English Wordbook/R

Staff R of the English Wordbook.

Basic abbreviations: att'd=attested, OE=Old English, NHG=New High German, Du.=Dutch

For a full list of etymological and other abbreviations used in these wordlists, see Forshortenings.

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

rabbit	n	homehare
race	n	kind, stock, strain
radar	n	forereader, far reader
radiant	adj	shiny, bright, beaming, glowing, throughbright (<OE þurhbeorht)
radiate	vb	shine, glow
radio	adj & n	wireless (gadget)
radio	n	broadcasting (concept of radiotelegraphy)
radius	n	spoke, spokelength, spokespan, staffreach
rage	n	anger, wrath, grame (from OE gremian, to enrage)
railroad	n	ironroad
raise (Norse)	vb	aheave [ahove, ahaven] (<OE ahebban, cf. NHG erheben), lift (up)
range	n	reach, stetch
rancid	adj	rotting, reeking, smelly, stale, foul, dank, rank, taff
rank	n	hoad (<OE hád)
rankle	vb	gall, irk
rape	vb & n	reave, rove, befoul, gainswive, plunder, mightswive, dintswive, formight (calque of Dutch verkrachten)
rapid	adj	fast, quick, speedy, swift
rappel	vb	abseil
rare	adj	seldom, seldseen, unlikely, fewsome
rarely	adv	seldom
rarified	adj	fewsome, thin
rarify	vb	befewen, bedearthen,thin
rarity	n	seldomhood, dearth, fewness
raspberry	n	hindberry (att'd, < OE hindberie, akin to NHG Himbeere)
rational	adj	rightwise (<OE rihtwís), shedwise (<OE scéadwís)
rationalism	n	witdom, fathomdom, fornuftbelief (Calque of NHG Vernunftglaube), ywitbelief
ravage	vb	wreck, trash, smash, pull down overwhelm, overrun, overthrow, harry
ravine	n	chine, gap, ditch, gulch, ghyll
ray	n	beam, streal (<OE strǽl, cf. NHG Strahl)
razor	n	shaver
re-	pref	again-, eft-, ed-, gain-
re-	pref	back-
re-	pref	with-
realize/realise	vb	acknowledge, dawn upon
reality	n	wareness/warehood (analagous calque from continental Germ. langs: Gewahrheit- awareness, Wahrheit- 'wareness/-hood')
realm (royal)	n	kingdom
realm	n	world
reason (cause)	n	inthing (<OE intinga/inþing) ontimber (<OE ontimber) orsake (Cf. NHG Ursache, Du. oorzaak, Swed. orsak) wherefore, why (att'd) ground (Cf. NHG Grund, Dan. grund, Norw. grunn)
reason (faculty)	n	andget (<OE andgiet) rake (<OE racu) rightwiseness (<OE rihtwísnes) shedwiseness (<OE scéadwísnes) yroad (<OE gerád) yshed (<OE gescéad) ywit (<OE gewitt) forstand (Cf. NHG Verstand, Swed. förstånd) fornuft (Cf. NHG Vernunft, Dan. fornuft, Norw. fornuft)
reasonable	adj	shedwise (<OE scéadwís), yshedly (<OE gescéadlic)
rebellion	n	uprising
rebuke	vb	scold, snape
recall	vb	call to mind, think back to, bethink
recapitulation	n	eftspelling (<OE eftspellung)
receive	vb	get onfang [past onfeng, ppt onfangen] (<OE onfōn) underfang [past underfeng, ppt underfangen] (<OE underfón) thidge (OE thicgan)
recently	adv	lately, newly, shortago
recital	n	reading, singshow, yarn
recline	vb	lie back, lie down, stretch heel
recognise	vb	acknowledge, gainknow (NHG wiederkennen), acknow
recommend	vb	onbefeal [past onbefole, ppt onbefolen] ("on" + "befeal" <OE befeolan; a calque of Du. aanbevelen, NHG empfehlen, Dan. anbefale), befeal on
recompense	n	gainyield
reconsideration	n	afterthought
reconcile	vb	settle
reconciliation	n	eftthinging (<OE eftþingung)
