Staff R of the English Wordbook.
Basic abbreviations:
- OE = Old English
- ME = Middle English
- SC = Scots
- WF = West Frish
- NF = North Frish
- SF = Saterlandish Frish
- WLG = West Low Theech
- ELG = East Low Theech
- NL = Netherlandish
- NHG = New High Theech
- IC = Icelandish
- HIC = High Icelandish
- NO = Nornish
- SW = Swedish
- DN = Danish
- MLG = Middle Low Theech
- MNL = Middle Netherlandish
- MHG = Middle High Theech
- OF = Old Frish
- OS = Old Saxish
- OHG = Old High Theech
- ON = Old Norse
- GO = Gottish
- PWG = Or-West-Theedish
- PG = Or-Theedish
For a full list of etymological and other abbreviations used in these wordlists, see: Offshortenings.
Chancery English | Class | Anglish/English | ||
Attested | Unattested | |||
Ra | ||||
rabbit | n | hare | stallhare (<NHD Stallhase; see also fieldhare, from NHD Feldhase), rob (<Flem. or M.Du. robbe "rabbit") | |
raccoon | n | washbear | - | |
race | n | kind, stock | strain (<OE strynd) sley (<NHG Geschlächt) ress (sense of running competition, reconstructed away from Old Norse) | |
racism | n | kindlove, kindtroth | lovestem (love + stem <Ic. -stefna) | |
radar | n | - | forereader, far reader, wavereader, wavemeter (with the element "-meter" based on the verb OE - metan) | |
radiant | adj | shiny, bright, beaming, glowing, gleaming | throughbright (<OE þurhbeorht) | |
radiate | vb | shine, gleam, shed, send out, beam | beshine (<OE bescīnan and <ME bishīnen) | |
radiation | vb | endfire | - | |
radio | n/adj | wireless (gadget) | funkbox (<OE funcia "spark" + box, cf. NHG Funkgerät), livebox | |
radioactive | n | lightrotting | ||
radiotelegraphy | n | broadcasting | - | |
radio wave | n | ringwave | funkwave (cf. NHG Funkwelle) | |
radius | n | spoke | halfspan, (bone) resle | |
rage | n | wrath | greme (<OE gremian), wode | |
railroad | n | - | ironroad, ironpath, sporroad (<OE spor) | |
raise (<ON) | v | rear (from same PG root) | ||
raison d'état. | n | drygrape (German:dörrtrauben "Raisin") | theedish intryst (calque) | |
raison d'être | n | livelihood | sake of being/sake of living (calque), lifesake, "for life's sake" (phrase) | |
RAM (Random Access Memory) | n | - | RAM (Read-Always Mind) | |
ramification | n | fortwigging (cf. NHG Verzweigung) | ||
rancid | adj | rotting, reeking, smelly, stale, foul, dank, rank, taff | - | |
ranch | n | sheep run | bou (cf. Scots from ON. bú) | |
random | adj/n | hit-or-miss, may-fall, pot shot, lucky, unforeseen, luck-chosen |
fallenly, tofally (cf. NHG zufällig), willcury (calque of Du. willekeurig, with the element "-cury" based on OE -cyrge in wælcyrge "Valkyrie") see The word "random". | |
random page | n | lucky leaf, lucky side, unforeseen leaf, unforeseen side, luck-chosen leaf, luck-chosen side | willcury trammet, may-fall leaf | |
range | n | reach, stretch, breadth | - | |
ranger | n | keeper, warden, overseer; wanderer | upseer (cf. NHG aufseher) | |
rank | n |
row, standing, |
hoad (<OE hád) | |
rankle | vb | gall, irk | - | |
rape | vb/n | - | needheemed (<OE níedhæmed), forwaldying (cf. NHG Vergewaltigung) | |
rapid | adj | fast, quick, speedy, swift | snell | |
rappel | vb | abseil | downrope (cf. NHG abseil) | |
rare | adj | fewsome, geason, selcouth, seldom, seldseen, selly, unlikely | seldsome, seldly, geason (<OE gǣsne) | |
rarely | adv | seldom | - | |
rarified | adj | fewsome, thin | - | |
rarify | vb | make seldom | beseldom, selden, befew, bedearth, thin | |
rarity | n | seldiness, seldomhood, dearth, fewness | - | |
