Staff S of the English Wordbook.
Tongueshortenings:
- NE = New English
- ENE = Early New English
- ME = Middle English
- OE = Old English
- SC = Scots
- WF = West Frish
- NF = North Frish
- SF = Saterlandish Frish
- WO = Wangeroogish
- WLG = West Low Thetch
- EFLS = East Frish Low Saxish
- ELG = East Low Thetch
- NL = Netherlandish
- AF = Afrikaans
- NHG = New High Thetch
- IL = Icelandish
- HIL = High Icelandish
- FO = Faroish
- NO = Nornish
- SW = Swedish
- DN = Danish
- MLG = Middle Low Thetch
- MNL = Middle Netherlandish
- MHG = Middle High Thetch
- OF = Old Frish
- OS = Old Saxish
- OHG = Old High Thetch
- ON = Old Norse
- GO = Gottish
- PWG = Or-West-Theedish
- PG = Or-Theedish
Other shortenings:
- [ᛣ] = Loanwend
- [ᚹ] = Widened meaning given to a word for the sake of Anglish
- [ᛏ] = Transitive
- [ᚾ] = Intransitive
- [ᚩ] = Old and dead meaning of a living word
For a full list of etymological and other abbreviations used in these wordlists, see: Offshortenings.
Staffs under English Wordbook/S:
Sa Sb Sc Sd
Se Sf Sg Sh
Si Sj Sk Sl Sm Sn So Sp Sq Sr Ss St Su Sv
Sw Sx Sy Sz
*Note: If you click on one of the links above, and nothing happens, then that means no words have been put forth for that bookstaff as of yet.
| Chancery English | Class | Anglish/English | ||
| Attested | Unattested | |||
Sa[] | ||||
| sabotage | vb | cripple | underdelve (‹ME underdelven), undergrave | |
| saboteur | n | - | crippler | |
| sacred | adj | holy, hallowed | - | |
| sacrament | n | holy oath, holy undertaking, hallowing | forhallowing, holy work, holiwork | |
| sacrifice | vb/n | give, give up | bloot (‹OE blōtan), offer, offering | |
| sacrilege | n | unholiness | ewbreakth (‹OE ǣbrecþ), holishending (cf. NL heiligshennis; < shend "to defile") | |
| sacrilegious | adj | unholy, sinful | - | |
| sacrosanct | adj | holy, hallowed | - | |
| sacrum | n | - | holibone, roodbone | |
| sadism | n | fiendishness, heartlessness | derelust, harmlust, heanlust | |
| sadistic | adj | heartless, coldhearted | overtuly | |
| safe | n | strongbox | - | |
| safe | adj | sound, fast; white; trusty, good, sheltered, shielded | - | |
| safehouse | n | - | frithhouse (‹OE friþhūs) | |
| safety | n | soundness, shelter, wholeness, frith (archaic) | soundfulness (‹ME sundfulnesse), sint (‹OE gesynto) | |
| safe space | n | haven; hugbox | frithyard (‹OE friþgeard) | |
| sagacious | adj | insightful, foresightful, witty | sarethankle (‹OE searuþancol), redesnoter (‹OE rǣdsnotor), shedwise (‹OE gescēadwīs), yarewittle (‹OE gearowitol), hyesnotter (‹OE hygesnottor), redehyend (‹OE rǣdhycgende), wisefast (‹OE wīsfæst) | |
| sagacity | n | wisdom | snitter (‹ ME snytere ⁊ OE snytro) | |
| Saint (St.) | adj | Holy | - | |
| saint | n | hallow | holiman | |
| sainthood | n | hallowdom | - | |
| salamander | n | - | landwater athex, land-newt, land-eft | |
| sale (‹OE‹ON) | n | selling | forcheap (leanwend: WF ferkeap, NF ferkuup/Forkoop, SF Ferkoop, NL verkoop, NHG Verkauf), sale (‹PWG *salu > MHG sale, sal) | |
| saliva | n | spit, spittle, drivel | - | |
| salary | n | earnings, income, salt | toll | |
| sally | vb/n | outfall | - | |
| salmon | n | - | lax (‹ME lax ‹OE leax; sibword: NHG Lachs) | |
| saltire | n | - | Andrew's Rood | |
| salutary | n | friendly, good, helpful, kindly; good, healthy, wholesome | - | |
| salutation | n | greeting, welcome, hail | hailing | |
| salvation | n | lifeline | redding (‹OE hredding), halwendness (<OE hālwendnes) | |
| salvo | n | unload, outburst | - | |
| sample | vb | - | foresmatch (see ME smacchen), to have a smack of | |
| sample | n | - | (music): woomstitch | |
| sanctify | vb | hallow, behallow | - | |
| sanctioned | adj | - | law-hallowed | |
| sanctuary | n | haven | grith (‹ME grith), anere (‹OE gener); anerestead (‹OE generstede), frithhouse, frithstow, holistead | |
| sane | n | right-minded | witfast | |
| sans | prep | without | beout (‹ME beute/beoten) | |
| Santa Claus | n(p) | Father Christmas | - | |
| sapient | adj | much wise; aware | - | |
| sapphire | n | - | sapfir, woadenstone | |
| sarcophagus | n | - | lichbour (‹OE līcbeorg), through (‹ME thrūgh) | |
| sasquatch | n | Bigfoot | - | |
| Satanism | n(p) | - | Satandom; Satan-worship, Satanhood, Shucklief (‹ OE scucca + ME lēve), Lockedom | |