recovery	n	comeback, pick-up, upturn, upswing, healing, greenshoot
recreation	n	eftforgiveness (<OE eftforgiefnes)
recriminate	vb	blackblame
recruit	vb	inspan
rectum	n	arsepipe, arseway
recurrence	n	comeback, flashback
redeem	vb	gainbuy
redemption	n	eftlesing (<OE eftlésung)
red ochre (Fe2O3)	n	reddle/raddle/ruddle (<"rudd"<OE rudu)
reduce	n	lessen, lower
redundance	n	eftflowing (<OE eftflowung)
refer (to)	vb	bespeak, call
refined	adj	couth
reflect	vb	show
reflection	n	glance, backshine
reform	n	ameeding
reform	vb	ameed, forbetter
reformer	n	ameeder, forbetterer (Calque of NHG Verbesserer)
refractory	adj	witherhedging (<OE wiðerhycgende)
refrain	vb	forbear
refridgerator	n	chiller, cooler
refuge	n	haven, frithstead
refugee	n	haven seeker
refulgent	adj	shining
refuse	n	chaff,
refuse	vb	asake, gall, wern (OEwiernan), atdeem (<OE ætdeman),
refute	vb	allay (<OE álecgan) forkithe (<OE forcýðan) onsake [past onsoke, ppt onsaken] (<OE onsacan) withshove [past withshove, ppt withshoven] (<OE wiþscúfan) witherlay (Cf. NHG widerlegen)
regard	vb	look at set down
regarding	prep	about
regenerate	adj	edquick (<OE edcwic)
regicide	n	kingslaughter, kingslaying, kingmurder
regime	n	yoke, rike
regiment	n	fight(ing)group
region	n	landship
regret	vb	mourn, weep, weep over, look back, feel sorry, rue
regulate	vb	key to
reign	n.	kingship, queenship, athelingship
reinforce	vb	strengthen, trim, bolster, harden up, up hold, make firm, underset
reject	vb	forwarp (Cf. NHG verwerfen), lean (sth/sb) off (separable), shun, spurn, awayen
rejuvinate	vb	reyouthen
relapse	vb	backslide
relate	phr vb	To belong to, bear upon, stand with, link with, tie in with, tell of, cithe (OE cythan), bring word of, deal with, give tidings of, write of, make known, set out, unfold, be akin to
related	adj	akin (to), kindred, sibbed to, forwent (Cf. NHG verwandt)
relative(s)	n	kin, kinfolk, kinsmen, sib, sibling, bysib, own flesh & blood, blood-bondling, bloodsib
relations	n	undertakings between, dealings with
relationship	n	maithhood (<OE mǽgðhád), forwentship (Cf. NHG Verwandtschaft)
relax	vb	rest, loosen up, slacken, chill out, unwind
relaxation	n	eftforgiveness (<OE eftforgiefnes) stillness (<OE stillnes/stilnes)
relaxation (dressage)	n	looselettenhood (Cf. NHG Losgelassenheit)
relaxed	adj	smooth, loose, mellow
release	n	outlet, loosing
release	vb	let go, loose, alease
reliable	adj	trustworthy
relieve	n	lighten, soothe, help, unburden, allay, still (the fears), salve
religion	n	worship
religious	adj	worshipful
relinquish	vb	upgive (obs. att'd) give up (Cf. NHG aufgeben, Du. opgeven, Swed. ge upp) yield up (att'd) agive (obs. att'd, from OE agiefan, cf. NHG ergeben)
reluctant	adj	pullbackish, chary (att'd),unwilling, loath
remain	vb	blive [past blove, ppt bliven] (OE belifan, cf. NHG bleiben, Du. blijven), bide, linger, beleft (calque of German bleiben)
remainder	n	lave
remains	n	ashes, body, dead body, lich, bones; leftovers, leavings, scraps, waste, sweepings, dust; afterglow
remedy	n	heelth, salve
remember(recall)	vb	man [modal verb conjugated like can] (<OE munan), call to mind, bethink
remember(store memory)	vb	bear in mind, keep in mind