raspberry | n | - | hindberry (cf. Dn. hindbær) | |
rate | n | speed | runledge, setledge | |
ratio | n | evenness, worth | - | |
rational | adj | well-grounded, wise | shedwise (<OE scéadwís), angetful | |
rationalism | n | - | anget, shedwiseness, mindplay | |
ravage | vb | - | forspill | |
ravenous | adj | greedy | hound-hungry | |
ravine | n | chine, gap, ditch, gulch | crundle (<OE), cloughdale (cf. Du. kloofdal) | |
ray (of light) | n | beam | streal (<OE strǽl, cf. NHG Strahl) | |
ray (animal) | n | - | reigh (<OE reohhe cf. NHG Rochen, Du. Rog) | |
razor | n | shaver | - | |
Re | ||||
re- | pref | and- (obs.) , ed- (obs.) , eft- (obs.) | ||
real | adj | true, heartfelt; weighty, out-and-out, echt | sooth | |
real estate | n | - | fastgood (cf. Du. vastgoed) | |
reality | n | being, sooth, truth | wareness/warehood (calque), soothness, workliness/worklihood (cf. Du werkelijkheid, NHG Wirklichkeit) | |
realize / realise | vb | wit, find out, get on, wise up, dawn upon | bemark (Du./NHG. bemerken), beaughten (NHG. beachten) | |
really | adv | truly | soothly, sooth, echtly | |
realm (royal) | n | kingdom | kingrich | |
realm | n | world, land | rich | |
reason | n/vb |
grounds, wherefore, why, sake within reason: within groundedness vb: reckon, wit; make out, work out faculty: wits, wit, mind, brains, understanding |
frum (<OE fruma), inthing (<OE intinga/inþing), ontimber (<OE ontimber), orsake (calque), rethe (<OE rǣd), anget (<OE andgiet), rack (<OE racu), rightwiseness (<OE rihtwísnes), shedwiseness (<OE scéadwísnes), shed (<OE gescéad), wit (<OE gewitt), nift (cf. NHG Vernunft, Dn. fornuft) | |
reasonable | adj | well-grounded | shedwise (<OE scéadwís), shedly (<OE gescéadlic), groundful | |
reasonably | adv | groundedly | - | |
rebel | n | withstander | withercor (<OE wiðercorra), upstander, upstandling (cf. Du. opstandeling) | |
rebel | vb | rise up | withsee (<OE wiþsēon), withfight (<OE wiþfeohtan), upstand (cf. Du. opstand; pron. up-STAND) | |
rebellion | n | outbreak, uprising. | upstand (cf. Du. opstand; pron. UP-stand) | |
rebellious | adj | - | upstandy (cf. Du. opstandig); upriseish | |
rebuke | vb | threap, chide, tick off; berate, call down | strife, threw/threaw (<OE þrēawan), forquethe (<OE forcweþan) | |
recall | vb | withcall, withdraw, bethink | edcall, eftcall, withmind, call to mind, think back to | |
recalcitrant | adj | unhold, unhearsome, hardheaded, stubborn, wayward | - | |
recapitulation | n | going over again | withspelling (<OE eftspellung), withhaul (cf. NHG wiederholen) | |
receive | vb | get, win, earn, take | beget, thedge (<OE thicgan), fang (<OE fōn) | |
receipt | n | sales slip, sales stub | ||
recently | adv | lately, newly | tidely, shortago | |
reception | n | welcoming | ||
recite | vb | yarn, reel off | reich | |
recividist | n | backslider | ||
recline | vb | lie back, lie down, stretch heel | backleaned (German zurückgelehnt) | |
recognize | vb | acknow, acknowledge, beknowledge | yeme, onget (<OE ongietan) / anget (<ME), wot/wost (<ME woot, <OE wāt); ppl. wit/wite, pp. wist, | |
recommend | vb | - | ettle, befeal (<NHG empfehlen), rede | |
recompense | n | - | gainyield, foryield (obsolete) | |
reconsideration | n | afterthought | edsmighing | |
reconcile | vb | key | braid up, geseman (<OE) | |
reconciliation | n | - | andweaving | |
reconnaissance | n | underrighting (cf. Swedish underrättelse and NHG Unterrichtung) | ||
record | v | log, write down, list, cast sound or video: tape |