| satchel | n | knapsack, rucksack | - | |
| satellite | n | moon | artificial: ironmoon, swail searsender | |
| satiate | vb | fulfill, quench, slake | - | |
| satire | n | - | heaning, heancraft, mocking, mockwrit | |
| satisfaction | n | gladness | quemeness (‹OE cwēmnys), eathness (‹OE īeðnes), eadiness | |
| satisfy | vb | gladden, slake, fulfill, quench | sade (‹ NE sate ⁊ ME sāden), queme (‹ME quẹ̄men), afill | |
| saturate | vb | sop, soak, steep | indrench (‹OE indrencan), sab (<SC sab) | |
| Saturday (‹PWG) | n(p) | - | Restday (‹OE restendæg), Suneve (‹OE sunnanǣfen; cf. WF sneon, NHG Sonnabend); Laveday ([ᛣ]: IL laugardagur) | |
| sauce | n | dip | sew (‹ME sewe) | |
| sauerkraut | n | - | sourcole, sourcroud | |
| sauna | n | steamroom, sweathouse | sweatbath, hotroom, hothouse | |
| sausage | n | wurst (‹NHG), banger (slang), snag (colloquial) | marrow (‹OE mearh), worst (‹PWG *wursti > WF woarst) | |
| savage | adj/n | wild; wilder | wildman | |
| savanna | n | - | wendringly grassland, bareland (cf. NE barrens) | |
| save | vb | spare; keep, hold | redd (‹ME redden), barrow (‹ME berwen; cf. WF bergje, SF bierge), neer, nerry (‹OE nerian; akin to WLG nähren; cf. OE herian -> NE herry); hain, stow, hoard, heal | |
| savior | n | sparer | aleeser (‹ME alẹ̄sen; cf. OE ālīsend), neerer (see OE nerian), healend (‹OE hǣlend; cf. NHG Heiland) | |
| savory | adj | - | smackend (‹ME smackinde) | |
| Saxon | adj(p) | - | Saxish | |
| Saxony | n(p) | - | Saxland (cf. OE Seaxland), Saxen | |
| saxophone | n | saxhorn | - | |
Sc[] | ||||
| scaffolding | n | - | framescape | |
| scald | vb | - | forseethe | |
| scale | vb | climb | - | |
| scale | n | layout, frame, framework, mete, setup | animal skin: shale (‹ME shāle) | |
| scallop | n | - | shell lap, shellop (corresponding to shell + lap) | |
| scalpel | n | - | leechsax (‹OE lǣceseax), carvesax (‹OE ceorfseax), healblade | |
| scandium | n | - | shedshaft (see OE scedenig "south end of Sweden") | |
| scapegoat | n | - | fenman; folk-devil | |
| scaphoid bone | n | - | boatbone | |
| scapula | n | shoulderblade, shoulderbone, wingbone | - | |
| scar | n | blight, blotch, flaw, pockmark, wale, weal, wheal, wen, welt | - | |
| scarce | adj | light, sparing; lacking, low, shy, wanting | gneed (‹ME gnēde), latsome (‹ME latsǒm) | |
| scarcely | adv | barely, hardly, narrowly, slightly | - | |
| scarcity | n | dearth, lack, shortness, seldomness, fewness | - | |
| scarecrow [see more] | n | shewel | crowfrightener | |
| scared (‹ON) | adj | frightened, adread | ackle (‹OE acol) | |
| scarf | n | - | neckcloth (cf. SW halsduk; DN halstørklæde) | |
| scarlet | adj | - | wormred (‹OE wurmrēad), wormbaze (‹OE wyrmbasu), whelkred (‹OE weolocrēad), whelkenred (‹OE weolcenrēad) | |
| scatophilia | n | - | dritelust | |
| scatter | vb | broadcast, cast, deal out, go-off, go through, let go, oversow, overspread, put to flight, spread, strew | - | |
| scene | n | background, setting; blowup, fireworks; footing | - | |
| scent | n | smell, whiff | swetch (‹OE swecc), breezewaft, breezewhiff | |
| schadenfreude (‹NHG) | n | - | harmglee; warkglee | |
| schizoid | adj | - | splitlike ([ᛣ]: Gk. schizein "split, break, shatter" and -oeides "like") | |
| schizophrenia | n | - | splitmindness ([ᛣ]: Ferngreekish σχῐ́ζω + φρήν + -ῐ́ᾱ), shattermindness [ᛣ], dwalesickness | |
| Schleswig-Holstein | n(p) | - | Sleswich-Holtset, Sleswick-Holsten, Sleswy-Holsten | |
| scholar | n | learner; bookman | loreman; fieldknower, learnand; writman; wordman; booklover; learned | |
| scholarship | n | knowledge, learning | bookhood, loreship | |
| school (‹PWG) | n | - | learninghouse (‹OE leornunghūs), lorehouse (‹OE lārhūs), lorehall, learnhall, teachhall | |
| science | n | knowledge, ken; lore, wisdom | witship (cf. WF wittenskip, NL wetenschap, NHG Wissenschaft); kendom | |
| scientist | n | - | witshipper (cf. WF wittenskipper, NL wetenschapper, NHG Wissenschaftler), loreman, kenman | |
| scientific | adj | - | witshiply (cf. WF wittenskiplik), lorely | |
| scientific language | n | - | craftspeech (<OE cræftspræc); cunningtongue | |
| scintillate | vb | sparkle, flash, shine, leam | - | |
| scissors | n | shears | blades | |
