedish
For a full list of etymological and other abbreviations used in these wordlists, see: Offshortenings.
Chancery English | Class | Anglish/English | |
Attested | Unattested | ||
pabulum | n | fodder, food of thought | - |
pace | vb/n | speed; step, walk, stride, tread | skeeth (cf Ic. skeið) |
pacifier | n | soother | - |
pacifist | n | dove | frithweaver, unfighter |
package | n | wrapping | - |
paddle | n | oar | - |
pagan | n | heathen | - |
paganism | n | heathendom | - |
page | n | side, sheet, leaf; knave, boy, helper, thane |
trammet (<OE tramet), leafside |
pacify | vb | allay | smolten, befrith |
pain | n | smart(ing), soreness, acheness, sorrow, care, teen(e) (obsolete), warch/wark (obsolete; k-form may be due to influence from Norse), woe | - |
painful | adj | acheful, nasty, sore, harsh, harrowing, smarting | - |
paint | n | dye |
farb (<OE færbu) |
paint | vb | mete (obsolete, but in the OED), dye, stroke | fay (<OE fǽgan), mete/meet (<OE (ámétan), meal (<OE mǽlan) |
painting | n | meting (obsolete) | dyework, mealwork (cf. Ic. málverk) |
pair | n | twain, twin, set | - |
pajamas | n | - | nightclothes (cf. Ic. náttföt) |
palace | n | hall | kingshouse, kingshome, kinghove (<OE cynehof), king's dwelling, sale (related to salon) |
palate | n | roof of the mouth, gums’ roof |
gums/goom (<OE góma') |
palatine bone | n | gums’ bone | gumsbone, goombone, roofbone |
pale | adj | bleach, dull, fallow, light, washed-out; ashen, doughy, mealy, wan | - |
pale | n | wall, weir | - |
paleo- | pfx | ere- | ur-, or- |
paleography | n | old writing | orwritelore, erewritlore |
paleolithic | adj | - | orstonely, orstonish |
paleontology | n | - | orwightlore, erewritlore |
palindrome | n | - | crabword, drowword |
palisade | n | - | stakehedge, stakewall, stakework, boardwall (<OE bredweall), stavewall, stickwall |
palliate | vb | whitewash, soothe | - |
pallid | adj | ashen, doughy, mealy, wan, ghastly, grey, bleak, white, sickly, ill | - |
palmtree | n | - | folmtree, handtree |
palmary | adj | - | heriworthy |
palpitate | vb | throb | - |
pamphlet | n | flyer, folder, leafling | leafel |
panacea | n | heal-all (not common, but in OED) | allheal (calque) |
pancreas | n | - | sweet kernel |
pancreas (when used as a food) | n | gut bread | - |
panda bear | n | - | (greater) catbear, eastern bear, eyeshadowbear |
pandemonium | n | - | hexkettle (cf. Du. heksenketel), alfiendness (calque) |
panderer | n | bedbroker | |
panel | n | shield, screen, board | - |
Pangaea | n | - | Alland (all + land; calque) |
pangolin | n | - | shaledeer (calque) |
panic | n | fright, elfshot | wode, wodening |
panorama | n | - | allsight, umsight (see um-) |
Panthalassa | n | - | Allsea (all + sea; calque), Worldsea |
pants | n | breeches, britches, shorts, leggings, hosen, strides, slacks, legwear | - |
pants, under- | n | undies, underwear, drawers | netherlings, underkegs |
papaya | n | - | blasterapple (calque of Cuban Spanish "fruta bomba") |
paper | n |
leaf, sheet, looseleaf |
blade ('paper' in OE (from Latin) means papyrus) |
papier-mâché | n | - | sheetmash, mashed sheet |
para- | suffix | over- | yond- |
parable | n | likeness, byword | - |
parachute | n |
fallward (calque of French parachute, para (defense against) + chute (a fall) |
fallshirm (cf. NHG. Fallschirm, Du. valscherm) |
paraclete | n | - | forverghost (<OE forforgast) |
paradise | n | heaven, the afterlife | fairyard, narxenwong (newtiding of OE neorxnawang; c.f. dark < OE deorc); blessed abode |
paradisiacal | adj | heavenly | heavenlike, narxenwongly |
parallel | adj | alongside; akin, matching | getherwended, withstraight |
parallelogram | n | - | sides alongside; akinside |
paralyzed(ysis) | adj/n | lame(ness), lamed | - |
paramour | n | lover | leman |
paranoia | n | great fear, maddening fear; mistrust | mad mistrust |
paranoid | n | - | mad misgiver, overmistruster |
paranormal | adj | witchcraft, otherwordly; nithe, nicor | nitheness; overmean |
paranthesis | n | - | inputmark, sidemark |
paraphrase | n/vb | - | n. edwording
vb. edword |
parasite | n | bloodsucker, free rider | sidefeeder (calque of Gk. parasitos, para (beside) + sitos (food) |
parasitism | n | bloodsucking, freeriding | sidefeeding |
parasol | n | sunshade | - |
parchment | n | bookfell | - |
parent | n | elder, father or mother, childrearer | kennen, akenend (OE cennend), may (OE mǣġ) |
parenting | n | elderhood, childrearing, raising children/a child | - |
parenthesis | n | - | breeches |
parents | n | elders, folks | kennen; akennends, akends (OE cennend), mays (OE mǣġas) |
par excellence | n | better than others, best of its kind | by outstandingness (calque) |
pariah | n | outcast, castoff, black sheep | - |
parietal bone | n | - | skullwall |
parish | n | - | bedeshire |
park | n | - | ersh (<OE ersc), parrock, eddish (not exact: yard, field), deertown (<OE déortún) |
parliament | n | witenagemot (bygone word from OE) | folkthing (cf. Dan. Folketinget), stourthing (cf. Nor. Storting), lawthing (cf. SW Lagting), allthing (cf. IC Althing), ledeward, lawmoot, landmoot (there were shire moots, so this is the whole land), rikesday (cf. NHG Reichstag, SW Riksdagen), rikesrede (cf. NHG Reichsrat), forsamening (cf. NHG versammlung), rikesforsamening (cf. NHG reichsversammlung) |
parrot | n | - | bleefowl |
parsimonious | adj | mean, stinting, tightfisted | flint-skinning |
parsley | n | - | crispleaf |
part | n | deal, share, bit | - |
part | vb | split, break, sunder | - |
partake | vb | have, take with | bytake, dealnim, thie (<OE þicgan; c.f. lie < licgan, buy < bycgan) |
partial | n | some | bent (on), slanted (toward) |
participate | vb | join in, do with, leap in | dealnim (<OE dælniman) |
participation | n | - |
dealnimhood, dealnimness in the Eucharist: mansomeness (<OEġemænsumnes) |
participant | n | - | join in, dealnimmer |
participle | n | - | dealnimmand (<OE dælnimand); bitling. |
particle | n | mote, bit, crumb, mite, nip, shed; fleck, flyspeck, snip | grammar: worldling |
particularly | adv | namely, above all, all the more, at length, ever so, in the main, more than ever | hure (<OE huru), sunderly |
partition | n | wall, wough | - |
partner | vb/n | mate |
in crime: wisithe (<OE wīġesīþ) |