fortoken (cf. NHG verzeichnen, Swed. förteckna) | |
record | n | log, cast | lorekeep | |
recount | vb | overname | - | |
recover | vb | heal, win back, take back | intrans: edworp (<OE edwyrpan)
trans: agive (<OE agifan) edtake ( using ed+take ) | |
recovery | n | comeback, pick-up, upwend, upswing, healing | edworping (<OE edwyrping), greenshoot | |
recreätion | n | fun and games | andweaving | |
recriminate | vb | - | threap, blackblame | |
recruit | n | fledgling, freshman, greenhorn, newcomer | inspan | |
rectangle | n | - | righthook (cf. Du. rechthoek) | |
rectum | n | - | endtharm (calque, see tharm) | |
rectify | v | right, straighten | righten (v shaped from adj "right", like "straighten" from "straight") | |
recurrence | n | comeback, flashback | withhauling (cf. NHG wiederholung) | |
recurrent | adj | on-and-off | andbearing (<OE býrian 'to happen, pertain to, belong to'), withhauled (cf. NHG sich wiederholend) | |
redact | vb | - | edeche | |
redeem | vb | forbuy | alease (OE aliesan), inborrow | |
redemption | n | - | eftleesing (<OE eftlésung) | |
red ochre | n | - | ruddle | |
redo | vb | withdo | ||
reduce | n | lessen, enlessen, lower | - | |
redundance | n | - | eftflowing (<OE eftflowung) | |
refer (to) | vb | hint | forwise (to) (cf. Du. verwijzen; NHG verweisen), mind, ettle | |
referee | n | shedsrighter (like Dutch scheidsrechter) | ||
reference | n | hint, underlying meaning | betug (cf. NHG bezug) | |
referendum | n | - | folkspoll, folksstevening (Du. volksstemming), folksanswer (NHG. 'Volksentscheid') | |
refined | adj | trim, couth | - | |
reflect | vb | show | gain/withleam, gain/withshine | |
reflection | n | glance, backshine | gain/withleaming, gain/withshining | |
reflect on | vb | think over, bethink, think about, look back on | overthink (<OE oferþencan) | |
reflex | n | - | bendback, jerkback | |
reform | vb/n | mend, shape up, straighten | ameeding, edhuing, forbetter | |
reformer | n | - | ameeder, edhuer (cf. OE geedhiwod "reformed, given new shape"), forbetterer (cf. NHG Verbesserer), rightener | |
refractory | adj | froward, wayward, willful | witherhedging (<OE) | |
refrain | n | - | offbreak | |
refrain | vb | forbear | - | |
refrigerator | n | chiller | coolshap (calque) | |
refuge | n | haven, bolt-hole, harbor, shelter | lee (<OE hlēo) | |
refugee | n | runaway, fleer, hider |
flightling (cf. Dan. flygtning, Du. vluchteling, NHG Flüchtling), haven seeker, lea(wo)man | |
refulgent | adj | shining | - | |
refurbish | vb | overhaul | furb, ednew | |
refuse | n | chaff, deadwood, dross, spilth, rubbish, waste | - | |
refuse | vb | spurn, forbear | asake, withquethe, forbid, score (<OE scorian) | |
refute | vb | belie, unsake |
allay (<OE álecgan), forkithe (<OE forcýðan), onsake (<OE onsacan), withshove (<OE wiþscúfan), witherlay (cf. NHG widerlegen) | |
regard | vb | cast, eye, peep | - | |
regarding | prep | about, as for, as to | - | |
regency | n | - | byredom (byrede + -dom) | |
regenerate | adj | freshen, make anew | withquicken, withbeget (re- "with-" + genero "I beget"), edquicken (OE edcwicken) | |
regent | n | - | byrede (by- "para-" + rede "ruler") | |
regicide | n | kingslayer | kyne-murder, king-slay | |
regime | n | yoke, rich | - | |
regiment | n | - | fight(ing)thede | |
region | n | field, ballpark; land, neck | landship | |
regression | n | back-slide | ||
regret | vb | rue | - | |
regular | adj | everyday; steady | reghelish (reghel borrowed from Latin to OE) | |