| -scope | sfx | - | -seer | |
| scorn | vb | - | laker (‹OE hlacerian) | |
| scorpion | n | - | throwend (‹OE þrowend), stingtail, night-sting | |
| scoundrel | n | - | makeshift | |
| scout | n | pathfinder | foretrekker (‹ Afrikaans voortrekker "pioneer") | |
| scowling | adj | - | black-browed, wild-eyed | |
| screen | n | sheet, sail, shroud | shirm (‹PWG *skirmi; cf. WLG Schirm, NL scherm) | |
| scribe | n | writer, logger | bookman | |
| script | n | - | computer script: quickwrit (quick 'alive' + writ 'document') | |
| scrotum | n | ballsack, cod; sack, hanger | herthbelly (‹OE herþbelig) | |
| scrutinize | vb | - | shrutten (‹OE scrutnian) | |
| scrutiny | n | - | shruttening (‹OE scrutnung) | |
| scuba | n | - | SIUBT (Self-Inheld Underwater Breathing Tool) | |
| sculpt | vb | carve, hew, shape, trim | mete (‹ME mẹ̄ten) | |
| sculpture | n | carving | graft (‹OE græft) | |
Se[] | ||||
| sea monster | n | merfiend | fivel (‹OE fīfel) | |
| search | vb | seek; rake, comb, delve, hunt, cape | seech (‹ME sẹ̄chen), spir (‹ME spiren), neese (‹OE nēosan) | |
| search word | n | headword | seekword, seechword | |
| season | n | time, tide | yeartide (leanwend: WF jiertiid, NL jaartijd), seel (‹ME sēle), yeartime
(entertainment): tide, thightline/thightrow (leanwend: IL þáttaröð) | |
| sebum | n | tallow | - | |
| secede | vb | leave, withdraw, cleave, sunder, split off | offsplit | |
| secession | n | self-standing, freedom; withdrawal, walking away, breakaway, breakup, cleaving, sundering, splitting off | selfstead; offsplitting; frith | |
| secessionist | n | - | offsplitter, freedomfighter, freeman | |
| second | n | moment: tick, eyeblink | nutlog (hour: log; minute: shortlog) | |
| second | adj | twoth, other | tother ([ᚩ]: see ME tọ̄ther), next, after (obsolete) | |
| secrecy | n | - | dernship (‹ME dearneschipe), dileness (‹ ME dīȝelnesse ⁊ OE dīgolnes) | |
| secret | adj | dern, hidden, withdrawn, unseen, inward, stealthy, untold, unbeheld, underground, underhanded, hushhush, inly | dile (‹ME dīȝel), hulstry (‹OE heolstrig) | |
| secret | n | - | rown/roun (‹ME roun), dern ([ᚩ]: see ME dērne), dileness (‹ME dīȝelnesse), hushthought, hushword | |
| secret society | n | - | stealthfay (cf. IL leynifélag), hidden guild | |
| secretary | n | helper, greeter | inwriter; reeve | |
| secrete | vb | seep, leak, ooze | - | |
| sect | n | body | afterfollowing (‹OE æfterfylging) | |
| section | n | bit | stitch (‹ME stiche) | |
| secular | adj | worldly, of this world, earthly | - | |
| secular | n | worldling | worldhood | |
| secularize | vb | - | formean, forworlden (cf. NHG verweltlichen) | |
| secure | adj | sicker, sound, shielded; belayed, fast, steadfast | holdfast (‹OE gehealdfæst), inshielded, warded, ward | |
| secure | vb | shield, ward; fasten, ice, more, set | inshield; beyet (‹ME biyēten) | |
| security | n | fastness; stronghold, bulwark | - | |
| sediment | n | dregs, silt, draff, dross | - | |
| seduce | vb | fortee, lead on | bepeach (‹OE bepǣcan), spane (<OE spanan), adwell | |
| seductive | adj | - | laughterful (‹OE leahterfull; rhyme: daughter) | |
| segment | n | lith; string, thread | - | |
| segregation | n | - | asunderhood, beshedding | |
| seize | vb | hold, clutch, nim, take, gripe, hend | fang (‹ME fangen), latch (‹ME lacchen), begripe (‹ME bigrīpen) | |
| seizure | n | fit | - | |
| select | vb | choose, pick, wale | - | |
| selenium | n | - | moonshaft | |
| self-effacement | n | - | self-naughting | |
| self-esteem | n | self-worth | - | |
| self-restraint | n | - | forhadness (‹OE forhæfednes) | |
| semen | n | seed, sprog (slang), splooge (slang) | - | |
| semester | n | half-year | sixmonth | |
| seminar | n | workshop | - | |
| sempiternity | n | - | endlessness, unendinghood, alwayness, everlastingness | |
| semi- | pref | half-, sam-/sand-/some- (<OE sam-) | - | |
| semicircle | n | - | halfring, samring | |
| semisphere | n | - | halfball, samball | |
| senate | n | - | wittenmoot, wittensmoot; eldermoot [elder: <L. senex + moot "council"] | |
| senator | n | - | folkwit (‹OE folcwita), elder | |
| seneschal | n | - | senshalk (‹PG *siniskalkaz) | |
| senile | adj | doddery, doddering, elderly, old, doted | - | |