parturition | n | childbirth, birthing | - |
party | n | gathering, fungathering, merrymaking, bash | - |
parvenu | n | upstart | - |
pascal | adj | - | tholing |
pass | vb | overtake, overstep, hand over, give | undergo (cf. NHG untergehen) |
passage | n | path, way, pathway, footway, footpath | extract: plucking, throughgang (cf. NHG Durchgang) |
passage of time | n | flow of time | timeflow |
passenger | n | faregoer | faregest (cf. NHG Fahrgast), byfarer |
passion | n | love | love-fire, feel-fire, lithenship (< NHG Leidenschaft) |
Passion (Christianity) | n | - | Lithen (< NHG Leiden), Lithe |
passive | adj | idle | throwendly (<OE þrowiendlic) |
Passover | n | - | Easter |
passport | n | - | wayleave, fareford, trekford |
past | n/adj | bygone, forgone, former, last | forthwist (<OE forðgewitan), forganghood (<NHG vergangenheit), forgonehood/forgoneness, foretide (cf. IC fortíð), foreby (cf NHG. vorebei) |
pasta | n | noodle, starch | starchfood |
pasture | n | grassland, lea, meadow, field | leasow |
patella | n | kneecap | - |
paternal | adj | fatherly | - |
Paternoster | n | Our Father | Lord's Bead |
Patisserie | n | - | sugarbakery (German: Zuckerbäckerei, Swedish: sockerbageri, thus sugarbaker (German:Zuckerbäcker) for both pastry chef and confectioner as per German) |
pathetic | adj | rueful, ruthful, sad | - |
pathos | n | sadness | - |
patience | n | forbearing(ness) | thild (<OE geþyld), moodthwearness (<OE módþwǽrnes) |
patient | n | - | sickling (cf. IC sjúklingur). thildy (<OE ġeþyldiġ) |
patient | adj | forbearing | thildy (<OE þyld, cf. NHG geduldig); bide-willing. |
patria | n | homeland, fatherland, motherland | - |
patriarch | n | elder, eldfather | highfather (<OE hēahfæder) |
patriarchy | n | - | fatherwield |
patrician | n | - | highholder (<OE héahealdor) |
patricide | n | - | fatherslaughter, fathermurder |
patrimony | n | fathersland | - |
patriotic | n | home-loving | landtrothen, fatherlandish (calque) |
patriotism | n | home-love, flag-waving (pejorative) | landtrothenness, fatherlandloving, motherlandtrothness |
patron | n | backer, bestower | - |
patronage | n | business, trade | - |
pattern | n | cut, doing, doings, folkway, goings-on, layout, outline,setting, shape, set-up, warp & woof, way, ways, weave, web, yardstick | model: forelay (<NHG. Vorlage) |
pause | n | break, let-up | - |
paucity | n | lack, fewness | - |
pavement | n | sidewalk, footpath, walkway | - |
pay | vb | yield, buy (it), deal (out), set back (rearranging word order) | betale (cf. NHG bezahlen, Du. betalen) |
payment | n | fee | betaling (cf. Du. betaling, NHG Bezahlung), scot |
PDA (Personal Digital Assistant) | n | handheld, handtop | handheld reckoner, handtop reckoner |
peace | n | frith, bliss, rest, restfulness | sib (<OE sibbe), grith (<OE griþ) |
peace | vb | afrith | - |
peaceful | adj | dovish, restful | frithsome (<OE friþsum and akin to NHG. firedsam, Du vreedzaam), grithful (grith + ful) |
peach | n | - | perseapple (ancient Greek calque) |
peal | vb | ring, toll | - |
peanut (OE from Latin) | n | earthnut, groundnut | - |
pearl | n | - | seahurst, merhurst (<OE meregrot 'sea particle', <OE hyrst 'gem'), sandhurst |
peasant | n | churl, boor, yeoman, husbandman, landman | - |
peasant farmer | n | - | bour (<OE būr) pl: bours (<OE būras), cf. neighbour |
peculation | n | thefting | - |
peculiar | adj | freak, unwonted, own | markingly (cf. Nw. merkelig) |
pedagogue | n | teacher | - |
pedal | n | treadle, footkey, foot board, foot trigger | - |
pedal | adj | foot(ed) | - |
pedantic | n/adj |
inkhorn(y), know-it-all, nitpicking, teachy, boorish n: dryasdust |
- |
pedestal | n | - | footstone (<OE fótstán) |
pedestrian | n | walker | footman, footfarer, footgoer, footganger |
pedophile | n | - | childluster |
pedometer | n | - | walking-wheel |
pedophilia | n | - | childlust |
peel | n | husk, rind, shell, skin, strip | - |
peel | vb | rend, skin, shell, tear, pull off, slough off, strip | - |
peep | vb/n | cast, eye; slang: gander | - |
pegasus | n | - | winged horse |
pejorative | adj | slighting, belittling, down-putting | - |
pelican | n | - | wanfoot, stone-yeller, dive-dipper
dive-dapper/dive-dopper/ dive-dipper (<OE dūfedoppa; the first element is related to the verb "dive", not the noun "dove"; see OED entries "dive-dap|dive-dop" and "dive-dapper"). Wanfoot (dark foot). Stone-yeller: ( a bird whose cry is heard amongst the rocks) |
pellucid | adj | unclouded | - |
pelt | n | fell, hide | - |
pen | n | marker, writing tool, writing needle, writing shaft | writler, writingfeather, writingiron, (< OE wrítung-ísen), writsax (<OE writ-seax), reed, quill (uncertain origin) |
penance | n | bote | - sinbote |
penchant | n | leaning, fondness | - |
pencil | n | stick | leadstick, graystick, writingstick |
penetrate | vb | breach, stab, thrill, bore | - |
peninsula | n | neck of land; arm, foreland, headland, ness, spit, half-iland (German:halbinsel) | shankdom (as the boot of Italy) |
pentagon | n | - | fiveside, fivenook, fivedge |
Pentecost | n | Whitsunday | - |
penultimate | adj | last-but-one, next-to-last, forelast | - |
penis | n |
pizzle, weapon (<OE wæpn), dick/cock (both slang; both vulgar), |
brine hose (slang), bockler (Old Norse "bqllr") |
penitence | n | rueness (<OE hreonisse), ruefulness, ruth | gild |
penurious | adj | stingy | - |
people | n |
folk; throng (group of people) |
lede (<OE lēod, cf. NHG Leute, cf. Du. lieden) |
pepperoni | n | - | croudedswineflesh |
perceive | vb | wit; see, grasp, behold, smell, smack, fang, witness, make out, understand |
yeme, onget, bemark (cf. NHG./Du. bemerken), upmark (cf. Du. opmerken) |
percent | n | - | hundredth(s), hundredshluti (Icelandic:hundraðshluti) |
percentage | n | - | hundredmeal |
perception | n | insight, grip, hold | yeming, onget, undergetting, understanding, truetake, soothtake |
percolate | vb | leach | - |
perdition | vb | forelornness | forweird (<ME forwī̆rd) |
peregrine falcon | n | duck hawk |
duckhawk, wanderfalk (cf. Dn. vandrefalk, NHG. Wanderfalke) |
perfect | adj | flawless; all-out, blank, blooming, clean, sheer, flat-out; well done, all done, done throug, yare |
bild-board, swotel, fulmade (cf. Du. volmaakt), yare (<OE ġearu) |