remember(memorise)	vb	put to mind, cram
reminisce	vb	look back
remnant	n	leftover
remote	adj	outlying
remove	vb	foredo (with immaterial object), outtake, take out, astir, stir, draw, unsheath,
renaissance	n	gainbirth, newbirth, widderbirth, witherbirth
renal	adj	kidney
render	vb	make, give, forswear, yield
renew	vb	ednew (<OE edniwian)
renewal	n	ednewing (<OE edniwung)
renewed	adj	ednew (<OE edniwe)
renounce	vb	give up, forsake, yield, asake, offgive
renovate	vb	ednew (<OE edniwian), do up
renovation	n	ednewing (<OE edniwung)
repartee	n	wit, banter
repeat	vb	edledge (<OE edlǽcan), againen
repel	vb	ward off, put off
repent	vb	atone
repercussions	vb	aftermath, blowback, kickback
repetition	n	edledging (<OE edlǽcung), againening, gainsaylyth, gaindolyth, dailiness (monotonous), witherhauling (cf. German "Wiederholung")
replace	vb	right (<OE rihtan), insteaden
replenish	vb	fill up
reply	vb	answer, andswear (<OE andswaru), andword (<OE andwyrd, cf. NHG Antwort, cf. Du. antwoord), andgain (cf. NHG entgegnen)
report	n	telling
repose	n	rest
reprehensible	adj	forwarply (Calque of NHG verwerflich)
represent	vb	fortread (Cf. NHG vertreten)
representative	n	fortreader (Cf. NHG Vertreter), spokes(wo)man, forstander, foranswerer
repress	vb	quell, crush, thrutch down (OE þryccan) lord, trample, keep under, ride roughshod over,
reprimand	vb	upbraid, tell off
reprove	vb	forwite, threep or threap (OE þréapan) scold, upbraid, chide
represent	vb	stand for, foranswer
reproach	vb	upbraid, scold
reptile	n	creepdeer (cf Nor. krypdyr), crawldeer (cf Swed. kräldjur)
republic	n	kinwise (<OE cynewise), leedwealth (Cf. Icelandish and Faroish lýðveldi), commonwealth ("Common" is Latin), folkdom, folkrike
reputation	n	name, goodname, goodbearing, edwite
request	n	bid, prayer, asking
request	vb	bidding, ask, beseech, ask for
require	vb	need
requirement	n	need, must
rescribe	vb	write back
rescue	vb	free, anery (OE ánerian, NHG nähren)
research	n	afterspeering, speering, forshing (Cf. NHG Forschung < PG faurskon), forshening (cf. Dan. forskning), legwork (informal)
research	vb	speer after, forsh (Cf. NHG forschen < PG faurskon), forshen
resmblance	n	likeness, look, blee, bly
resemble	adj	seem like, look like
resentment	n	bitterness, ill-feeling
reservation	n	booking
reservation	n	misgiving
reserve	n	backlog
reserve	vb	back-up
reserve	vb	book, keep
reserve	adj	spare
reserved	adj	withdrawn
reside	vb	live, dwell, abide, wone, erde
residence	n	home, dwelling, abode, erding, erdingstow
resign	vb	guit
resilience	adj	doughty
resist	vb	withstand, hinder
resistance	n	backlash, underground
resolute	adj	doughty, steadfast, unbending, stithe (OE stith) anrede
resort	vb	betake
respect	n	heed
respond	vb	answer
response	n	answer, feedback
responsible	adj	trustworthy, upstanding, steady, sound, guilty, answerly, answerable
responsive	adj	quick, awake, sharp, open-minded, quick-minded, willing, soft-hearted
rest	n	lave
restart	vb	start anew
restaurant	n	mealhouse, mealstead, mealery
restoration	n	ednewing (<OE edniwung)
restore	vb	ednew (<OE edniwian)
restored to life	pt phr	edquick (<OE edcwic)
restrain	vb	hold back, fetter