| senior | n | elder | sinny ([ᛣ]: GO 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌲𐍃 (sineigs) ‹PG *sinīgaz) | |
| senior citizens | n | elderly, old folks, eldfolk, eldman, the old | - | |
| sensate | adj | feeling | - | |
| sensation | n | feeling | anyet (‹ME andȝet), upthrill | |
| sensational | adj | amazing | wuldersome | |
| sense | n | 1. feeling 2. meaning; wit(s) | anyet (‹ME andȝet); seave (‹OE sefa), sin (‹PWG *sinn; cf. WF sin, NF Sen, SF Sin) | |
| sense | vb | feel | - | |
| senseless | adj | mindless | anyetless (‹OE andgitlēas), unsefful (‹OE unseffull) | |
| sensible | adj | - | anyetful (‹OE andgetfull), anyetly (‹OE andgitlīc), anyettle (‹OE andgyttol); freedenly (‹OE gefrēdendlīc) | |
| sensitive | adj | feeling, keen, sharp | - | |
| sentence | n | saw (obsolete), saying | quid (<ME quide), wordstring, wordset, speechset | |
| sentence | vb | doom | - | |
| sententious | adj | pithy | - | |
| sentience | n | awareness | awaredom (obsolete OED word) | |
| sentient life | n | wight, being, all flesh | - | |
| sentiment | n | feeling, thought | - | |
| sentimental | n | mawkish | - | |
| separate | vb | sunder, split, break, cleave, fork | shed (‹ME ishēden: cf. WF skiede, SF skeede, WLG scheden), tweam (‹ME twēmen), todeal (‹ME tọ̄dēlen), adeal (‹OE adǣlan), tweave (‹OE getwǣfan) | |
| separate | adj | sundry, freestanding, cloven | sunderly (‹ME sǒnderlī), sindry (‹OE syndrig), shed | |
| separation | n | splitting, split | shedding, asunderhood, asunderness | |
| September | n(p) | - | Holimonth (‹OE hāligmōnaþ), Harvestmonth (‹OE hærfestmōnaþ), September (‹OE September), Sheddingmonth | |
| septennium | n | - | yearseven | |
| Septuagesima | n(p) | - | Berusingtide (‹OE behrēowsungtīd) | |
| sepulchre | n | - | moldstow (<OE) | |
| sequel | n | - | afterfollowing, forthsetting ([ᛣ]: NHG Fortsetzung) | |
| sequence | n | aftermath, backwash, child, outcome, outgrowth, upshot; string; setup | gatherbinding | |
| sequential | adj | back-to-back, straight, through | fayed, gatherbinding | |
| sequoia | n | - | ettinfirwood (cf. NL reuzenpijnboom) | |
| serene | adj | unruffled, unbothered | - | |
| series | n | line, stream (entert.) saga (<ON), saw |
- | |
| serious | adj | earnest, unfunny, heavy, weighty | - | |
| seriously | adv | earnestly, thoroughly, wholeheartedly, with heart & soul, willingly, agoodly, weightily | - | |
| serpent | n | snake, adder | worm (‹ME worme), slang (cf. NHG Schlange, NL slang, DN slange) | |
| servant | n | help, helper; hireling, besteader
housekeeper, maid (fm.), dey (fm.), bondsman, loaf-eater, shalk, man, boy, may, thane, (<OE þegn), thrall, knight, drudge (<OE drēogan) |
thew (obs.), theener, theen (‹OE þēonest cf. NHG Diener), ambight (‹OE ambeht) | |
| serve | vb | help, dish, hye, bestead, give | thane (‹OE þegnian cf. NHG/NL dienen), thew, ambight (‹OE ambehtan) | |
| serve (a meal) | vb | help, give | - | |
| server | n | sender, broadcaster, outputter, mainframe | webthew | |
| serf | n | bondman, thrall | - | |
| service | n | besteading, help, choosing | theenest (‹OE þēnest and akin to NHG Dienst), followth (‹OE folgþ) | |
| servile | adj | bowing, scraping; thrallish | thewly (‹OE þēowlīc) | |
| servitude | n | - | thewdom (‹OE þēowdōm) | |
| session | n | sitting, stint, bout | - | |
| settlement (foreign suffix) | n | hem, thorpe/thorp/dorp, wick, town, whistle-stop | settling, hemling, ham | |
| several | adj | sundry | - | |
| severe | adj | stern, swingeing, stark, hard, harsh, tough; thorough | stoor (‹ME stōr), stretch (‹OE stræc {strecen}) | |
| severely | adv | hardly, roughly, sternly, stiffly; | - | |
| sewer | n | drain, sieve | - | |
| sex | n | kind | hoad (‹OE hād), kin (cf. OE cynn ⁊ IL kyn) | |
| sex (intercourse) | n | kin-making, lovemaking, breeding | mone (‹ME imōne), heamed (‹OE hǣmed; said with two syllables), lairteam (‹OE legertēam), wifemone (‹OE wīfgemāna), bysleep ([ᛣ]: WF bysliep) | |
| sexennium | n | - | yearsix | |
| sexual reproduction | n | breeding | - | |
| sexy | adj | fetching, comely, hot, steamy, sultry,
come-hither |
- | |
Sh[] | ||||
| shark (‹?) | n | haye (‹NL/WF), dogfish | dreadfish, seadog | |
| shingles | n | tetter | - | |
| Shintoism/Shinto | n | Way of the Gods | Shintodom (no direct translation) | |