perfect | vb | hone, fulcome | fulmake (cf. Du vomaken) |
perfidious | adj | forsworn; untrue, untrustworthy, trothless | - |
perforate | vb | awl, riddle, thrill, stick, thirl/thurl (< OE thyrel, now obsolete or dialectal), drill | - |
perform | vb | do forth, do, behave, work, play, show |
uptread (theatrical; cf. Du. optreden), theen (<OE ġeþēon) |
perfume | n | - |
duft, cride, athelstench (<OE æðelstenċ), wortbreath (<OE wyrtbrǣþ), ilmwater (Icelandic:Ilmvatn) |
perfunctory | adj | halfhearted, careless | - |
peril | n | freck (<OE frēcen) | |
period (time) | n | while, timespan, time frame, spell, stint | - |
period (punctuation) | n | fullstop | haltmark, stopmark, endmark |
perish | vb | waste, waste away, be wrecked, dwindle, forfare, forworth, swelt (dialectal) | dwale |
perjure | vb/n | forswear, lie under oath, forsworness, oathbreach, oathbreaking |
- |
perhaps | adv | maybe, mayhap, likely | byhaps, weenings (<OE wenunga) |
perimeter | n | brim, hem, rim, skirt, edge | mireline |
perineum | n | bonch | middlecrotch, middlecrook, crabwalk (slang) |
period (time) | n | while, timespan, time frame, spell, stint | - |
perish | adj | dreeze (<OE dreosan and <ME drēsen) | |
permanence | n | everlasting, abidingness, timeless, lasting, everliving, alwaysness | |
permanent | adj | everlasting, eche (archaic), timeless, abiding, lasting |
highfast (<OE hēahfæst), foreversome |
permafrost | n | - | everfrost |
permission | n | leave, warrant, letting, green light, furlough | letship, thave (<OE þafian), financial: tholing tithe, lethood, letship |
permit | vb/n | green-light, leave, let, go-ahead | thave (<OE þafian), thole, tithe (<OE tiðian) |
pernicious | adj | baleful, baneful | - |
pernio | n | chilblain | - |
perpendicular | adj | athwart, straight out from, upright | - |
perpetually | adj | ever, everlastingly, for ay, endlessly, unendingly, world without end | - |
perpetuity, in | adv | forevermore | - |
perplex | vb | bewilder, muddle, befuddle, befog | bewonder |
persecute | vb | ail, hound | (<OE éhtan, ǽhtian, óhtan, éhtian, eáhtan) |
persecution | n | witch hunt, hounding | - |
perseverance | n | sticktoitivenesss | - |
persistence | adj | steadfastness | - |
persistent | adj | steadfast, dogged, bound | - |
person | n |
someone, fellow, man, soul, wight, bloke, being, body |
lede/leed(e) (<OE lēod, cf. NHG Leute, cf. Du. lieden), mennish (cf. Du. mens; NHG Mensch)
grammar: sway (<OE swég), thiute (<Goth thiuda) |
personal | adj | selfly, monnly, self, own, inner, innermost, inmost, belittling, near, of oneself | mennishly, wightly (calque) |
personality | n | selfhood, mood, self, who-th, ghost, | - |
personnel | n | staff, men, ware | - |
perspective | n | outlook, ken, wits, witness, edge of sight (point of view) | view, opinion: onsight (cf. NHG ansicht), outsight (Eng., cf. Du uitzicht, <NHG aussicht), wist (native English kin to 'view' and 'vista'), wholesight |
perspicacious | adj | insightful, keen, shrewd | mindswotel |
perspicacity | n | insightfulness, keenness, shrewdness | - |
persuade | vb | bring, talk into, win over, sway | beswipe (<OE beswapan) |
pursue | vb | follow
a new path: tread, beat |
forfollow (cf. NHG verfolgen, Du. vervolgen)
a new path: beshrithe (cf. NHG beschreiten, see shrithe) |
pertinacious | adj | headstrong, strong-willed | - |
peruse | vb | look through, read through | - |
pervade | vb | wade (archaic), go through, spread through, fill with | forwade (calque), yond-sprout? (<OE geondsprútan), throughthrust (<NHG durchdringen) |
perverse | adj | overthwart | forchared, bewarped, thirtover, lewd, wayward, thrawn, forcouth, untoward |
pervert | n | - | lewdster (Shakespeare), rakehell |
pervert | vb | twist, warp, befoul | bewarp, offset, froward |
pestilence | n | quild (<OE cwild) | |
petition | vb/n | send writ, bene, beseech, beg, ask | - |
pet name | n | nickname | ekename |
petrify | vb | - | stun (<OE stunian) |
petroleum | n | black gold
fuel: leaded, unleaded |
rock-lime (calque), stonesap |
petticoat | n | - | underkirtle |
petulant | adj | sour, moody, waspish | - |
pessimism | n | naysaying, world-weariness | - |
pessimistic | adj | downbeat, hopeless, world-weary | rainy-brained |
peurile | n | childish, cradle-witted | - |
phantasm | n | dream; shade, shadow, wraith | - |
phantom | n | ghost | - |
phalanx | n | - | speerlining |
pharaoh | n | king (of Egypt) | sun-king, greathouser (calque of Anc. Egy. per aa "great house") |
Pharisee | n | faker, holier-than-thou, cleanest one, show player | Sunderholies (<OE 'sundor-halgan') |
Pharmaceutical | n | heal-middle | läkemedel (Swedish) |
Pharmacist | n | ||
Pharmacy | n | - | lib-house, libshop (calque of 'drugstore') |
Pharmacy | n | "medicinal chemistry" | - |
pharynx | n | - | retch (cf. NHG Rachen), swallow (cf. Dan. svælg; Sw. svalg) |
pheasant | n | - | wildhen (<OE wildhænn), woorhen (<OE wōrhana) |
phenomenal | adj | outstanding, astounding | sarrow |
phenomenon | n | happening, great show, good show | - |
-philia | sfx | -lust | - |
Philippines | n | - | Philipsland |
philistine | adj | uncouth | - |
philological | adj | - | speechwritlorish |
philology | n | - | speechwritlore |
philosophy | n | wisdom, world outlook | witlore, lorelief, wittinglove (calque) |
phimosis | n | - | throttling |
phlebotomy | n | bloodletting | - |
phloem tube | n | - | wortrowel |
-phobia | sfx | -fear | - |
phobia | n | fear, misfear, fright, dread | - |
phobic | adj | fearful | - |
phoenix | n | - | firefowl |
phone | n/vb |
n: blower, dog and bone,farspeaker, handset vb: ring, tinkle |
speechlore (linguistics): speechlimb, speechwhit (see whit) |
phonetic | adj | - | dinly |
phonological | adj | - | loudlorish, loudlore- |
phonology | n | - |
reardwork, reardlore, loudlore (cf. NHG Lautlehre), clanglore |
phosphorescent | adj | - | lightshedding |
phosphorus | n | - | glowstuff, lightstuff |
photograph | n | shot; lightshot, frame, sight, showing | lightbilth (<IC. ljósmynd), lightwrit, lightdrawing |
photography | n | lightshooting | lightbilthwrit, lightwritcraft, lightdrawingcraft |
photon | n | - | lightmote, lightbit, lightgang (calque) |
phrasal | adj | (grammar) bound, having many words but being one | wordstringly, quide (obs.) |
phrase | n | - | wordstring, quide (obs.) |
