Staff R of the English Wordbook.
Tongueshortenings:
- NE = New English
- ENE = Early New English
- ME = Middle English
- OE = Old English
- SC = Scots
- WF = West Frish
- NF = North Frish
- SF = Saterlandish Frish
- WO = Wangeroogish
- WLG = West Low Thetch
- EFLS = East Frish Low Saxish
- ELG = East Low Thetch
- NL = Netherlandish
- AF = Afrikaans
- NHG = New High Thetch
- IL = Icelandish
- HIL = High Icelandish
- FO = Faroish
- NO = Nornish
- SW = Swedish
- DN = Danish
- MLG = Middle Low Thetch
- MNL = Middle Netherlandish
- MHG = Middle High Thetch
- OF = Old Frish
- OS = Old Saxish
- OHG = Old High Thetch
- ON = Old Norse
- GO = Gottish
- PWG = Or-West-Theedish
- PG = Or-Theedish
Other shortenings:
- [ᛣ] = Loanwend
- [ᚹ] = Widened meaning given to a word for the sake of Anglish
- [ᛏ] = Transitive
- [ᚾ] = Intransitive
- [ᚩ] = Old and dead meaning of a living word
For a full list of etymological and other abbreviations used in these wordlists, see: Offshortenings.
Staffs under English Wordbook/R:
Ra Rb Rc Rd
Re Rf Rg Rh
Ri Rj Rk Rl Rm Rn Ro Rp Rq Rr Rs Rt Ru Rv
Rw Rx Ry Rz
*Note: If you click on one of the links above, and nothing happens, then that means no words have been put forth for that bookstaff as of yet.
| Chancery English | Class | Anglish/English | ||
| Attested | Unattested | |||
Ra[] | ||||
| rabbit | n | hare | cunning (‹ME cǒning; cf. WF knyn, IL kanína), stallhare ([ᛣ]: NHG Stallhase), rob (‹MNL robbe "rabbit, seal") | |
| raccoon | n | - | washbear ([ᛣ]: WF waskbear, NF (Sylt) Waskbeer, EFLS waaskboer, NL wasbeer, NHG Waschbär) | |
| race (‹MF) | n | ilk, kind, stock | strind (‹ME strīnde) | |
| race (‹OE⁊ON) | n | - | rease (‹ ME rēs ⁊ OE rǣs) | |
| racism | n | - | ilkhatred, kindhatred | |
| radar | n | - | forereader, far reader, wavereader, wavemeter (with the element "-meter" based on the OE verb metan) | |
| radiant | adj | shiny, bright, beaming, glowing, gleaming | throughbright (‹OE þurhbeorht) | |
| radiate | vb | shine, gleam, shed, send out, beam | leam (‹ME lẹ̄men), beshine (‹ME bishīnen) | |
| radiation | n | - | strealing ([ᛣ]: NHG Strahlung) | |
| radio | n | wireless (gadget) | funkbox (‹ ME fǒnke + NE box; cf. NHG Funkgerät), livebox, outwarp ([ᛣ]: IL útvarp) | |
| radioactive | n | - | lightrotting | |
| radiotelegraphy | n | broadcasting | - | |
| radio wave | n | - | funkwave ([ᛣ]: NHG Funkwelle), ringwave | |
| radius | n | spoke; (bone) spokebone | halfspan; (bone) resle (‹OE hrisel) | |
| rage | n | wrath | grame (‹ME grām), wood (‹ME wọ̄d), err (‹ME erre) | |
| rage | vb | - | weed (‹ME wẹ̄den), greem (‹ME grēmen) | |
| railroad | n | ironroad | ironpath, sporeroad (‹ ME spore ⁊ OE spor), sporebane (‹PWG *banu; [ᛣ]: WF spoarbaan), ironbane ([ᛣ]: NHG Eisenbahn) | |
| raise (‹ON) | vb | rear (from the same PG root) | aheave (‹ME ahebben) | |
| raisin | n | - | dried wineberry | |
| raison d'état | n | - | theedish sake [ᛣ] | |
| raison d'être | n | livelihood | sake of being/sake of living [ᛣ], lifesake, "for life's sake" (phrase) | |
| RAM (Random Access Memory) | n | - | WIM (Whatesome-Ingoing Min) | |
| ramification | n | - | fortwigging ([ᛣ]: NHG Verzweigung) | |
| rampart | n | forework | - | |
| rancid | adj | rotten, reeking, smelly, stale, foul, dank, rank | - | |
| ranch | n | sheeprun | bow (‹SC bou from ON bú) | |
| random | adj/n | lucky, unforeseen, luck-chosen, may-fall, hit-or-miss; pot shot |
whatesome (see ME whāte), fallenly, tofally ([ᛣ]: NHG zufällig), willkirry ([ᛣ]: NL willekeurig, with the element -kirry from OE -cyrge in wælcyrge "Valkyrie") | |
| random page | n | - | lucky leaf, unforeseen leaf, luck-chosen leaf, willkirry trammet | |
| range | n | reach, stretch, breadth | - | |
| ranger | n | keeper, overseer; wanderer | upseer ([ᛣ]: NHG Aufseher);
(military): harweather (‹OE herewǣða [ᚹ]) | |
| rank | n | row, standing | hoad (‹ME hōde), endbirdness (‹OE endebyrdnes) | |