| shoelace | n | shoestring | - | |
| shoe polish | n | blacking (earliest name for shoe polish) | - | |
| shortage | n | dearth | wane (‹ME wāne) | |
| show mercy | vb | spare | - | |
| Shōwa (1926–1989 era) | n(p) | - | Woldersmiltness (‹ ME wulder ⁊ OE smyltness) | |
| Shōwa (1312–1317 era) | n(p) | - | Truefrith, Truebliss | |
| shrapnel | n | - | blastfall, blastrain, blastbits | |
| shrine (‹OE) | n | - | weeved (‹ME wēved ‹OE wēofod), wighbed (‹OE wīgbed) | |
Si[] | ||||
| Sicilian | adj(p) | - | Sickilish (‹OE Sicilisc) | |
| siege | vb | beleaguer, (um)beset | - | |
| sigil | n | mark, token, tag, stamp | - | |
| sign | n | token, shingle, mark | cumble (‹OE cumbol) | |
| sign | vb | blaze | undertoken ([ᛣ]: WF ûndertekenje, NF önerteekeni, SF unnertekenje, EFLS unnertäiken, NL ondertekenen, NHG unterzeichnen), underwrite ([ᚩ]: OE underwrītan; cf. NF onerskriiw), onmark | |
| sign language | n | - | tokenspeech (cf. NHG Zeichensprache), deaftalk ([ᛣ]: Balinese kata kolok), tokening-speech, handchat | |
| signal | n | bale-fire, beacon | - | |
| signaling | vb | bale-firing, beaconing | showing | |
| signature | n | - | namewrit, writing, shindling, marking | |
| significant | adj | weighty | markworthy | |
| signify | vb | show | besay (cf. NHG besagen) | |
| silence | vb | hush, make still, soothe | bestill, beroo (cf. NHG beruhigen) | |
| silence | n | stillness | roo (‹ME rō; cf. NHG Ruhe), swy (‹ME swīe), forswying (‹OE forswigung) | |
| silhouette | n | - | shadow-outline | |
| silicon | n | - | flintshaft | |
| similar | adj | alike, akin | akind, samekind | |
| simile | n | likeness | - | |
| simony | n | church-mongering | - | |
| simple | adj | onefold, untrimmed | - | |
| singeress (French endfastening) | n | - | singster (‹ME syngster) | |
| single | adj | one ... only; alone, by oneself | - | |
| singular | adj | (unique) one-of-a-kind, great | afold (‹ME ōfōld/afōld) | |
| singularity | n | oneness | - | |
| sir | n | lord, m’lord | lording (‹ME lōrding), wye (‹ME wī), her (‹ME herre; cf. NHG Herr) | |
| sire | n | lord | har (‹ME harre) | |
| Sirius | n(p) | Dog Star, Brightest Star | - | |
| site | n | stead | point, location: ord | |
| situate | vb | lay down, ground | - | |
| situation | n | lay? (cf. lay of the land) | - | |
| size | n | greatness, bigness, bulk, fit | grete (‹ME grēt ⁊ ‹OE grȳto/grīto), cf. NHG Größe), muchness (‹ME muchelnesse) | |
Sk[] | ||||
| Skagerrak | n(p) | - | Scaw Reach, Scawreach; the Gate | |
| skateboard | n | - | wheelboard ([ᛣ]: IL hjólabretti) | |
| skein | n | clew | - | |
| skeleton | n | frame | boneframe, boneset | |
| skeuomorph | n | - | stand-in, toolshape | |
| skeuomorphic | adj | - | toolshapely | |
| skeuomorphism | n | - | toolshapedom | |
| skirt (‹ON) | n | - | gore ([ᚩ]: ‹ME gōre) | |
| sky (‹ON) | n | heaven, lift, welkin | himmel (‹PWG *himil, cf. WF himel, SF Heemel) | |
Sl[] | ||||
| slander | n | smear | missaw (‹ME missaue), hool (‹OE hōl), wamquid (‹OE wammcwide), wrought (‹OE wrōht) | |
| slander | vb | smear, sully, lie | hool (‹OE hōlian), evilqueath (‹OE yfelcweþan) | |
| slate | n | writing board | boardstone ([ᛣ]: Chinese 板岩 lit. "board stone") | |
| slate | vb | plot, slag (Brit.) | - | |
| Slav | n(p) | - | Wind (‹OE *Wined {Winedas} [ᚹ]) | |
| slave | n | bondman, thrall | thew (‹ME theu ⁊ ‹OE þēow) | |
| slavery | n | thralldom/thraldom | thewdom (‹ME þeudọ̄m), thewet (‹OE þēowet {ðeowte}) | |
| Slovak | adj(p) | - | Slovakish, Lemmickish | |
| Slovakia | n(p) | - | Slovakland, Lemmickland | |
| slum | n | - | needmore (slang); wretchstead | |
Sm[] | ||||
| smithereens | n | bits, chips, splinters, shreds, scraps, dust | - | |
| smuggler | n | - | owler | |
Sn[] | ||||
| snipe (‹ON) | vb | - | snite, sharpshoot | |
| snippet (outborn ending) | n | snippock | - | |
| snow globe/snowglobe | n | - | snowthother (‹OE þōþer) | |
So[] | ||||
| sobriquet | n | - | nickname, ekename | |
| soccer | n | football | altheedish football (United States) | |
| social-democratic | adj | - | fellowfolksteerly | |
| social justice | n | - | sitherightwiseness, fellowly fairness, fellowly rightness | |
| social media | n | - | fellowly middle | |
| socialism | n | - | allownership, fellowdom | |