phylum | n | stem, stock, kind | - |
physics | n | - | worldken |
physical | adj | bodily, bodylike, wordly, earthly | lichly, lundsome |
physician | n | leech | - |
piano(forte) | n | - | beatharp (<IC slagharpa); keyharp |
pickax | n | pike | - |
picture | n | likeness, drawing, sight, frame, shot, showing |
bilth (<OE biliþ, cf. Sw. bild, NHG Bild, Scots/Du. beeld), lightdrawing |
picturesque | adj | fair | wlitty (<OE wlitig), elfsheen (<OE ælfsciene) |
pie | n | bake | rindcake |
piece | n |
bit, snead, shtick (as in my piece/gimmick), clump piece of art/music: work |
of silver: silverling (<G, the Dschinghis Khan song, Judas, specifically), steck (<OE stycce, cf. NHG Stück) |
piecemeal | adv |
little by little, step by step, bit by bit |
bitwise |
pier | n | landing, wharf, breakwater | - |
pierce | vb | bore, hole; gore, spear | - |
pigeon | n | dove | towndove, mean dove |
pile | n | heap, hill, mound, mow (hay), swath (corn) | - |
pillage | vb | sack | reave |
pilgrimage | n | bead-faring | |
pillar | n | mast, pole, stake | - |
pilot | n | lodeman, skyship boss, foreflyer, loftman | skyward |
pilot whale | n | - | grindwhale (calque) |
pimp | n | bedbroker | - |
pimple | n | wheal | - |
piñata | n | - | wonderbag (cf. NHG "wunderhüte"), sweetpot |
piña colada | n | - | mashed firapple (Spanish calque) |
pinch | vb |
nip, squeeze, steal, scrimp, nab |
- |
pine | n | fir, firtree, evergreen (more general) | furrowwood (<OE furhwudu) |
pineapple | n | - | firapple (cf. Ic. ganaldin) |
pinecone | n | - | firtap (cf. NHG Kiefernzapfen) |
pioneer | n |
groundbreaker, |
foretrecker (cf. Du. Voortrekker) |
pioneering | adj | groundbreaking, waymaking |
foremoving, foretrecking (<Du. Voortrekker) |
pious | adj | godly | arefast (<OE arfaest) |
pip | n |
seed; bee's knees, day's eye |
kern |
pipe | n |
leat, reed (in some contexts) |
rear (<PG *rauza-; cf. Sw. rör, NHG Rohr; cf. "red" = NHG "rot" <PG *raudaz) |
pirate | n | - |
seareaver, shaythman (<OE scegthmann) |
pirate captain | n | - |
highseareaver, highseathief (<OE héahsæþéof) |
pisiform bone | n | - | peabone, peashapebone |
pistol | n | gun, gat (informal) | staff (cf. ME staf), handgun (<ME hand gunne) |
piston | n | - | sucker (cf. Du. zuiger) |
pity |
n |
shame, kindheartedness, ruth |
eärming (<OE earmung) |
pivotal | adj | key | - |
pixel | n | dot | bilthdot (cf. NHG Bildpunkt) |
pizza | n | - | flatcake, clampcake |
place | vb | lay, put, stow, put down | - |
place | n | spot, berth | ord, stead, stow, lough (<OE lóh) |
place, special | n | - | sunderstow (<OE sundorstow) |
placenta | n | afterbirth |
mothercake (cf. NHG Mutterkuchen, SW. moderkaka) |
plagiarism | n | thought-theft, brain-steal | |
plagiarist | n | thought-thief, brainstealer | |
plague | n | outbreak | death evil, folkbane, blightdom, quild-tide, manqualm, man-qualm |
plan | vb | forethink, plot, draft, hatch | howe (<OE hogian) |
plan | n | layout, outline, draft, framework | howe |
plank | n | board, sill | - |
plankton | n | - | drifter moss |
planning | n | frame, layout, shape, look, mean | howing |
planet | n | wanderstar, world, (heavenly) body |
tungle (<OE tungol), wanderer (calque from the Greek) |
plant | n | wort | - |
plant | vb | sow, besow, scatter | - |
planted | adj | - | besowen |
plantation | n | farmstead | wortfield, seed farm, sowing field |
plasma | n | - | state of matter: stirloft (<IC rafgas)
blood: bloodslime |
plaster | n/vb |
stickum; besmear |
limecoat, cleam (<OE clǣman and <ME clēmen) |
plastic | n | - | newclay, hardclay, clay-stuff, shape-stuff |
plateau | n | dish; headland | flatbarrow |
plate | n | dish, bowl, board, layer | - |
plate of metal | n | - | clout (<OE clút), fat/fet (<OE fæt) |
platform | n | deck, staddle; soapbox, flatscape | flatstand, flatstead; flatpad |
platinum | n | white gold | - |
platitude | n | hackneyed saying | flatness (calque) |
platypus | n | watermole, duckbill, duckmole | billwight (cf. NHG schnabeltier), flatfoot (calque of Greek platypus), birdnose (calque of Greek ornithorhynchus) |
pleasant | adj |
blessed, darling, dreamy, good, grateful, heavenly, sweet, welcome |
lief/ liefsome (Eng, calque of Ger. speech), faining, listing, quemsome (<OE gecwemsum) |
please | interj | kindly, gladly, fain, if you will |
bid (cf. NHG bitte), liever (from lief) |
please | vb | gladden, list | queme |
pleased | adj | blissful, thankful | eady, quemed |
pleasing | adj | grateful, welcome | quemely (<OE cwémlic) |
pleasure | n | lust, gladness |
quemeness (satisfaction), itheness (<OE īeðnes) |
plebiscite | n | - | folkfrain, folkcast, folksay, folkspoll, folksstevening (Du. volksstemming), folksanswer (NHG. Volksentscheid) |
plectrum | n | pick | harpnail (<OE hearpenægel) |
pledge | n | plight | - |
pledge | vb | plight, swear, sicker | - |
plentiful | adj | rife, teeming, manyful | - |
plenty | adv | enough/enow, many | weal, fele (<OE fela and akin to SC fele, Du veel and NHG viel) |
plethora | n | overflow | overmuchness |
-plex | suf | -fold | - |
pliable | adj | - | lithy (<OE liþiġ) |
pliant | adj | - | lithy |
plumage | n | feathers, featherware, hackles | - |
plumber | n | - | leatfitter, bogfitter, johnman (slang), leadworker |
plumbing | n | - | leadwork |
plumbline | n | - | wall-thread (<OE weallþrǽd) |
plunder | vb | - | stroud (<OE strūdian) |
plunge | vb | dip, dunk, dive | - |
plural | adj | morefold |
manifold(ly) (<OE manigfealdlic), manisome |
plus | pre | and | - |
plutocracy | n | - | gelddom, goldwield |
pluvial | adj | rainly | indicator: watergall |
pneumatic | adj | of a woman: shapely | thringlofty |
pneumonoultramicrosco-picsilicovolcanoconosis | n | - | inbreathedgroundashandsanddustsickness (inbreathed-ground-ash-and-sand-dust-sickness), flintstuffdustsickness, (poetic) dusty-lung dree |
n | bag (<ON) | pough (<ME poughe, OE pohha) | |
poem | n | lay, yed (in OED, <OE giedd) | leeth (<OE leoð) |
poet | n | scop, writer, dighter |
shope (<OE scop), leethwright (<OE leoþwyrhta) |
poetic | adj | - | leethly (<OE lēoþlīċ) |
poetry | n | dighting | leethcraft (<OE leoðcræft), wordcraft |
point | n | tip, tine, nib, score, stake, log | ord (Eng./NHG. but seldom) |
point | v | token at
point out sth: betoken, forewarn, make smb aware of |