| rankle | vb | gall, irk | - | |
| ransom | n | weregild | - | |
| rape | n | needheamed (‹OE nīdhǣmed) | ||
| rapid | adj | fast, quick, speedy, swift | snell | |
| rappel | vb | abseil (‹NHG) | offsole ([ᛣ]: NHG abseilen) | |
| rare | adj | fewsome, geason, selcouth, seldom, seldseen, selly, unlikely | seldsome, seldly | |
| rarely | adv | seldom | - | |
| rarified | adj | fewsome, thin | - | |
| rarify | vb | make seldom | beseldom, selden, thin | |
| rarity | n | dearth, fewness | seldomhood, seldiness | |
| raspberry | n | hindberry (cf. DN hindbær) | - | |
| rate | n | speed | runledge, setledge | |
| ratio | n | evenness, worth | - | |
| rational | adj | well-grounded, wise | shedwise (‹ME scādwīs ⁊ ‹OE gescēadwīs {iscead-wise}), angetful | |
| rationalism | n | - | anget, shedwiseness, mindplay | |
| ravage | vb | harrow, harry | weast (‹ME wēsten), hithe (‹OE hȳþan), forspill | |
| ravager | n | - | render, weaster, hither | |
| rave | vb | - | woff (‹OE woffian) | |
| ravenous | adj | yevery (see yever), greedy | hound-hungry | |
| ravine | n | gulch, clough, chine, gap (‹ON), ditch | crundle (‹ME crundel; see however OE crundel), cloughdale ([ᛣ]: NL kloofdal) | |
| ray (of light) | n | beam | leam (‹ME lẹ̄m) | |
| ray (animal) | n | - | reigh (‹ME reihe; cf. WF roch, WLG Rogg, NL rog) | |
| razor | n | shaver | shearsax (‹OE scearseax) | |
Re[] | ||||
| re- | pref | with-, gain-, new-, back- | ed- (‹OE ed-) , eft- (‹ME eft ⁊ OE eft), ayen- (‹ME ayẹ̄n-), and-/an- (‹ME an- ⁊ ‹OE and-) | |
| react | vb | - | backdo (back- + do) | |
| reaction | n | - | witherdeed | |
| reactionary | adj | - | witherdeedly | |
| reactionaryism/reactionarism | n | - | witherdeedhood | |
| real | adj | true, sooth, echt (‹NHG); heartfelt; weighty, out-and-out | soothfast (see ME sọ̄thfast) | |
| real estate | n | - | fastgood ([ᛣ]: NL vastgoed) | |
| reality | n | being, sooth, truth | soothness, worklihood ([ᛣ]: WF werklikheid) | |
| realize/realise | vb | wit, wise up, dawn upon, find out, get on | fulcome (‹ME fulcǒmen), underyet (‹ME underyēten), bemark ([ᛣ]: WF bemerke) | |
| really | adv | truly, soothly | sooth | |
| realm (royal) | n | kingdom | kingrich (‹ME kingrīche) | |
| realm | n | world, land | rich | |
| real number | n | - | sooth rime | |
| reason | n | cause: sake, ground, wherefore, why
faculty: wits, wit, mind, brains, understanding |
cause: inting (‹OE intinge ⁊ intinga), antimber (‹OE ontimber)
faculty: shedwiseness (‹ME scādwīsnesse), shed (‹OE gescēad {iscead}), rightwiseness (‹OE rihtwīsness), rake (‹OE racu) within reason: within groundedness | |
| reason | vb | reckon, wit; make out, work out | - | |
| reasonable | adj | well-grounded; fair | shedwise (‹OE gescēadwīs {iscead-wise}), shedly (‹OE gescēadlic), groundful | |
| reasonably | adv | groundedly | - | |
| rebel | n | withstander | withercore (‹OE wiþercora), withfighter (cf. OE wiþfeohtend), upstander, upstandling ([ᛣ]: NL opstandeling) | |
| rebel | vb | rise up | withfight (‹OE wiþfeohtan), upstand | |
| rebellion | n | uprising, outbreak | upstand ([ᛣ]: WF opstân, NL opstand, NHG Aufstand) | |
| rebellious | adj | - | upstandy ([ᛣ]: NL opstandig) | |
| rebuke | vb | chide, tell off, threap, tick off; berate, call down | undernim (‹ME undernimen), thray (‹ME þraien), begripe (‹ME bigrīpen), thrave (‹OE þrafian) | |
| recall | vb | withcall, withdraw; bethink | edcall, eftcall, withmind, call to mind, think back to, ayencleep | |
| recalcitrant | adj | hardheaded, stubborn, wayward | unbuxom (‹ME unbuxǒm), unhearsome, unhold | |
| recapitulation | n | going over again | eftspelling (‹OE eftspellung) | |
| receive | vb | get, win, earn, take | underfang (‹ME underfongen), fang ([ᚩ]: see ME fōngen) | |
| receipt | n | sales slip, sales stub | - | |
| recent | adj | new, late, latter | - | |
| recently | adv | lately, latterly, of late, newly, newlings (obsolete) | lateward (‹ME lāteward), newen (‹ME neuen), unyore (‹OE ungēara) | |