| socialist | n/adj | red | (n): allowner, fellower; (adj): allownerish, fellowish | |
| social/societal | adj | friendly, sharing | fellowly | |
| society | n | fellowship, friendship, folk; kith and kin | sitheship (‹OE gesīþscipe); neighwist (‹OE nēahwist) | |
| socket | n | outlet
bone: cup |
- | |
| sodium | n | - | saltshaft | |
| soil (part Latin and Norse) | n | mold, earth, dirt (US) | - | |
| solar | adj | sun-like, sunly | - | |
| solder | vb | weld, tin | lead | |
| soldier | n | - | bern (‹ME bērn), kemp (‹OE cempa) | |
| sole | adj | only, lone | oneleep (‹OE ānlēpe/ānlīpe) | |
| sole (foot) | n | - | ill (‹ME ile ⁊ ‹OE ile, cf. IL il), footwelm (‹OE fōtwelm), footfolm | |
| solely | adv | only | - | |
| solid | adj | hard | fast (dated sense of firm), earthlike (with each state of matter representing one element) | |
| solitude | n | aloneness, allaloneness | - | |
| solstice | n | sunstead | sunwend (cf. NL zonnewende, NHG Sonnenwende) | |
| solution | n | key | - | |
| solve | vb | unriddle, settle; answer | - | |
| soporific | adj | - | sleep-giving | |
| sorbet | n | - | foamice ([ᛣ]: IL frauðís) | |
| sorcerer | n | wizard | dry (‹OE drȳ) | |
| sorcery | n | witchcraft, dwimmer | drycraft (‹OE drȳcræft), dreecraft | |
| sorrel | n | - | sourleaf | |
| sound | n | cling, ring; loudness; pitch | swey (‹ME swei), woom (‹OE wōma), lem (‹OE hlem), lin (‹OE hlyn), loud (‹ ME lūde ⁊ OE hlȳd; cf. WF lûd, NF (Söl'ring) Gilüt, NL geluid), din, sough | |
| sound | vb | ring | swey (‹ME sweien), lide (‹OE hlȳdan {lūdinge}), lim (‹OE hlimman) | |
| soup | n | broth, gruel | - | |
| source | n | root, dawn, onset, start, spring, wellspring, quell; begetter | ordfrom (‹OE ordfruma) | |
| sous vide | adj | - | wetbaking | |
| souvenir | n | - | keepsake | |
| sovereign | adj | - | self-standing (cf. SW självständig) | |
Sp[] | ||||
| space | n | room | astrology: roomth | |
| spaceship | n | starship | - | |
| spacetime | n | - | roomtime, timeroom ([ᛣ]: IL tímarúm) | |
| spacious | adj | roomy, wide | - | |
| spatial | adj | - | roomthy | |
| special | adj | - | sunderly (<OE sundorlīc, cf. NHG sonderlich), besunder (cf. NHG besondere) | |
| specialty | n | - | besunderhood (cf. NHG Besonderheit), ownhood/ownship (cf. NHG Eigenheit/Eigenschaft) | |
| species | n | - | lifekin, lifekind | |
| specific | adj | outright | bestevened ([ᛣ]: NHG bestimmt) | |
| specifically | adv | only, one, inborn, clean-cut, sharp | - | |
| specify | vb | - | nemmen (<ME nemnen) | |
| spectator | n | onlooker | - | |
| spend (‹PWG) | vb | - | outgive (cf. NHG ausgeben) | |
| sphenoid bone | n | - | wedgebone | |
| sphere | n | ball | trendle (‹ME trendel), thother (‹OE þōþer) | |
| sphinx | n | - | maidenlee ([ᛣ]: IL meyljón), wilibilth ([ᛣ]: Fern Egyptish šzp-ꜥnḫ) | |
| spice | n | - | wortimong (‹OE wyrtgemang), croud (‹PWG *krūd; cf. NL kruid) | |
| spillage (foreign suffix) | n | - | spilling | |
| spine | n | backbone, ridgebone | backridge | |
| spirit | n | ghost, breath, soul, mind | ferth (‹OE ferhþ) | |
| sponge | n | - | swamb (‹OE swamm), soakshaft | |
| sport | n | lark, lake | - | |
| sportive | adj | - | gamely (‹ME gāmelīch) | |
| spy | n/vb | sleuth | toot (‹ME tōten), spir (‹ME spiren) | |
Sq[] | ||||
| squadron | n | - | sheltron, shieldtrum (<OE scieldtruma); swathe (cf. NHG Geschwader) | |
| square | n | - | fourside (cf. NL vierkant) | |
| squirrel | n | - | oakwern (‹ ME ōcquerne ⁊ OE ācwern), shadow-tail | |
Ss[] | ||||
| SSD (Solid State Drive) | n | - | SSD (Still-Standing Drive" / "Stand Still Drive) | |
St[] | ||||
| stabilize | vb | steady, still | besteady, bestill | |
| stable | n | stud | horsern (‹OE horsern) | |
| stable | adj | steady, still, steadfast | - | |
| stadium | n | - | spird (‹OE spyrd) | |
| -stan | sfx | - | stem (from same PIE root) | |
| standard | adj | stock, mean | - | |
| standard | n | flag | military: cumble (‹OE cumbol) | |
| stapes | n | stirrup | earstirrup, stirrupbone | |
| state | vb | utter | - | |
| state | n | condition: shape, lay (cf. lay of the land) | condition: hoad (‹ME hōde)
polity: rich (‹ME rīche) | |
| statement | n | - | outsaying (cf. NHG Aussage) | |
| statue | n | - | standbilth (cf. NHG Standbild, NL standbeeld) | |