regulate | vb | oversee, wield, steer, lead | - | |
regulation | n | wielding, overseeing, law | insetness (<OE insetnes) | |
regulator | n | overseer | - | |
reign | n | kingship, queenship | rede, athelingship | |
reign | vb | (cf. regulate) | rix (<OE rīxian, rīcsian), overbebeed (<OE oferbebēodan) | |
rein | vb/n | - | tygel (<OE) | |
reinforce | vb | strengthen, shore (unknown origin, found in Germanic languages), trim, gird, bolster, harden, harden up, uphold, make firm, underset | harder | |
Reiwa (era) | n | - | Fairemild, Fairebond | |
reject | vb/n | n: casting off, outcast
vb: nix; cast off, dump, fling off/away, slough off, throw away, toss, unload; spurn |
n: forwarp (<OE forweorpan), withchoose (<OE wiþceosan)
vb: forwarp, offlean (cf. NHG ablehnen), offwise (calque of many germ. languages) | |
rejoice | vb | gladden | driem (<OE drīeman) | |
rejoice with | vb | - | driem with, evenbliss (<OE evenblisan) | |
rejuvenate | vb | freshen, youthen | edyoung (re- (“again”) + Latin iuvenis (“young”) + -ate so, gainyouthen or, withyouthen), foryouthen (NHG verjüngen) | |
relapse | vb | backslide | againfall | |
relatable | adj | - | kinworthy, kinbere, kitheworthy, kithebere | |
relate | phr vb | bond, click; link | kithe (<OE cythan) | |
related | adj | akin (to), kindred, sibbed to, tosameness; linked | forwent (cf. NHG verwandt) | |
relative(s) | n | kin, kindred, kinfolk, kinsmen, kinship, sib, sibling, bysib, own flesh & blood |
blood-bondling, bloodsib close: hyldenmay (<OE hyldenmǣġ) murder of: maymurder (<OE mǣġmorðor), kinslaughter | |
relations | n | dealings, bond, link up, hook up, tie up, fellowship | - | |
relationship | n | kinship, bearing; hookup, linkup, tie-up |
maythhood (<OE mǣġðhād | |
relax | vb | chill (out), loosen up, mellow out, unwind; ease, loosen, slack | unspan (<OE onspannan, cf. NHG entspannen) | |
relaxation | n | fun and games |
stillness (<OE stillnes/stilnes), unspan (<OE spannen) | |
relaxed | adj | smooth, loose, mellow | unspant | |
release | n | outlung, loosing | - | |
release | vb | free, let go, loosen | alease | |
relent | vb | yield, let up | - | |
relentless | adj | restless | - | |
reliable | adj | trustworthy | - | |
relieve | n | lighten, soothe, unburden, allay, still (the fears), salve, alight | - | |
religion | n | belief, worship | holybelief, holyworship, hallowbelief, hallowworship | |
religious | adj | holy, hallowed, beliefful, worshipful | - | |
relinquish | vb |
cough up, give up, hand over, yield; step down |
upgive, agive (<OE agiefan, cf. NHG ergeben) | |
reluctant | adj | chary, unwilling, loath | pullbackish | |
remain | vb | belave (archaic), belive (obsolete) |
- | |
remainder | n | lave, leavings, ort | dross | |
remains | n | ashes, rubble, wreck; bones, stiff; leavings, leftovers, odds and ends | laves | |
remedy | n | bote, heeling, salve, boot (etymology 3) | - | |
remember | vb | hark back, min, mind, think of, call to mind, bethink, mark, unforget, withcall, behold, think back memorize: bear in mind, keep in mind |
edcall, eftcall, mon (<OE ġemunan), mind back, umbethink (<dialectal North & Scots English) memorize: inmind, stockmind, inkeep | |
remind | vb | min, call to mind | mane (<OE manian), edmind, eftmind, incall | |
reminder | n | - | miner, edminding, eftminding, umbethinking (<dialectal North & Scots English), incalling | |
reminisce | vb | - | eftmind | |
remnant | n | leftover | - | |