- |
pointless | adj | - | sakeless |
poison | n | bane, gall, atter (obsolete or dialectal) | atter (<OE ātor) |
poisonous | adj | attery (<OE ǣttriġ) | |
pole (land/physics) | n | axle | - |
polar (land/physics) | adj | - | axled |
polar bear | n | - |
ice bear (NHG Eisbär, Dan. isbjørn, Du. ijsbeer, Ic. ísbjörn, Norw. isbjørn, Swed. isbjörn, W.Fris. iisbear), white bear (Far. hvítabjørn, Ic. hvítabjörn) |
polar zone | n | land of the midnight Sun | everfrost belt |
pole | n | - |
shot (<OE sceāt "corner, angle, nook," cognate of skaut), worldshot (<IC heimskaut) |
polecat | n | - | thummart |
polemic | n/adj | rant | - |
police | n | law, lawmen, watchmen, coppers, warders | lawthane, warden |
policy | n | - | thew (<OE þeaw), steven (<OE stefn, cf. IC stefna) |
polite | adj | becoming, befitting | - |
political | adj |
mootish |
shirecrafty, shirecunning, rikescrafty, rikescunn, gerecky, flock (Icelandic: flokkur) |
politically correct language | n | - | egg-shell speak, gereckspeak |
politician | n | lawmaker | shireling, gerecker |
politics | n | - | shirecraft, shirecunning, mootsmanship, kingspeak, reevedom, reevecunning, rikescraft, rikescunning, gereck (<OE gehrec "govt mngmnt") |
poll | n | (survey): worthdeem | |
pollen | n | bloomdust, father dust | |
pollute | vb | foul, befoul, make dirty | smear, besnit, besmut, sootdew |
pollution | n | - | soot-dew, sootdew |
poltergeist | n | - | dinghost |
polycephaly | n | - | manyheadedness |
polygamist | n | - | maniwed |
polyglot | n | - | tonguesmith, manitongue |
polygon | n | - | manihern |
polyhedron | n | - | manineb |
polymorph | n | - | manishape |
polymorphism | n | - | manishapedom |
polytheism | n | - | sundertroth, sundrytroth, manytroth, sunderoath, sundryoath, manyoath, sundergodtroth, sundrygodtroth, manygodtroth, sundergodoath, sundrygodoath, manygodoath, sundergodbelief, sundrygodbelief, manygodbelief, sundergodbelieving, sundrygodbelieving, manygodbelieving, sundergodworship, sundrygodworship, manygodworship |
pomegranate | n | - | cornapple (calque), seedapple (calque), seedovet (calque) |
pompous | adj | showy, overbearing, high-flown, boastful | - |
ponder | vb | wonder, eye, think, weigh, wrestle with | hiler, smigh |
pontoon | n | card game: twenty one | sundstall |
pony | n | - | horseling |
pool (money) | n | pot | - |
poor | adj | in need, on the breadline, wretched, ill-stared, needy, wantsome |
arm (<ENG dialectal ety. 2, ME, <OE earm), armthy (see armth) |
pop (music) | n | folk | folksglee |
pope | n | Holy Father |
Romish headrunner (runner = bishop, cf. NHG Läufer, Sw. löpare), Highfather (<OE héahfæder) |
popular | adj | folksy, folkly, folkish | - |
popularity | n | - | allthede-love (<IC alþýðu-lof) |
populate | vb | - | befolk (cf. NHG bevölkern, Du. bevolken) |
population | n | folks |
population: befolking (cf. NHG bevölkerung, Du. bevolking), dwellerscore, ledescore inhabitants: inwoners (cf. NHG einwohnern, Du. inwoners), indwellers, erdeners, allfolks (allhallows) |
population density | n | crowding; thickness of settling | huddlemete |
populism | n | folks | folksdom, folkship, folksric, folkswield, folksreevedom, folkshire |
populist | adj | folksy | - |
populous | adj | crowded, teeming | folkful, folkrich (calque of German) |
populus assembly | n | - |
folkforsaming (calque of many germanic languages), folksgathering, folksmoot |
porcelain | n | shiny earthenware | midricware (chinaware) |
porch | adj | - | forehouse |
porcine | n | pig, boar, hog, swine, sow, yelt | - |
porcupine | n | - | quillpig |
pore | n | hole, hidehole, skinhole | thirl, sweathole |
pork | n | pig, swine, swineflesh, pigflesh | farrow (<OE fearh) |
pornography | n | - | whoreshowing |
porous | adj | holey, seepsome | siftful, thirl (<OE thyrel) |
porpoise | n | mereswine | - |
porridge | n | mush, oatmeal | - |
port | n | harbour, haven | ford, hythe |
portable | adj | handheld | ferryworth |
portmanteau | n | - | word: mingleword (cf. Du. mengwoord) |
portal | n | doorway, door, gate, gateway |
rother (<OE rodor) |
portend | vb |
bode, by-sen, forerun, ill-bode, foreshadow, forewarn |
- |
portent | n | - | foretoken, boding |
portentous | adj |
doomy, foreboding, ill-boding, threatening, awesome, stunning, wonderful |
- |
portion | n | deal, lot, share, dole | - |
portrait | n | likeness (of) | bilth, mealing |
position | n | berth | steadholding |
positive (aspect) | n | upside | - |
positive | adj | - | mathematics: overnaught |
possess | vb |
own, owe; devilsicken, |
- |
possessed | adj |
devilsick, fiendsick, owned, ought, |
- |
possession | n | ownership, belonging, ought, aught | ownedness, havings |
possibility | n | likelihood, likeliness |
mailihood, mightliness, maybehood, acendliness (<OE ácendlicnes), acumendliness (<OE ácumendlicnes) |
possible | adj | likely | maily, maybesome, doughtbefall, dowedbefall, hapsome, mightsome, within reach, acumendly (<OE ácumendlic) |
possibly | adv | maybe, likely, likelily | maily |
post- | pref | after- | - |
posterior | n | rump, back(side) | - |
posteriority | n | afterness | - |
posterity | n | offspring |
- |
postexistence | n |
afterlife, afterbeing, the beyond, the great beyond, the next world, other world, the great unknown |
- |
posthuman | n | - | afterwere, gearwere, beyond mankind |
posthumanism | n | - | afterweredom, gearweredom |
postpone | vb | forestall, put off, call off | forshove (for- "away" + shove, cf. NHG verschieben), forslow |
post script (p.s.) | n | afterthought | afterword, afterwrit (a.w.), aftertale |
potassium | n | - | potash (pot-ash), potashstuff |
potato | n | earthapple, spud, tater, tatty |
nightshade runner ('solanum tuberosa'), shaderoot, breadroot |
potential | adj | likely, maybe | maily |
potential | n | strength, fitness, wherewithal | - |
potentiometer | n | volt knob | - |
potion | n | - | tiverdrink (cf. Du. toverdrank), lib |
pouch | n | bag (<ON) | pough (<ME poughe, OE pohha) pung (<OE pung, cf. Sw., Dn. pung)
cheed or ceed (<OE ceod) |
poultry | n |
fowl, barnyard birds, bird meat |
- |
pour | vb | teem, skink, shink, sie, yote |
yeat; birle drink |
poverty | n | need, want; dearth, drought, | hardupness (slang) wantsomeness, armth |
powder | n/vb |