| reception | n | - | infare; welcoming | |
| recidivist | n | backslider | - | |
| recite | vb | yarn, reel off | reich | |
| recline | vb | lie back, lie down, stretch heel | - | |
| recognize | vb | acknow; acknowledge, beknowledge | beknow (‹ME biknouen), onyet/onget (‹ ME onȝiten ⁊ OE ongitan) | |
| recommend | vb | - | loave (‹ME lōven), rede, ettle | |
| recompense | n | meed | deedlean (‹OE dǣdlēan), gainyield, foryield (obsolete) | |
| reconsider | vb | think over, bethink | withthink, afterthink, eftthench | |
| reconsideration | n | afterthought | edsmighing | |
| reconcile | vb | key | saught (‹ME saughten), seem (‹ME sẹ̄men), braid up | |
| reconciliation | n | saught ([1][2][3]) | andweaving | |
| reconnaissance | n | - | underrighting (cf. NHG Unterrichtung, SW underrättelse) | |
| record | vb | log, write down, list, cast sound or video: tape |
fortoken ([ᛣ]: NHG verzeichnen, SW förteckna) | |
| record | n | log, cast | lorekeep | |
| record (vinyl) | n | long-play, wax(ing) (slang) | - | |
| recount | vb | tell; overname | - | |
| recover | vb | heal; win back, take back | [ᚾ]: bate (‹OE batian), wirp (‹OE wyrpan {wurpte} ⁊ gewyrpan {ȝewurpte}), edwirp (‹OE edwyrpan) | |
| recovery | n | comeback, pick-up, upwend, upswing; healing | acovering (‹ME acouerunge), edwirping (‹OE edwyrping), greenshoot | |
| recreation | n | play, playing, fun and games | - | |
| recriminate | vb | - | threap, blackblame | |
| recruit | n | fledgling, freshman, greenhorn, newcomer | inspan | |
| recruit | vb | draft, bring in | inlist, umblist | |
| rectangle | n | - | righthirn (cf. OE þrihyrne), righthook ([ᛣ]: WF rjochthoek) | |
| rectum | n | straight gut | evengut (‹ME even gutte), arserop (‹ME ers roppe), backtharm (‹ME bachþerm), arsetharm (‹ME erse-þerme⁊ erse tharme(?)), endtharm ([ᛣ]: WF einterm) | |
| rectify | vb | righten, right, straighten | rightledge (‹ME rightlēchen) | |
| recurrence | n | comeback, flashback | - | |
| recurrent | adj | on-and-off | - | |
| redact | vb | - | black out; edword | |
| redeem | vb | - | forbuy (‹ME forbīen), aleese (‹ME alẹ̄sen); inborrow | |
| redemption | n | - | eftleesing (‹OE eftlēsing) | |
| red ochre | n | ruddle, reddle | - | |
| redo | vb | - | eftdo, withdo | |
| reduce | n | lessen, lower | - | |
| redundance | n | - | eftflowing (‹OE eftflōwung) | |
| refer (to) | vb | nem; hint (at) | forwise (to) ([ᛣ]: WF ferwize; NL verwijzen; NHG verweisen), mind | |
| referee | n | stickler | shedsrighter ([ᛣ]: WF skiedsrjochter; NL scheidsrechter) | |
| reference | n | hint, underlying meaning | nemming | |
| referendum | n | - | folkspoll, folksstevening ([ᛣ]: NL volksstemming), folksanswer (cf. NHG Volksentscheid) | |
| refined | adj | trim, couth | - | |
| reflect | vb | glass; show | withleam, gainleam, withshine, gainshine | |
| reflection | n | - | glassing, backshine, withleaming, gainleaming, withshining, gainshining; ahuying (‹OE onhycgan) | |
| reflect on | vb | think over, bethink, think about, look back on | overthink (‹OE oferþencan), overthench | |
| reflex | n | kneejerk | bendback, jerkback | |
| reform | vb | shape up, straighten | edhew (cf. OE geedhīwode), forbetter | |
| reform | n | - | edhew, edhewing, ameeding | |
| reformer | n | - | edhewer, ameeder, rightener | |
| refractory | adj | froward, wayward, willful | - | |
| refrain | n | overword | offbreak | |
| refrain | vb | forbear | withtee (‹ME wiðtẹ̄n) | |
| refrigerator | n | cooler | keeler (see keel), coolchest ([ᛣ]: WF kuolkast), chiller, coolbox | |
| refuge | n | haven, harbor, lair, shelter, bolt-hole | hidel (‹ME hīdel), frithstow (‹OE friþstōw); anere (‹OE gener) | |
| refugee | n | runaway | flightling ([ᛣ]: WF flechtling, NL vluchteling, NHG Flüchtling), havenseeker, fleer, hider | |
| refulgent | adj | shining | - | |
| refurbish | vb | - | ednew (‹OE ednīwian {ge-eadnewion}) | |