remote | adj | slight, slim, small; cold-eyed, standoffish. 2. hidden; deep, far-flung, | - | |
remote area | n | backwood | - | |
remote controlled (RC) | adj | wirelessly steered | - | |
remove | vb | foredo (with immaterial object), unstay (<Old French <Middle Netherlandish), take out, draw out, unload | unshrithe | |
renaissance | n | - | andblowing, agenbirth (agen (Again)+birth) | |
renal | adj | kidney | - | |
rename | vb | - | edname, agenclepe, edclepe, ed-deem | |
render | vb | cough up, give to, give up, hand over, yield | - | |
renegade | vb | backfallen | ||
renew | vb | overhaul | ednew (<OE edniwian) | |
renewal | n | - | ednewing | |
renewed | adj | - | ednewed | |
renounce | vb | give up, forsake, step aside, step down; forswear, take back, unsay, withdraw, withsake | asake (past: asook), unsaye (<ME unseien) | |
renovate | vb | overhaul | ednew (<OE edniwian) | |
rent (transitive) | vb | meed
"I meeded a room for myself". |
- | |
rent (intransitive) | vb | foremeed
"They're foremeeding rooms cheaply". |
- | |
reorganize | vb | - | edstight | |
repair | vb | heal, make hole, put to rights | - | |
repartee | n | backchat | - | |
repeat | vb | say again, oversay; do over | edsay, edledge (<OE edlǽcan), withhaul (NHG. Wiederholen) | |
repeater | n | - | electronics: withhauler | |
repel | vb | beat off, withdrive; buck, withstand, thrown back | - | |
repent | vb | bemoan, rue | forthink (cited by William Tyndale), after-think (Lancashire dialect); (<OE doeth daedbot - do penance) | |
repercussions | vb | - | kickback | |
repetition | n | do-over | edsaying, again-and-againness | |
replace | vb | swap (out), switch (out) | aset (a- + set, cf. NHG ersetzten)
substitute: outtrade (cf. NHG austauschen), edstowe, right (<OE rihtan) | |
replenish | vb | fill up, fill, make full again | edfill | |
reply | vb/n | answer, back-answer, back-talk (angrily) |
anword (<OE andwyrd; cf. NHG Antwort, Du. antwoord) | |
report | v | - | bewrite | |
report | n | - | bewriting | |
repose | n | rest | - | |
repository | n | hoard | - | |
reprehensible | adj | - | forwarply (cf. NHG verwerflich) | |
represent | vb | stand for, betoken | aspell, fortread (cf. NHG vertreten) | |
representative | n | spokes(wo)man |
atstandand (<OE ætstandend), aspellend, fortreader (cf. NHG Vertreter) | |
repress | vb | crack down on, crush, slap down, snuff out; hold back, sink, swallow | bethryck (<be + OE þryccan, "press down") | |
reprimand | vb | upbraid, tell off, chide, scold | - | |
reprove | vb | chide, tick off: mislike, tut over | wite, threap (<OE þréapan) | |
reproach | vb | bawl out, berate, call down, flay, rag, upbraid: chide, tick off | threigh, adwite (<OE þrēagan) | |
reproduce | vb | make offspring | foreke (<Sw. föröka), foresow (<Du. voortplanten), formore (<NHG vermehren) | |
reproduction | n | formoring, foreking, forthseeding | ||
reptile | n | creeping thing (found in Bibles; translation of Hebrew) | creepdeer (cf Nw. krypdyr), crawldeer (cf Sw. kräldjur), wormkin (<OE wyrmcyn) | |
republic | n | - | ledeward, mootrick, richwealth, wholewelfare, freerich, kyndwise; rich | |
reputation | n | mark, name | namecouth (<OE namcuþ) | |
request | n | call, ask (rare) | - | |
request | vb | ask, put in: beseech, call for, seek | - | |
require | vb | need, tharf | onseek (<OE onsécan) | |
requirement | n | need, must | - | |
requite | vb | get even for, make good, atone, meed (see MW dictionary) | forguld (<ME forgulde), foryield (<OE forġieldan, cf. ME foryelden) | |