| status | n | standing | - | |
| statute | n | - | setness | |
| stay | vb | belive, blive, hold, keep | - | |
| stellar | adj | starly | - | |
| sternum | n | breastbone | - | |
| stew | n | scouse | - | |
| stingray | n | - | - | |
| stimulate | vb | goad | - | |
| stød (‹DN) | n | - | shove, steat (‹PWG *stauti) | |
| stomach | n | maw; craw | - | |
| stoppage (foreign suffix) | n | stop | - | |
| storage | n | - | lairing (cf. NHG Lagernung) | |
| store | vb | keep, hoard | - | |
| store | n | shop | chepstow | |
| story | n | tale, yarn | telling, atelling, lore | |
| strange | adj | outlandish, weird, unwonted, wild, odd, freakish, eerie, queer
uncouth |
fremd, selcouth (‹OE seldcūþ) | |
| stranger | n | outlander | comer (‹ME cǒmere), fremder, fremdling | |
| strangle | n | [ᛏ]: throttle, querk | - | |
| stratagem | n | forset | - | |
| strategy | n | plot | wyecraft | |
| stray | vb | wander | forfare (‹ME forfāren) | |
| street (‹OE) | n | road, way; roadway | wainway | |
| stress | n | burden, weight, load | thrutch (cf. NHG Druck), belasting ([ᛣ]: NHG Belastung, NL belasting)
(phonology): highweight, bepitching ([ᛣ]: NF Bitooning, NHG Betonung) | |
| stressful | adj | fraught | - | |
| strict | adj | hash, hard, stern, forbidding | - | |
| strive/strife | vb/n | fight | - | |
| structure | n | makeup, set, setting, frame; building, boards | upmake, framework | |
| study | vb/n | learn, swot, either usage
(up on), thought; reading |
n: learn | |
| student | n | learner | learningchild (‹OE leorningcild) | |
| studio | n | - | workstead
(movies): filmingstead | |
| stupid | adj | daft, dumb, dizzy, witless; addled, addlebrained, addleheaded; not-all-there, away in the head/mind | stunt (‹ME stunt), dwease (‹OE dwǣs) | |
| stupidity | n | daftness, dumbness | addleheadiness | |
| sturgeon | n | - | stoor (<ME stor, <OE styria) | |
| style | n | kind | - | |
| stylus | n | spear, pecker, picker, stick, shaft, needle | leadstick, writing tool | |
Su[] | ||||
| sub- | pref | under-
(subsequent) after- |
- | |
| subdue | vb | beat down | - | |
| subdued | adj | beaten down | - | |
| subject | vb | - | undertheed (‹ME underthēden), underthrow ([ᛣ]: WF ûnderwerpe, EFLS unnerwaarpen, NL onderwerpen, NHG unterwerfen) | |
| subject | n | thread | (grammar) nemmer (< archaic NE nem (< ME nemnen) + -er)
underthrow ([ᛣ]: WF ûnderwurp, EFLS unnerwaarp, NL onderwerp) | |
| subjunctive | adj | - | undertheedenly (‹OE underþēodendlīc), underlinked ([ᛣ]: Leeden) | |
| submachine gun | n | - | stormgun (cf. NHG Sturmgewehr) | |
| submarine | n | - | diveboat ([ᛣ]: WF dûkboat, NL duikboot), U-boat (short for undersea-boat) | |
| submarine | adj | undersea | - | |
| submerge | vb | drench, douse, soak | - | |
| submission | n | willing | underwilling, underwill, underwillness, underwillhood | |
| submissive | adj | underwilling | - | |
| submit | vb | give in, ingive, hand in, send | - | |
| submitter | n | - | agiver (cf. NHG Ergeber), ingiver | |
| subordinate | n | - | underoath, underoather, belower | |
| subordinate | adj | - | underoathed | |
| subscribe | vb | follow | underwrite (‹OE underwrītan) | |
| subscriber | n | follower | underwriter | |
| subsequent | adj | next, following | - | |
| substance | n | being | anwork (‹OE andweorc) | |
| substitute | n | stand-in, fill-in, back-up | standin, speller (‹OE spala), swapfiller | |
| substitute | vb | swap, fill in, stand in, go as | outtrade ([ᛣ]: NHG austauschen) | |
| subtitle | n | - | underqueath, undername, understerling | |
| subtle | adj | low-key | - | |
| subtract | vb | take away, take off, withdraw | ado (‹ME adōn), uneke | |
| subtraction | n | withdrawing | uneking | |
| suburb | n | - | underborough (‹OE underburh) | |
| subzero | adj | below-freezing | - | |
| succeed | vb | go after | spow (‹OE spōwan), awin (‹ME awinnen) | |
| success | n | speed | spowing, gain, winth | |
| successful | adj | - | speedful (‹ME spẹ̄deful), spowful, gainful | |
| successor | n | aftercomer | ever (‹OE eafora, eafera) | |
| succumb | vb | fall to | alie (alying; alay; alain) (cf. NHG erliegen), undernye (<OE underhnīgan) | |
| sudden | adj | swift, rushing, rash | - | |
| suddenly | adv | swiftly, rushingly, rashly, forthwith, straightaway | - | |