| refuse | n | chaff, dross, spilth, deadwood | - | |
| refuse | vb | spurn, forbear | wern (‹ME wernen), shore (‹OE scorian);
[ᛏ]: withqueath (‹ME wiðcwēðen ⁊ ‹OE wiþcweþan), asake (‹OE onsacan {asoken}) | |
| refute | vb | belie | yensay (‹ME yẹ̄nseien), withshove (‹OE wiþscūfan), witherlay ([ᛣ]: WF wjerlizze) | |
| regard | vb | cast, eye, peep | - | |
| regarding | prep | about, as for, as to | - | |
| regency | n | - | bywield (by- + ME wẹ̄ld) | |
| regenerate | vb | make anew | edquicken (‹NE quicken ⁊ ‹OE edcucian), edheal; edbird (‹OE geedbyrdan) | |
| regent | n | - | byrixer (by- + OE rīcsere) | |
| regicide | n | kingslayer | kingmorth ([ᛣ]: NHG Königsmord) | |
| regime | n | yoke | rich | |
| regiment | n | - | wered (‹ME wēred) | |
| region | n | field; land, neck | erd (‹ME ērd), landship | |
| regression | n | backslide | - | |
| regret | vb | rue | forthench (‹ME uorþenche) | |
| regret | n | rue, sorrow | had I wist (‹ME had I wist) | |
| regular | adj | everyday; steady | raily (‹OE regollīc {regollīce} < regol, borrowed from Leeden) | |
| regulate | vb | oversee, wield, steer, lead | direct: mete (‹OE metgian {meteȝiæn} ⁊ gemetgian)
adjust: emnet (‹OE emnettan ⁊ geemnettan) | |
| regulation | n | wielding, overseeing; law | wissing (‹ME wyssyng); insetness (‹OE insetness) | |
| regulator | n | overseer | - | |
| reign | n | kingship | rixling (‹ME rixlinge); queenship | |
| reign | vb | - | rixle (‹ME rixlen), rix (‹ME rīxen) | |
| rein | n | - | tile (‹ME tīel), waldleather (‹OE gewealdleðer) | |
| reinforce | vb | strengthen, bolster, shore (‹?), trim, gird, harden, harden up, uphold, make firm, underset | - | |
| Reiwa (era) | n(p) | - | Goodfrith | |
| reject | vb | nix; cast off, dump, fling off/away, slough off, throw away, toss, unload, put by (archaic); spurn | forhow (‹ME forhouen), forqueath (‹ME forquēthen), forwarp (‹OE forweorpan), withchoose (‹OE wiþcēosan) | |
| reject | n | outcast; casting off | outthrown | |
| rejoice | vb | gladden | glew (‹ME gleuen), dreem (‹OE drēman) | |
| rejuvenate | vb | youthen | quicken (‹ME quikenen ⁊ quiken), new (‹ME neuen), foryouthen ([ᛣ]: WF ferjongje) | |
| relapse | vb | backslide | againfall | |
| relatable | adj | - | kinworthy, kinbere, kitheworthy, kithebere | |
| relate | vb | [ᚾ]: bond, click;
[ᛏ]: kithe (as in "tell"); link (as in "bring into relation") |
[ᚾ]: long (‹ME lōngen) | |
| related | adj | akin, kindred, linked; sib | - | |
| relative(s) | n | kinsman, sib, sibling; kinfolk, kinsmen, kindred, sib; own flesh and blood | blood-bondling, bysib | |
| relations | n | dealings, bond, fellowship | linkup, hookup, tie-up | |
| relationship | n | kinship, bearing; hookup, linkup, tie-up | sibred (‹ME sibrēde), maithhood (‹OE mǣgþhād) | |
| relax | vb | unwind, chill (out), loosen up, mellow out; loosen, slack | - | |
| relaxation | n | fun and games | stillness | |
| relaxed | adj | smooth, loose, mellow | - | |
| release | vb | free, let go, loosen | leese (‹ME lẹ̄sen), aleese (‹ME alẹ̄sen) | |
| release | n | - | leesing, loosing | |
| relent | vb | yield, let up | - | |
| relentless | adj | restless | - | |
| reliable | adj | trustworthy, true | - | |
| relieve | vb | lighten, soothe, unburden, allay, still (the fears), salve | alight ([ᚩ]: ‹ME alighten), liss (‹ME lissen), sletch (‹ME slechen) | |
| religiology | n | - | lieflore, belieflore | |
| religion | n | belief, worship | lief (‹ME lēve), troth (‹NE troth ⁊ ‹ME treuth) | |
| religious | adj | holy; beliefful | liefful (‹ME lēfful ⁊ ilēfful) | |
| relinquish | vb | give up, hand over, yield, cough up; step down | ayeave (‹ME ayēven), upgive | |
| reluctant | adj | chary, unwilling, loath | pullbackish | |
| remain | vb | abide, bide, dwell, linger, belave (archaic) | belive (‹ME bilīven), lend (‹ME lẹ̄nden), throughwon (‹ME thurghwonen) | |
| remainder | n | lave, leavings; ort | loave (‹ME lōve), dross | |