rescribe | vb | write back | edwrite | |
rescue | vb | free, bring off |
nerry (<OE ánerian, NHG nähren), redd (<OE hreddan “to save, deliver, recover, rescue”, cf. NHG./Du./Dan./Now. retten) | |
research | n | Seeking, delving, groundwork, combing, raking | speering, speering, forshing (cf. NHG Forschung) forshening (cf. Dan. forskning) (<PG faurskon), legwork (informal), underseek (cf. Du onderzoek and NHG. untersuchen), sake | |
research | vb | dig into, look into, delve into | speer (<OE spyrian), underseek | |
resemblance | n | alikeness, look, blee, bly | suchness | |
resemble | v | seem like, look like, belike | alike (cf. Du. gelijken, NHG gleichen) | |
resentment | n | down; huff, miff | hattleness | |
reservation | n | booking | forebeholding (cf. NHG Vorbehaltung) | |
reserve | n | keep, hoard; backup, fill-in | berg | |
reserve | vb | book; keep, hoard; backup, fill-in | berg (<OE beorgan) | |
reserve | adj | spare | berg, forehold (cf. NHG vorbehalten) | |
reserved | adj | character: withdrawn booked |
- | |
reservoir | n | - | waterberg; waterhold | |
reside | vb | live, dwell | abide, wone, erde, wick | |
residence | n | home, dwelling | abode, erding, erdingstow permit: dwell-leave (cf. Ic. dvalarleyfi), abode-leave | |
residue | n | ashes, rubble, wreck; leavings, leftovers, odds and ends | stufflave | |
resign | vb | step down, forlet, bow out | - | |
resilience | n | - | springbackness | |
resilient | adj | springy, springbackfit, limber | wending | |
resin | n | - | hart (<PG hartą, NHG Harz, Du. hars) | |
resist | vb | withset, withstand, hinder, stand up to | withlay | |
resistance | n | withsetting | withlaying, backlash | |
resistant | adj | steady, steadfast, abiding, withstanding | bestandy/bestanding (NHG. beständig) | |
resolute | adj | set |
one-minded, stith (<OE stiþ) | |
resonate | vb | - | midswing (cf. NHG mitschwingen) | |
resort | n | - | vacation: holidayord (cf. Du. vakantieoord, NHG Ferienort)
recourse/refuge: outway (cf. Du. uitweg, NHG Ausweg) | |
resort | vb | - | brook, betake | |
resource | n | wherewithal | rawstuff (NHG. Rohstoff), orshaft | |
respawn | vb | - | backbirth | |
respect | n | heed, aught | onlook (<OE anlec), edsight | |
respect | vb | - | aughten (<NHG. achten) (see aught) | |
respectable | adj | - | aughtworthy | |
respectful | adj | - | aughtful (cf. NHG achtvoll) | |
respiratory (system) | n | lungs | - | |
respire | vb | breathe | - | |
respond | vb | answer | onqwethe (<OE oncweþan) | |
response | n | answer, feedback | - | |
responsibility | n | plight, plighting, ownership | foranswering (NHG. Verantwortung) | |
responsible | adj | trustworthy, upstanding, bedrock, sound, plighted | foranswerly (NHG. Verantwortlich)
guilt: shildy (OE) | |
responsive | adj | quick, awake, sharp, open-minded, quick-minded, willing, answering | - | |
rest (else) | n | leftover | lave (<OE) | |
restart | vb | - | edstar, start anew (from scratch) | |
restaurant | n | cheap: beanery
foodhouse, eating house |
mealhall, reardhall (OE reordan 'to feast') | |
resting place | n | - | bed of dust, the dark inn, grass-bed, moldern, moldstow, the pit, lichpit, the delf, the deep-six, narrow house, long-home, dust-bed, earth-home. | |
restore(ation) | n | freshen(ing) |
ednew(ing) (<OE edniwung) edstow(ing), edstall(ing) | |
restored to life | pt phr | - | edcwickened (<OE edcwic) | |
restrain | vb | bridle, fetter, hold back. | belean (<OE) | |
restraint | n | bridle, fetter | beleaning | |