dust, beat, crush, grind |
- |
power | n |
grip, sway, strength, brawn, might, mains, craft |
thrith (<OE thryth), wield/wald (<OE weald) special: sundercraft (<OE sundorcræft) |
power | vb | drive, feed | - |
power line | n | mains line | spark rope |
powerful | adj | heavy, mighty, strong |
thrythswithe (<OE þrȳþswȳð) |
power supply | n | mains brick | - |
practical | adj | working; earthy, down-to-earth | - |
practically | adv |
about, all-but, fair, fairly, |
- |
practice | vb/n | - |
n: oving (cf. NHG Übung, Du oefening) vb: ove (<PG ōbijaną, cf. NHG üben, Du oefenen/ LG. öven) |
pragmatic | adj | hardheaded, down-to-earth | - |
praise | n | - |
heriness (<OE herenes), hering (<OE herung), lof (<OE) |
praise | vb | - | hery (<ME heryan) |
pram | n | buggy | push-wainling (Barnes) |
prayer | n | bead | ben, boon, beadred (<OE bedræden), forben |
prayerful | adj | - | beadful |
pre- | pref | fore- | - |
preach | vb | - | athelbid |
preacher | n | - | athelbode, heaven-reacher (slang) |
preamble | n | foreword, inleading, forespell | - |
precaution | n | forecare | - |
precede | vb | herald, forerun | - |
preceding | adj | before-time, fore-time | - |
precinct | n | space: pen pedestrian zone: walkway |
- |
precipitation | n | rainfall, snowfall, downsheet, breefall | downsheet |
precious | adj | dear, dearworth, dearworthly | - |
preciousness |
n | dearworthiness | - |
precise | adj | - | - |
precisely | adv | well | - |
preclude | vb | forestall, foreclose | - |
precocious | adj | ahead | rathe-ripe, rathish |
precognition | n | foreknowledge, foreboding | - |
precursor | n | forerunner, before-runner, forebear | - |
predator | n | hunter (in some contexts) |
reavedeer (cf NHG. Raubtier, Du. roofdier), flesheater |
predecessor | n | forerunner, forebear, forefather | foreling, before-comer |
predestination | n | wyrd/weird, doom, foredooming |
weird, coring, foreteeing (<OE foreteohhung) |
predetermine | vb | foredoom, forechoose | - |
predicament | n | swamp, sticky wicket | hardfettle |
predict | vb |
foretell, foresay, beeforesay, before-tell, foresee, forecast, soothsay, foreshow |
- |
prediction | n |
foretelling, foresight, foretelling, |
- |
predominant | adj | overweighing | - |
preeminent | adj | foremost | elderdomly (<OE ealdordomlice) |
preexistence | n | aforeness, beforeness, forebeing | - |
prefabricated | adj | ready-made, ready-built, forewrought | fore-timbered (houses) |
preface | n | foreword |
throughlook(ing) (<OE þurhlōcung) |
prefect | n | - | fyrdenhighshireman |
prefer | vb | forechoose, (would) rather, wouldsooner, fain | beliken |
preferable | adj | - |
liever, as lief (Eng. NHG. lieber, Du. liever) |
preference | n | forechoice | beliking, forechoosing |
prefigure | vb | foreshadow, foreshow | - |
prefix | n | - | forefastening |
pregnant | adj | with child, heavy (with child) | bearing, swanger (<OE swangor) |
prehistoric | adj | - | yesteryorely |
prehistory | n | - | yesteryore
study: forewritlore |
prejudice(al) | n/adj | foredeem(ing) | - |
prejudge | vb | foredeem | - |
prelude | n | foreword, warm-up, before-runner | forspell |
premature | adj | untimely, unripe, early, betimes (literary) | foreripe |
prematurely | adv | beforehand, oversoon | - |
premeditated | adj | forethought | - |
premier | adj | foremost, first | - |
premise | n |
given, forestep, if; toft (building site') |
forehedging |
premonition | n | forefeeling, foreboding | - |
preoccupy | vb |
- |
forebusy |
preparation | n | gearing up, reening, readying, foregearing | |
prepare | vb |
taw, fit, fix, groom, lay, ready; draft, draw up, frame; lay out, foreready, forework |
reen (<OE renian) |
prepared | adj | ready, tawed, neat, foreworked, forereadied | - |
prepreparedness | n | alreadiness | |
preposition | n | - |
foreput, foresetness (< Ælfric's OE calque 'foresetnes') |
prequel | n | - | forefollow, forebook, foresaga |
prerequisite | n | - | foreneed |
prerogative | n/adj | - | sundergift, sundergifted, sundergiftedness |
prescience | n |
foreknowledge; farsightedness, oresightedness, forethought |
forewisdom |
prescient | adj |
foreknowing, farseeing, farsighted, forehanded, foreseeing, forethoughtful, forward |
- |
prescribe | vb | lay down | forewrite |
presence | n | sight; look, outside | at-ness, theresomeness, onbe-hood, onbe-hood, theresomeness |
present | adj |
in, ongoing, nowaday, today's, now's, nowadays', running, nowen |
onbe-ish, andward (<OE andweard), gainward (cf. NHG gegenwart), nowa |
present | n |
here and now, today, gift, handsel |
nowtide, nowtime, nonce, time being, now, grammar: andward (<OE andweard). mathom (<OE maþm) |
present | vb |
show; give, bestow, furnish, |
foredraw (calque of all Ger. speeches), forthset, forthput, overreach (cf. Ger. überreichnen) submit: forelay (cf. NHG vorlegen) |
Presentation of the Lord | n | Candlemas | - |
presentiment | n | forefeeling | - |
preserve | vb | forlast, hain, keep, uphold, aspare | |
preside | vb | steward, overlook | foresit over |
president | n | - |
foresitter (calque), kithhead, stoolman, landleader |
presidency | n | - | foresittership |
presque vu | n | - | nighseen |
press | vb | thring, thrutch | - |
press down | vb | - | bethrutch |
pressure | n | - | thringmight, thrutch (<OE þryċċan and akin to NHG drücken) |
prestige | n | standing, swey, weight | - |
presume | vb | foreguess, daresay | athrist (<OE áthristian) |
presumably | adv | likely, seemingly | - |
presumptuous | adj | uppity, overweening, daring | - |
presuppose | vb | - | forettle, forise (<OErǣswian) |
pretend | vb | do as if, play as if, sham, put on, fake | bebraid (< OE bebregdan), braid (< OE gebregdan), hue (< OE hiwian), let (<OE lætan), fordo, formake |
pretender | n | would-be, fake, faker | - |
pretend friend | n | back-friend | - |
pretense | n |
put-on, show; high horse |
- |
pretentious | adj | showy, over the top, kitsch | - |
prevail | vb | hold up, keep up, last | throughswithe (<OE þurhswiðan) |
prevalent | adj | rife | - |
prevent | vb |
hinder, forcome, forbid, forestop, forestall, forehinder |
let (<OE), forstand |
preview | vb/n | forelook, forepeek, foreshow, foreshowing | - |
previous | adj | former, last, latter, foregoing, earlier, yester, back-a-long | - |