| remains | n | ashes, wreck; bones, stiff; leavings, leftovers, odds and ends | loave (‹ME lōve), laves | |
| remedy | n | leechdom, salve; boot | lokening (‹OE lācnung {lacninge}) | |
| remember | vb | mind, call to mind, bethink, think back to, hark back to, unforget; umbethink; think of memorize: bear in mind, keep in mind, mark |
mun (‹ME imunen), mimmer (‹OE mimorian), min (‹ME minnen ‹ON); edcall, eftcall | |
| remind | vb | call to mind | man (‹OE manian), edmind, eftmind, min (‹ME minnen ‹ON), incall | |
| reminder | n | - | umbethinking (<dialectal Northern & Scottish English), incalling | |
| reminisce | vb | - | eftmind | |
| remnant | n | leftover | - | |
| remote | adj | slight, slim, small; cold-eyed, standoffish; hidden; deep, far-flung | firlen (‹OE fyrlen) | |
| remote-controlled (RC) | adj | - | wirelessly steered | |
| remote controller | n | clicker (slang), zapper (colloquial) | - | |
| remove | vb | withdraw, take out, draw out, unload | ado (‹OE adōn {adeþ}), offnim ([ᛣ]: WF ôfnimme) | |
| renaissance | n | - | ayenbirth, yenbird (‹ ME yẹ̄n- + OE gebyrd), andblowing | |
| renal | adj | kidney- | - | |
| rename | vb | - | edname, edcleap | |
| render | vb | give to, give up, hand over, yield, cough up | - | |
| renegade | n | - | backfallen | |
| renew | vb | - | ednew (‹OE edniwian) | |
| renewal | n | - | ednewing (‹OE geednīwung), eftnewing (‹OE eftnīwung) | |
| renounce | vb | give up, forsake; forswear, forsay, take back, withdraw; step aside, step down; | withsake (‹ME withsāken), asake (‹ME asāken), unsay (‹OE onsecgan) | |
| renovate | vb | - | ednew (‹OE geedniwian) | |
| rent | vb | - | gavel (‹OE gafelian) | |
| reorganize | vb | - | edstight (see ME stighten) | |
| repair | vb | heal, make whole, put to rights, fettle | beet ([ᚩ]: see ME bẹ̄ten), bootet (‹OE bōtettan) | |
| repartee | n | - | backchat | |
| repeat | vb | say again; do over | edsay; edledge (‹OE edlǣcan {iedlæht}), eft (‹OE eftgian) | |
| repel | vb | beat off, withdrive; buck, withstand, thrown back | - | |
| repent | vb | bemoan, rue | deedbeet (‹OE dǣdbētan), afterthink (Lancashire dialect), forthink (cited by William Tyndale) | |
| repercussion | n | - | kickback | |
| repetition | n | do-over | edsaying; edledging (‹OE edlǣcung) | |
| replace | vb | swap (out), switch (out) | edstow [ᛣ] | |
| replenish | vb | fill up, fill, make full again | edfill, eftfill | |
| replicate | adj | - | clove | |
| reply | vb | answer, back-talk (angrily) | anword (‹OE andwyrdan), onqueath (‹OE oncweðan) | |
| reply | n | answer | anword (‹OE andwyrde; cf. WF andert/antwurd, NF (Halligen) ööntüürd, SF Oantwoud, EFLS anter, NL antwoord, NHG Antwort) | |
| report | vb | - | bewrite, write | |
| report | n | - | bode (‹ME bōd), retchedness (‹OE gerecednys {irecednesse}); errandwrit (‹OE ǣrendgewrit), bewriting | |
| repose | n | rest | - | |
| repository | n | hoard | - | |
| reprehensible | adj | - | tealworthy (‹OE tǣlwierðe), tealworthly (‹OE tǣlwyrþlīc), tealy (‹OE tǣllīc), forwarply ([ᛣ]: NHG verwerflich) | |
| represent | vb | stand for, betoken, body forth | aspell (‹OE aspelian) | |
| representative | n | spokes(wo)man | speller (cf. OE spala ⁊ gespelia), aspellend (cf. OE speliend) | |
| repress | vb | crack down on, slap down, snuff out; hold back, sink, swallow | bethrutch (‹ be- + ME thrucchen), nirrow (‹OE nyrwan) | |
| reprimand | vb | tell off, chide, scold, upbraid | - | |
| reprove | vb | tick off, chide: mislike, tut over | edwite (‹ME edwīten), undernim (‹ME undernimen), thrave (‹OE þrafian) | |
| reproach | vb | chide, upbraid, berate; bawl out, call down, flay, rag; tick off | edwite (‹ME edwīten), thray (‹ME þraien) | |
| reproduce | vb | make offspring | streen (‹ME strẹ̄nen), foreke ([ᛣ]: SW föröka) | |
| reproduction | n | - | foreking, forthseeding | |