restrict | v | fetter | betighten | |
restriction | n | fetter | betightening | |
result | n | outcome, outfollow, upshot, aftermath | offleading (<Ic. af-leiðing), edspring (calque), eftspring (calque), fint (<OE finta, meaning 'consequence, result' also 'tail'), wastom (<OE wæstm) | |
resurrect | vb | gainrise (Cheke) | edsty/edstie (<OE stīgan) | |
resurrection | n | gainrising (Cheke) | - | |
retail | vb | deal in, sell, put up | fordrive (cf. NHG vertreiben) | |
retain | vb | keep, withhold; hire | athave | |
retaliate | vb | hit back, strike back, take an eye for an eye | yield back, wend upon, foryield (<OE forgieldan) (c.f. NHG. vergelten) | |
retaliation | n | - | foryielding (c.f. NHG. Vergeltung) | |
retard | n | dimwit, dolt | dwease (<OE dwæs) | |
retard | vb | break, slacken | - | |
retardation | n | slowing, latening | - | |
retardation | n | - | backwardness, beslowedness | |
retina | n | nethide (calque of German Netzhaut) | ||
retire | vb | withdraw, yield, pull out | - | |
retirement | n | - | forleaving, withdrawing | |
retort | n | back-talk (impudently), yieldback, wisecrack | ||
retract | vb | take back, withdraw | unsay (<ME unseien) | |
retreat | vb | withdraw, backdown, give ground | - | |
retrieve | vb | fetch | withfind | |
retrograde | adj | backward | - | |
return | n | comeback; backcome, earnings, incoming |
andcome, gainfare (<OE geanfær) | |
return | vb | come back | edwhirve (<OE edhwirfan), edwend, andgive | |
reveal | vb | bare, unsheath, unfold, unlock | unhide, yondshow, unhele, swettle | |
revel | vb | bathe, wallow, frolic | - | |
revelation | n | telling, broadcasting, unearthing | unwryness (<OE onwrigness, onwrihness), openbearing (Like Dutch, German and other G. tongues) | |
revelry | n | merry-making | - | |
revenant | n | - | andcomer | |
revenge | vb | yieldback, get back, get even with | - | |
reverberation | n | - | withercling | |
revenge | n | wrack, wreak | wracke (<OE wracu and <ME wrā̆k) | |
revenge porn | n | wrackful whoreshowing | ||
revere | vb | worship | - | |
reverend | adj | hallowed | - | |
reverie | n | daydreaming, woolgathering | sweven | |
reverse/reversal | n | knock, setback; flip-flop | umswing or umbswing (cf. NHG Umschwung) | |
revert | vb | - | andwharve | |
revive | vb | freshen, breathe life back into, liven (up, again, back) |
edquicken (<OE edcwician) | |
revolution | n | - | ywhorft (<OE gehwyrft), overhaul, overthrow, overthrowing, uprisin
turning: whorft (<OE hwyrft), umbewrithing, falling (Icelandic:Bylting) | |
revolve | vb | spin | umbwerve | |
reward | n | - | meed (obs); afterlean (<OE æfterléan), foryield (obsolete) | |
reward | vb | - | meed; afterlean (OE léanian) | |
Rh | ||||
rhetoric | n | wind | mathelcraft (OE maðelung), speechcraft | |
rhinoceros | n | - | nosehorn (calque of Gk. rhinokeros (rhinos "nose" + keras "horn"; cf. Du. neushoorn, NHG Nashorn), hornpig, hornhog, hornswine | |
rhombus | n | - | rout (cf. Du. ruit; Ger. raute) | |
rhotacism | n | - | arbrookdom, r-brook(ing) | |
rhotic | adj | - | arfully, r-ly | |
rhoticity | n | - | arfulness, r-ness | |
rhyme | n | rime | - | |
rhythm | n | riff | - | |
Ri | ||||
riddance (foreign suffix) | n | ridding | ||
ridicule | vb | besmear (<OE bīsmerian and <ME bismeren) | ||
ridiculous | adj | chucklesome, sidesplitting, silly | laugtherly (<OE hleahterlic) | |
rifle | n | - | scratchgun, shattergun, shouldershooter (<OE sculdorscēota), furrowgun (<OE furhscēota) | |