previously | adv |
afore, already, before, beforehand, earlier, formerly |
- |
prey | n | (the) hunted (in some contexts) | feng (<OE) |
price | n | outlay, worth | |
pride | n | orgul (archaic) | unmoodness (<OE unmōdnes), highmoodness (<OE hēahmōdnes), stolt |
priest | n | godsmith, soul-carer, heaven-reacher, sin-buster, sin-shifter, soul-whisperer, white-choker. | hallower (Old Testament), elder, ghost-man (heathen), cleric (paynim) |
prima donna | n | leading lady, first lady | bitchy woman, showy woman |
primacy | n | - | foremostness, elderdom (<OE), apeness |
primary | adj | foremost, first, erst, main | - |
prime | adj | main, head | - |
primer | n | starter | futhorc writ, firstbook |
primeval | adj | hoary, olden | - |
prince | n | frim, atheling, highness |
high earl, kingling, furst (cf. NHG Fürst, Du. vorst), breg (<OE brego "prince; lord; ruler") |
princess | n | highness |
queenling, high earlin, fursten, (cf. NHG Fürstin, Du. vorstin), briggen (<OE brego + -en), edeth (<OE ides "woman of nobility") |
principality | n | - | frimdom (<OE fruma), high earldom, bregdom (<OE brego + -dom) |
principle | n | - | howing, eldertruth |
principle | adj | main, foremost, first, head | - |
vb | - |
thutch (< OE þryccan), outlay | |
printing press | n | - | thrycker, thringing thryck calque |
prior | adj | before(hand), earlier | - |
priority | n | right-of-way | forerank, foreweight, foreness, forehood, beforeness |
prism | n | block | andleamer |
prison | n | clink, lockup, pound, slammer | fangness (<OE root fang (now dial. (capture) + -ness <OE) (like Dutch gevangenis or German Gefängnis), dung (<OE dung) |
prisoner | n | inmate | haftling (<OE hæftling) |
pristine | n | earliest, firstness, speckless, spotless | yoreness, orhood, fromfirst |
private | adj | hidden, hushed, shut, asunder, set away | dern, onelepy (<OE anlipig), sunder, wightly (calque of personal) |
privilege | n | right, freedom | sunderfreedom (<OE), sundergift (cf. OE sundorgiefu) |
privileged | adj | gifted | - |
privy | n | outhouse, backhouse | dern |
pro | n | craftsman | - |
probability | n | likelihood, likeliness, odds | |
probable | adj | likely | - |
probably | adv | likely, in all likelihood, likely enough, maybe, most likely, belike | trueshinely (cf. Du. waarschijnlijk, NHG wahrscheinlich) |
probe | vb | prod | - |
probity | n | uprightness | - |
problem | n | worry, kinch, bugbear, reck, hang-up, hitch, snag, rub, pitfall, fall, downside, drawback | - |
problematic | adj | worrysome | - |
procedure | n | - | forsetting (cf. Da. fortsætte, Sw. fortsätta), forfareld |
proceed | vb | go forward, go forth, go on, go ahead | yede, forefare, forthfare, forthgo, shrithe (<OE sċrīþan) |
proceeding | n | - | foregoing, foregang (cf. NHG Vorgang) |
process | vb | - |
forework, forthfaring, forfare (cf. NHG verfahren), taw |
process | n | - |
foregang (cf. NHG Vorgang), workway |
processor | n | computer: mainframe | telcruncher, reckoner |
proclivity | n | forelike, forelove | towardbend |
procrastinate | vb | ebb out, ebb-out, forresten | |
procrastinator | n | ebber, | |
procreate | vb | beget, breed | - |
procurator | n | - | highshireman (<OE hēahscīremann) |
procure | vb | - | beshape |
product | n | ware | - |
prodigy | n | - | wonderchild |
prodigal | adj | spareless | unbridled, feespilling |
produce | vb | beget, breed, bring about, bring forth, draw on, work, yield, | forthbring |
produce | n | handiwork, output, thing, work, yield, outcome | - |
producing | adj | begetting, life-begetting, yielding | - |
production | n | yield, output, handiwork | forthbringing |
productive | adj | waresome, thrifty, yoelding | forthbear |
productivity | n | output | |
proem | n | foreword | - |
profanity | n | curse, curseword, cuss | warm words (slang) |
professional | adj | skilled | - |
professional | n | worker, craftsman | - |
professor | n | lorespeaker, loregiver | - |
profit | n | gain, boot, yield, winnings, earnings | - |
profitable | adj | worthwhile | - |
proficiency | n | skill | - |
profound | adj | underlying, deep | - |
profoundly | adv | underlyingly, deeply, groundly | - |
profusely | adv phr | flow thickly, running overly, teemingly | - |
profusion | n | beteeming | - |
progenitor | n |
begetter, elder, father, alder-father, forebear, forefather, fore-elder, forerunner |
- |
program | n | - | foredraught, broadcast, sending (see source code) language: draft writ |
progress | n | inroads, headway | forthship (<OE forþscype), forthstride |
progressive | adj | forward, late, broad-minded, cutting-edge | forblowing |
prohibit | vb | forbid, forfend | - |
project | n | work | howe, goalwork |
projector | n | beamer | - |
prokaryote | n | - | forenut, forekern (calque) |
proletariat | n | churls, boors, thralls, hirelings, knaves; thralldom | churldom, boordom, knavedom |
prolific | adj | fat, lush, rich | birthy, broodful, birthful |
prologue | n | foretale | - |
promiscuous | vb | bed-hop | - |
promiscuous | adj | bedhopping | - |
promise | n | behight, oath, troth, foreword | - |
promise | vb | behight, swear; forebode | forspeak (NHG. versprechen), forhight (cf. NHG verheissen) |
promontary | n | headland, foreland, ness, bill, (Portland Bill); hoe | - |
promote | vb | uprear, (up)further, boost | - |
prone | adj | given, open; helpless | alout (<OE áloten), forthlout (<OE forþlútan), onfally (<NHG anfällig, see onfall) |
pronghorn antelope | n | - | tinedeer, outrunning tinehorner |
pronoun | n | - | byname (<OE binama), forename (<OE forenama) |
pronounce | vb | say | speak out, outspeak (cf. NHG aussprechen, Du. uitspreken) |
pronunciation | n | - | wordway, loudcarve (<IC. hljóðkerfi), outspeaking, outspeech (cf. NHG aussprache, Du. uitspraak), how to say [it] proper/correct: rightsteven (<OE rihtstefn) |
proof | n | witness | shedding, reckonedness (<OE gerecednes), bewise (cf. NHG beweisen, Sw. bevisa, others) |
propel | vb | thrust, drive, drive forth | - |
proper | adj | fitting, meet, seemly, right, true, echt | bedavenly (<OE gedafenlic) |
proper noun | n | self-name | ownname (NHG Eigenname, Du. eigennaam) |
property | n | ownings, holdings, hallmark, belongings | owndom (<NHG. eigentum) private: sunderfee (<OE sundorfeoh), landgood (Du. landgoed), aught (<OE æht) |