| reptile | n | creeping thing (found in Bible; translation of Hebrew) | creepdeer (cf. NHG Kriechtier, NO krypdyr), crawldeer ([ᛣ]: SW kräldjur), slinkend (‹OE slincend); (collective) wormkin (‹OE wyrmcyn) | |
| republic | n | - | meanwealth, ledewealth, richwealth, wholewelfare, freerich; rich
kinway (<OE cynewise) | |
| reputation | n | mark, name | lise (‹OE hlīsa) | |
| request | n | call, ask (rare) | - | |
| request | vb | ask, put in: beseech, call for, seek | - | |
| require | vb | need, tharf | onseek (<OE onsécan) | |
| requirement | n | need, must | - | |
| requite | vb | get even for, make good, atone, meed (see MW dictionary) | foryield (‹ ME foryẹ̄lden ⁊ OE forgildan) | |
| rescribe | vb | write back | edwrite | |
| rescue | vb | free, bring off |
nerry (<OE ánerian; cf. NHG nähren), redd (<OE hreddan "to save, deliver, recover, rescue"; cf. NHG retten) | |
| research | n | Seeking, delving, groundwork, combing, raking | legwork (informal), underseek (cf. NL onderzoek and NHG untersuchen), sake | |
| research | vb | dig into, look into, delve into, underseek | speer (<OE spyrian) | |
| resemblance | n | alikeness, look, blee, bly | suchness | |
| resemble | vb | seem like, look like, belike | alike (cf. NL gelijken, NHG gleichen) | |
| resentment | n | down; huff, miff | hattleness | |
| reservation | n | booking | forebeholding ([ᛣ]: NHG Vorbehaltung) | |
| reserve | n | keep, hoard; backup, fill-in | - | |
| reserve | vb | book; keep, hoard; backup, fill-in | - | |
| reserve | adj | spare | forehold (cf. NHG vorbehalten) | |
| reserved | adj | character: withdrawn booked |
- | |
| reservoir | n | - | merestock ([ᛣ]: NL stuwmeer, NHG Stausee) | |
| reset | vb | - | backset | |
| reside | vb | live, dwell | abide, wone | |
| residence | n | home, dwelling | abode, erding, erdingstow | |
| residue | n | ashes, rubble, wreck; leavings, leftovers, odds and ends | - | |
| resign | vb | step down, forlet, bow out | - | |
| resilience | n | - | springbackness | |
| resilient | adj | springy, springbackfit, limber | wending | |
| resin | n | - | cud ([ᚩ]: see ME cude), tar ([ᚩ]: see OE teoru), treetar (‹OE trēuteru), stoorsap (‹OE stōrsæp), hart (‹PWG *hart > EFLS has, NL hars, NHG Harz) | |
| resist | vb | withset, withstand, hinder, stand up to | withlay | |
| resistance | n | withsetting | withlaying, backlash, withstanding | |
| resistant | adj | steady, steadfast, abiding, withstanding | bestandy/bestanding ([ᛣ]: NHG beständig) | |
| resolute | adj | set |
one-minded, stith (<OE stiþ), oneread (<ME ānrēd <OE ānrǣd) | |
| resonate | vb | - | midswing (cf. NHG mitschwingen) | |
| resort | n | - | vacation: holidayord (cf. NL vakantieoord, NHG Ferienort)
recourse/refuge: outway (cf. NL uitweg, NHG Ausweg) | |
| resort | vb | - | brook, betake | |
| resource | n | wherewithal | orshaft | |
| respawn | vb | - | backbirth, edstart | |
| respect | n | heed | edsight [ᛣ]; onleech (‹OE onlēc) | |
| respect | vb | heed | worthy (‹ME worthīen) | |
| respectable | adj | - | aughtworthy | |
| respectively | adj | - | (relatedly): kithely;
(in that order): rightfadingly | |
| respectful | adj | - | orecrafty (‹OE ārcræftig) | |
| respiration | n | breathing | - | |
| respire | vb | breathe | - | |
| respond | vb | answer | anqueath (‹OE oncweðan) | |
| response | n | answer, feedback | - | |
| responsibility | n | plight, plighting, ownership | wicken (‹ME wikenn) | |
| responsible | adj | trustworthy, upstanding, bedrock, sound, plighted | guilty: shildy (‹ME shīldī) | |
| responsive | adj | quick, awake, sharp, open-minded, quick-minded, willing, answering | - | |
| rest (remainder) | n | leftover | lave (<OE) | |
| restart | vb | - | edstart, start anew (from scratch) | |
| restaurant | n | cheap: beanery
foodhouse, eating house |
mealhall, reardhall (see OE reordan 'to feast') | |
| resting place | n | - | bed of dust, the dark inn, grass-bed, moldern, moldstow, the pit, lichpit, the delf, the deep-six, narrow house, long-home, dust-bed, earth-home | |