righteous(ness) | adj | - | rightwise(ness) (<OE rihtwís(nes)) | |
rigid | adj | stiff, hard | - | |
rigorous | adj | thorough | - | |
rinse | vb | - | spule/aspule (<OE āspylian, cf. Du. spoelen, NHG spülen) | |
riot/revolt/rebellion | n | riot (it is of Frankish origin) | crowdburst | |
risk | n | gamble, long shot | - | |
risky | n | gamblesome | unsound | |
river | n |
ea, aa, stream, flow, flood, waterway |
estuary: fleet (<OE fleot, ?Ebbsfleet) flood (<OE flōd; attested in ME), waterpath | |
rite | n | - | right, geright (<OE gerihte), onsayedness (<OE onsægednes) | |
ritual | n/adj | - | ae (<OE æ), right (<OE gerihte) | |
river course | n | flow | fleetway | |
rivulet | n |
brook, stream, runnel, rith, sike rindle small water course or gutter |
small stream: rith (word still found in N Frisian ride, rie 'bed of running water') burn, bourn (<OE burna 'brook, stream, spring or well water') | |
Ro | ||||
rob (though it first came from french, the word is germanic, from frankish "robon" ) | v | sneaky filch
violent bereave, steal |
- | |
robbery (Frankish origin) | n | Steal
|
- | |
robin | n | redbreast | ruddock | |
robust | adj | fit, hale, hearty, sound, whole; flush, lusty, ful-blooded: big, full, plush, rich; strong | - | |
robot | n | - | wileman (cf. Ic. vélmenni), sparkman, sparkthrall | |
robotic | adj | soulless | cold-soul | |
robotics | n | wilemancraft, sparkmancraft, sparkthrallcraft | ||
rocket | n | - | rock, rocker (OHG. rocko "distaff," ON. rokkr) | |
rodent | n | gnawer | gnawdeer (cf. Du. knaagdier) | |
rogue | adj | - | shirk | |
rogue | n | thief, swindler | shirk | |
role | n | playwork, deedwork | - | |
roleplay | n | playwork | - | |
roll |
n/vb |
welt/walt (Eng. obsolete) vb: trundle |
vb: onspin | |
rolling-paper/cigarette-paper | n | skins (attested), smoking-skins | - | |
roller skates | n | - | weltshoes (cf. NHG Rollschuh), welter shoes | |
rollercoaster | n | big dipper, switchback | eightway (cf. Du. achtbaan; NHG Achterbahn) | |
roman | adj | - | romish | |
romance | n | love-tale, wonder-tale | - | |
romanticism | n | - | lovecraft, storm-and-throng (cf. H Du. Sturm und Drang) | |
rooster | n | cock (but "rooster" is also from a native root) | - | |
rosary | n | - | beadlet | |
rose | n | color: pink | flower: loveblossom, lovebloom | |
rotate | vb | spin | werve | |
rotisserie | n | spit-roaster | spincooker, wervecooker | |
rotund | adj | wheelshaped | - | |
round | adj | wheelshaped | trind (shaped from OE trinda and NE trindle) | |
route | n | pathway, way | - | |
router | n | networking: gateway (sometimes) | - | |
royal | adj | kingly, cweenly | - | |
royalty | n | kingship | - | |
Ru | ||||
ruby | adj/n | - | redhurst | |
rude | adj | unbehaved, uncouth, unbecoming, unfitting | - | |
ruin | vb/n | wreck, mar, downfall | - | |
rule | vb | lead, look over, oversee, rix (att'd <OE rīxian, rīcsian), overwatch, wald | rede, hold sway | |
rule | n | law | - | |
ruler | n | drighten, leader, overseer, overwatcher | reder | |
ruling | adj | leading, lordly | - | |
rumor | n | hearsay | - | |
rural | adj | outborough, fieldly | landly (cf. NHG ländlich), thorply (cf. NHG dörflich) | |
Russia | n | - | Russland | |
Russian | adj | - | of the land: russlandish
of the folk: russish | |
Russian | n | - | folk: Russlander
tung: Russish | |
rustic | n | backwoodsman, boor, bumpkin, bushwhacker, clodhopper, churl, crofter, greenhorn, hayseed, hind, hillbilly, husbandman, plowman, redneck, share-cropper, swain, woodsman | - |