restraint	n	holding back, fetter, selfwield, tautness
result	n	outfollow, outcome, upshot, aftermath,
resurrect	vb	gainrise (att'd Cheke)
resurrection	n	gainrising (att'd Cheke)
retail	vb	fordrive (Calque of NHG vertreiben)
retain	vb	withkeep, keep
retaliate	vb	hit back, strike back
retard	n	dimwit, dolt, dullard
retard	vb	laten, slow, stunt
retardation	n	slowing, latening
retardation	n	backwardness, beslowedness
retirement	n	elderhood
retort	n	comeback, wisecrack, backanswer
retract	vb	take back, withdraw
retreat	vb	withdraw
retrograde	adj	backward
return	n	gainfare (<OE geanfær), gainwhurvenness (<OE geanhworfennes), gainwhurf (<OE geanhwurf), whirftness (<OE gehwyrftnes), homecoming, comeback, backfare, two-way
return	vb	come back
reveal	v	yondshow, make known, show, give up, bring to light, unhele
revel	vb	bask, wallow, frolic
revelry	n	merry-making
revenant	n	drage (OE dréag)
revenge	n	wrack, wreak, pay back,
revenge	vb	to get even with, wreak, wrack
revere	vb	worship
reverence	n	blessed awe
reverie	n	daydream, sweven
reverse/reversal	n	setback, blow
revert	vb	backtrack
revive	vb	edquick(en) (<OE edcwician), liven through, awaken, quicken, inliven, bring to, aquick, forquick, give life to, bring back to life
revolution	n	whirft (<OE hwyrft), overhaul, overthrow, overthrowing, uprising
revolve	vb	spin, turn around
reward	n	getting(s), meed, gainyield, afterleen (<OE æfterléan), aftergift
reward	vb	meet (pt: meeted), afterloan (<OE léanian), aftergive, edloan (<OE edléan)
rhetoric	n	redekith (Calque of Dutch redekunde)
rhinoceros	n	nosehorn (calque of Greek rhinokeros (rhinos "nose" + keras "horn"), hornpig, hornhog, hornswine
rifle	n	scratchgun
righteous	adj	rightwise (<OE rihtwís)
righteousness	n	rightwiseness (<OE rihtwísnes)
rigid	adj	stiff, hard
rigorous	adj	thorough
riot	n	crowdburst
risk	n	gamble, long shot
river	n	ea (OE) brook (<OE broc) waterway burn, bourn (<OE burna) fleet ("estuary" <OE fleotan) flood (<OE flod) rindle ("gutter" <OE rynele), runnell run stream (OE) waterstream (<OE wæterstream)
river course	n	gang
rivulet	n	beck, brooklet, stream, runlet, runnel, rith, sike
robin	n	ruddock
robust	adj	strong, sinewy, hale, halesome, hearty, sound, doughty, fit, full-blooded, full-blooded, full-strength, hardy, healthy, mighty, red-blooded, stout, strong-willed
rock	n	stone
roman	adj	romish
romanticism	n	lovecraft, storm-and-throng-troth (cf. Highdutch Sturm und Drang)
rooster	n	cock, cockerel, rooster
rose (flower)	n	loveblossom
rotate	vb	spin
rotund	adj	wheelshaped
round	adj	wheelshaped
route	n	pathway
royal	adj	kingly, cweenly
royalty	n	kingship (att'd <OE cynescipe)
ruin	vb & n	wreck, mar, downfall
rule	vb	lead, look over, oversee, phr to have lordship over, oversee, hold sway
rumour	n	hearsay
rural	adj	outburg, fieldly
rush	n & vb	hurry
Russia	name	Russland (cf. NHG Russland, Du. Rusland)
Russian	adj	Russish (cf. NHG Russisch), Russlandish
Russian	n	Russ (cf. NHG Russe), Russlander
rustic	n	backwoodsman, boor, bumpkin, bushwhacker, clodhopper, churl, crofter, greenhorn, heathen, hind, husbandman, hillbilly, ill-bred, low-man, plowman, ploughman, redneck, share-cropper, swain, woodsman, uncanny wight