| restoration | n | - | ednewing (<OE edniwung), edstowing, edstalling | |
| restored to life | pt phr | - | edcwickened (<OE edcwician) | |
| restrain | vb | bridle, fetter, hold back | belean (<OE) | |
| restraint | n | bridle, fetter | beleaning | |
| restrict | v | fetter | betighten | |
| restriction | n | fetter | betightening | |
| result | n | outcome, upshot, aftermath | offleading ([ᛣ]: IL afleiðing), edspring [ᛣ], eftspring [ᛣ], fint (<OE finta, meaning 'consequence, result' also 'tail') | |
| resurrect | vb | gainrise (Cheke) | edsty/edstie (<OE stīgan) | |
| resurrection | n | gainrising (Cheke) | - | |
| retail | vb | deal in, sell, put up | fordrive ([ᛣ]: NHG vertreiben) | |
| retain | vb | keep, withhold; hire | athave | |
| retaliate | vb | hit back, strike back, take an eye for an eye | yield back, wend upon, foryield (<OE forgieldan) (c.f. NHG vergelten),
andstrike, andalike, andsuch, edsuch (< calque Latin re - 'back' + talis 'such like, in kind' ) withersuch, backalike, backinkind | |
| retaliation | n | - | yield back, foryielding (c.f. NHG Vergeltung) | |
| retard | n | dimwit, dolt | dwease (<OE dwæs) | |
| retard | vb | break, slacken | - | |
| retardation | n | slowing, latening | - | |
| retardation | n | - | backwardness, beslowedness | |
| retina | n | - | nethide ([ᛣ]: NHG Netzhaut) | |
| retire | vb | withdraw, yield, pull out | - | |
| retirement | n | - | forleaving, withdrawing | |
| retort | n | back-talk (impudently), yieldback, wisecrack | ||
| retract | vb | take back, withdraw | unsay (‹ME unseien) | |
| retreat | vb | withdraw, backdown, give ground | - | |
| retrieve | vb | fetch | withfind | |
| retrograde | adj | backward | - | |
| return | n | comeback; backcome, earnings, incoming |
andcome, gainfare (<OE geanfær) | |
| return | vb | come back | edwhirve (<OE edhwirfan), edwend, andgive | |
| reveal | vb | bare, unsheath, unfold, unlock | unhide, yondshow, unhele, swettle | |
| revel | vb | bathe, wallow, frolic | - | |
| revelation | n | telling, broadcasting, unearthing | unwryness (<OE onwrigness, onwrihness), openbearing (Like Dutch, German and other G. tongues) | |
| revelry | n | merry-making | - | |
| revenant | n | - | andcomer | |
| revenge | vb | yieldback, get back, get even with | - | |
| reverberation | n | - | withercling | |
| revenge | n | wrack, wreak | wrake (<ME wrāk and <OE wracu) | |
| revenge porn | n | - | wrackful whoreshowing | |
| revere | vb | worship | - | |
| reverence | n | awe, worship | worthmint (‹ME worðmunt), worthness (‹ME worthenes), oreworthying (‹OE ārweorþung), andrizen (‹OE andrysno) | |
| reverend | adj | hallowed | - | |
| reverie | n | daydreaming, woolgathering | sweven | |
| reverse/reversal | n | knock, setback; flip-flop | umswing or umbswing (cf. NHG Umschwung) | |
| revert | vb | - | andwharve | |
| revive | vb | freshen, breathe life back into, liven (up, again, back) |
edquicken (<OE edcwician) | |
| revolution | n | - | ywhorft (<OE gehwyrft), overhaul, overthrow, overthrowing, uprisin | |
| revolution | n | - | turning: whorft (<OE hwyrft), umbewrithing, falling (cf. IL bylting) | |
| revolve | vb | spin | umbwerve | |
| reward | n | - | meed (obs); afterlean (<OE æfterléan), foryield (obsolete) | |
| reward | vb | - | meed; afterlean (see OE léanian) | |
Rh[] | ||||
| rhetoric | n | wind | mathelcraft (see OE maðelung), speechcraft | |
| rhinoceros | n | - | nosehorn ([ᛣ]: Gk. rhinokeros (rhinos "nose" + keras "horn"; cf. NL neushoorn, NHG Nashorn), hornpig, hornhog, hornswine | |
| rhombus | n | - | rout (cf. NL ruit; NHG Raute) | |
| rhotacism | n | - | arbrookdom, r-brook(ing) | |
| rhotic | adj | - | arfully, r-ly | |
| rhoticity | n | - | arfulness, r-ness | |
| rhyme | n | rime | - | |
| rhythm | n | riff(poss. OF through 'refrain'), swing, flow | - | |
Ri[] | ||||
| riddance (foreign suffix) | n | - | ridding | |