prophesy | vb | foretell, foresee, soothsay, say sooth | spae |
prophesy | n | foresight, boding, foretelling, soothsaying | spaedom, spaeing |
prophet | n | seer, soothsayer, foresayer, before-sayer, before-speaker | spaesayer |
propitous | adj | winsome (<OE wynsum) | |
proposal | n | foreset | forthput, forthputting |
propose | vb | foreset, put forth, say | forthput, forthsay |
propriëtor | n | householder, owner, >landlord/lady | - |
propulsion | n | thrust | - |
proscribe | vb | forbid | - |
prosecute | v | - | forfollow (cf. Du. vervolgen, NHG. verfolgen) |
prosecution | n | - | forfollowing (cf. Du. vervolging, NHG verfolgung) |
proselyte | n | freshman (Sir John Cheke) | - |
prosopagnosia | n | - | neb blindness |
prosper | vb | thrive, thee | - |
prosperity | n | theedom | forblowing (<OE blowan), ed (<OE ēad), douth or dowth (<OE duguþ) |
prosperous | adj | frim (physically), lush, thriving | theely, wealth-owning, eady (<OE ēadiġ) |
prostitute | vb | whore | - |
prostitute | n | hooker, whore, streetwalker, hustler | - |
prostrate | adj | aground | - |
prostrate oneself (to) | vb | lay aground before | hien (<OE hīenan, lit. "to lie prostrate") |
protagonist | n | - | headfellow (cf. Dan. hovedperson) |
protarchæopteryx | n | - | foreorfowl, first orbird |
protect | vb | ward, shield, forstand, beshield, frith | - |
protection | n | shield, ward | lewing (<OE hleowung), mundwist (<OE mundwist) |
protective | adj | - | mundly (<OE mundian), wardly, holdsome (<OE ġehealdsum) |
protector | n | warden | holdand (<OE healdend) |
protégé | n | ward | - |
protein | n | - | eggwhite (cf. NHG Eiweiß, Du. eiwit) |
protest | n/vb | witness; uproar, outcry wrangle, gainsay | -
forstride |
Protestant (< Lat. pro testare, “for a witness”) | adj | witnessing, faithful, gospelling; true faith; speaking out against lies | for the troth |
Protestant | n | witness for Christ, faithful, gospeller, true believer; speaker against lies | |
proto- | pref | ere, ere-, or-, ur- | - |
Proto-Germanic | n | - | eretheedish, ortheedish |
proton | n | - | erebit, firstbit; watermaker |
protoplasm | n | - | ereslime, orslime |
protrude |
vb | stick out, jut | - |
protuberance | n | knob, outgrowth | - |
proud | adj | haughty, showy, overbearing, self-worshipping, lofty, stout | rank (<OE ranc), stolt (<OE stolt and akin to cf. NHG stolz) |
prove | vb | show, truthen, witness, settle | soothe (OE 'soþian,' ME 'sothen'), bewise (<NHG beweisen, Sw. bevisa, others) |
proverb | n | byword, saying, saw, folksay(ing) | - |
provide | vb | afford, feed, give, hand over | beheft |
province | n | - | landshare; outland, folkshire (<OE folcscearu) |
provocateur | n | - | gremer (<OE gremung) |
provocation | n | - | greming (<OE gremung) |
prow | n | foreship | - |
prudence | n | forewit, sparefulness, wariness, wisdom, | long-thinkingness |
prudent | adj | forewitting, spareful, wary, wise, long-thinking | glew (<OE glēaw) |
prune | n | plum | - |
pruning | n | shredding, shreading (in OED, obsolete; <OE scrēadung) | - |
Prunus Spinosa | n | blackthorn, sloe | sloethorn (<OE slāhþorn) |
Prussia | n | Pruceland, Leatherland | |
pry | vb | 1. key-hole 2. uproot | - |
prying | n/adj | key-holeing | - |
pseudo- | n | fake, -like | lease- |
psychedelic | adj | - | soulkithing, mindopening, mindrooming, soulopening (cf. Sw. "själsöppnande") |
psychiatrist | n | shrink | mindhealer, crockwright, soulkithler, mindlorer |
psychiatry | n | - | soulkith (cf. Du. seelkunde), mindkith |
psychic | n | - | soulsman, mindsman |
psychic | adj | - | soulish, mindish |
psychologist | n | shrink | mindlorer, crockwright, rat-tamer |
psychology | n | - | mindlore |
psychopath | adj | - | mindsick, mind-ill |
psychotropic/psychoactive | adj | - | mindwending |
pubic bone | n | - | shamebone |
pub(lic house) | n | inn, alehouse, boozer | - |
public | n | - | openliness (cf. NHG Öffentlichkeit) |
public | adj | open, mean | openly, folkly (calque from Latin) |
public servant | adj | - | theen, onbidsman |
public toilet | n | - | outhouse |
publication | n | uttering | foropening (cf. NHG veröffernlichung), abaning |
publish | vb | utter (lasted in New English until around 1740, when “publish” overtook it), forthset, bring out, forthsend | lay down: forlay (cf. NHG verlegen), outlay, foropen (cf. NHG veröffenlichen), aban (<OE abannan) |
publisher | n | - | utterer; forlayer, forlay house (cf. NHG verlag), abaner |
pulsate | vb | beat, throb | - |
pulse | n | 1. beat, throb 2. bean | - |
pumice | n | - | foamstone |
pumpkin | n | marrow | tillberry, harvestball |
punch | vb | clout, hit | handstrike, fiststrike, dunch |
punctuation | n | - | tokenmark, tokensetting (cf. NHG Zeichensetzung, Dan. tegnsætning) |
punish | vb | wreak, smite | strafe (<NHG), witten (<OE wítnian), give back |
punishment | n | wreak | wreaking, smiting, strafing (<NHG), wittening (<OE wítnung), giveback (< payback) |
pup | n | whelp | - |
pupil | n | of the eye: strale | - |
puppet | n | cat's paw | handdoll (cf. NHG Handpuppe) |
purchase | vb | buy, take | - |
pure | adj | clean, sheer, white | sweetle (<OE sweotol), lutter (<OE hlūtor) |
purebred | adj | thoroughbred | - |
Purgatory | n | - | Sweepfire (cf. NHG Fegefeuer), Otherworld, Roufrithsoned Engliſh: Fowening |
purge | vb | cleanse | furb |
purify | vb | cleanse | beswotel |
purple | n | - | bawse (<OE basu), fishdye (<OE fiscdēah), tiver (<OE teafor), woaden (<OE wæden), bluered (<OE blēorēod), wormred, clamhue, clam |
purple dye | n | - | welktallow (<OE weoloctælg) |
purple martin | n | - | bawseswallow, blueswallow |
purpose | n | sake, goal | - |
pursue | vb | follow, shadow, tail | - |
pursuit | n | following, shadowing, tailing | woath (<OE wāþ) |
purveyor | n | monger | - |
pus | n | atter | - |
push | vb | shove, thrust, thrutch | outarm |
pusillanimous | n | weak-minded | |
pustule | n | pock, w(h)eal, whelk | |
putrefaction | n | rot(ting) | addleness |
puzzle | n/vb | brainteaser, riddle | - |
pygmy | n | dwarf; Tom Thumb | - |
pyramid | n | - | fourflat (cf. Du. viervlak) |
pyromania | n | - | firemadness |
pyromaniac | n | kindler, enkindler | firesetter |
pyrophobia | n | - | fireawe, firefear, firefright, baleyse (<OE bælegsa) |