| ridicule | vb | - | besmear (<OE bīsmerian and <ME bismeren) | |
| ridiculous | adj | chucklesome, sidesplitting, silly | laughterly (<OE hleahterlic) | |
| rifle | n | - | threadbore, scratchgun, shattergun, shouldershooter (<Wikipedia OE sculdorscēota), furrowgun | |
| righteous(ness) | adj | - | rightwise(ness) (<OE rihtwís(nes)) | |
| rigid | adj | stiff, hard | - | |
| rigorous | adj | thorough | - | |
| rinse | vb | - | spule/aspule (<OE āspylian, cf. NL spoelen, NHG spülen) | |
| riot | n | - | crowdburst | |
| risk | n | gamble, long shot | - | |
| risky | n | gamblesome | unsound | |
| rite | n | - | right, onsayedness (<OE onsægednes) | |
| ritual | n/adj | - | right (<OE geriht) | |
| rival | n/adj | - | awinner (<OE gewinna), aleacher (<OE gelǣca), witherhuyer (cf. OE wiðerhycgende), witherwin (<ME witherwin); witherhidy (<OE wiðerhýdig/wiþerhygdig) | |
| river | n |
ea, aa, stream, flow, flood, waterway |
estuary: fleet (<OE fléot, ?Ebbsfleet) waterpath | |
| river course | n | flow | fleetway | |
| rivulet | n |
brook, stream, runnel, rith, sike, rindle |
burn, bourn (<OE burna 'brook, stream, spring or well water') | |
Ro[] | ||||
| rob | v | sneaky: filch
violent: bereave, steal |
- | |
| robbery | n | steal sneaky: filching violent: reaving |
- | |
| robin | n | redbreast | ruddock | |
| robust | adj | fit, hale, hearty, sound, whole; flush, lusty, ful-blooded: big, full, plush, rich; strong | - | |
| robot | n | - | wileman (cf. IL vélmenni), sparkman, sparkthrall | |
| robotic | adj | soulless | cold-soul | |
| robotics | n | - | wilemancraft, sparkmancraft, sparkthrallcraft | |
| rocket | n | - | rock, rocker (cf. OHG rocko "distaff," ON rokkr) | |
| rodent | n | gnawer | gnawdeer ([ᛣ]: NL knaagdier) | |
| rogue | adj | - | shirk | |
| rogue | n | thief, swindler | shirk | |
| role | n | playwork, deedwork | - | |
| roleplay | n | playwork | - | |
|
roll |
n/vb |
welt/walt (Eng. obsolete) vb: trundle |
vb: onspin | |
| rolling-paper/cigarette-paper | n | skins (attested), smoking-skins | - | |
| roller skates | n | - | weltshoes (cf. NHG Rollschuh), welter shoes | |
| rollercoaster | n | big dipper, switchback | eightway (cf. NL achtbaan; NHG Achterbahn) | |
| Roman | adj | - | Romish | |
| romance | n | love-tale, wonder-tale | - | |
| romanticism | n | - | lovecraft, storm-and-throng (cf. NHG Sturm und Drang) | |
| rooster | n | cock (but "rooster" is also from a native root) | - | |
| rosary | n | - | beadlet | |
| rose | n | color: pink | flower: loveblossom, lovebloom | |
| rotate | vb | spin | werve | |
| rotisserie | n | spit-roaster | spincooker, wervecooker | |
| rotund | adj | wheelshaped | - | |
| round | adj | wheelshaped | trind (shaped from OE trinda and NE trindle) | |
| route | n | pathway, way | - | |
| router | n | networking: gateway (sometimes) | - | |
| royal | adj | kingly | - | |
| royalty | n | kingship | - | |
Ru[] | ||||
| ruby | adj/n | - | redhurst | |
| rude | adj | unbehaved, uncouth, unbecoming, unfitting | - | |
| ruin | vb/n | wreck, mar, downfall | - | |
| rule | vb | lead, look over, oversee, rix (att'd <OE rīxian, rīcsian) | wield (‹ME wēlden), overbebeed (‹OE oferbebēodan), hold sway, wald, overwatch | |
| rule | n | law | - | |
| ruler | n | drighten, leader, overseer, overwatcher | rixer (<OE rīcsere) | |
| ruling | adj | leading, lordly | - | |
| rumor | n | hearsay | - | |
| rural | adj | outborough, fieldly | landly ([ᛣ]: NHG ländlich), thorply ([ᛣ]: NHG dörflich) | |
| Rurik | n(p) | Roderick | - | |
| Russia | n(p) | - | Russland; Yardrich ([ᛣ]: ON Garðaríki) | |
| Russian | adj(p) | - | of the land: Russlandish
of the folk: Russish Yardrichish | |
| Russian | n(p) | - | folk: Russlander, Yardricher
tung: Russish, Yardrichish | |
| rustic | n | backwoodsman, boor, bumpkin, bushwhacker, clodhopper, churl, crofter, greenhorn, hayseed, hind, hillbilly, husbandman, plowman, redneck, share-cropper, swain, woodsman | - | |