| suffer | vb | ache | throe (‹ME throuen), sow (‹ME sǒuen), drie (‹ME drīen), quilm (‹OE cwylmian); thole (‹OE þolian); undergo (transitive) | |
| suffering | n | harm, ache, sorrow, woe, smarts | quilming (<OE cwylming), tholing, dreeing | |
| suffice | vb | do, be enough, reach, work, meet (transitive) | outreach | |
| sufficiency | n | enoughness, fulth, fittingness | - | |
| sufficient | adj | enough, done, right, even, fair, fit, befitting, becoming | filling, outreaching | |
| suffix | n | - | word tail, endfastening, afterword | |
| suffocate | v | - | adrench (<ME adrenchen) | |
| sugar | n | - | shortsweetening, sweethurst (hurst < OE hyrst 'jewel'), sweetdust
molecule: sweetmote | |
| sugarberry | n | - | sweetberry | |
| sugarcane | n | - | sweetreed (cf. NL suikerriet) | |
| suggest | vb | imply: foreset, hint, infold
offer: foreset, bid, put forth |
imply: ettle, bysay
offer: forthput, rede | |
| suggestion | n | imply: foreset, hint, infold
offer: foreset, bid |
imply: ettle, bysay
offer: forthput, rede | |
| suicide | n | self-murder, self-killing, self-slaughter | - | |
| sui generis | adj | one-of-a-kind | - | |
| suitable | adj | fit, meet, matched | limply (<OE gelimplīc and <ME limplīche)
fadly (<OE fǣdlic) | |
| sulfur | n | brimstone | swevel (<ME swefel) | |
| sullen | n | - | dark-brooding, blackbrowed | |
| summit | n | knap (British), cop (archaic) | hilltop, hillhead | |
| sum (up) | vb | cast up, tell up | - | |
| summon | vb | gather, call up | ban (<ME bannen), clepe (<ME clēpen), chy (<OE cīgan) | |
| summons | n | writ | - | |
| sunflower | n | - | sunblossom, sunbloom (cf. NHG Sonnenblume) | |
| sun's dwelling | n | - | The sky | |
| super | adj/pfx | adj: over, overly
pfx: over- |
- | |
| supercalifragilisticexpialidocious | adj | - | overfairnessbrokenliatoneliteachworthy | |
| supercilious | adj | overweening, overbearing, uppish, lofty, high and mighty, stuck-up | high-sighted | |
| supercontinent | n | - | overworlddeal, alderworlddeal | |
| superhero | n | - | overheleth | |
| superhuman | adj | - | overmannish | |
| superior | adj | overly | - | |
| superiority | n | betterhood | overlaying (cf. NHG Überlegenheit) | |
| superlative (grammar) | adj | - | overstyenly (‹OE oferstīgendlīc), overbearedly ([ᛣ]: Leaden superlativus) | |
| supermarket | n | - | overcheapstow | |
| supernatural | adj | otherwordly, unearthly, ghostly | - | |
| supernova | n | starburst | - | |
| superposition | n | - | overstelling | |
| supersede | vb | take over | forthringe ([ᛣ]: NF fortreeng, SF fertringe, NHG verdrängen) | |
| superstition | n | - | idle-belief | |
| supervillain | n | - | overnithing, overnither | |
| supervise | vb | oversee, overlook | - | |
| supervisor | n | overseer | - | |
| supplant | vb | take over; put out, sneak in | overnim (‹ME overnimen), forshrench (‹OE forscrencan), forthringe ([ᛣ]: NF fortreeng, SF fertringe, NHG verdrängen) | |
| supplement | n | eking out | togive | |
| supply | n | stock, yield, spring | - | |
| supply | vb | yield, feed, fill, afford | - | |
| support | vb | staddle, shore, underset, underprop; back, back up, forward, foster, uphold, upstart, frame (obsolete) | bestaddle, understut (cf. NHG unterstützen), stut (‹SC), upbring | |
| support | n | staddle; backup, upholding, backing | filst (‹ME filst), fultom (‹ME fultum), wrathe (‹OE wraþu), shore | |
| suppose | vb | ween, believe, guess, think, reckon | reasow (‹OE rǣswan), forethink | |
| suppress | vb | put down | forthrutch (‹OE forþryċċan) | |
| sure | adj | sicker; set | wiss (‹ME wis) | |
| surface | n | topside, overside, overlay, layer | bred (‹ME bred ⁊ ‹OE bred) | |
| surfeit | vb | forset | - | |
| surge | n | - | streamwhelm | |
| surgeon | n | - | snitheleech ([ᛣ]: WF snijdokter), woundleech ([ᛣ]: NHG Wundarzt), bonesawer (slang) | |
| surname | n | last name | - | |
| surpass | vb | overtake | overgo (‹ME overgōn), oversty (‹ME overstīen) | |
| surprise | vb | stun, overcome, overtake | overrush ([ᛣ]: NF aurraski, SF uurraskje, NHG überraschen) | |
| surrender | vb | yield, hand over, give up | overgive | |
| surround | vb | beset, forset, hem in | beclip (‹ME biclippen), umbset (‹ME umbesetten), umbgo (‹ME umbegōn), umbyeave (‹ME umyēven), umbtrim (‹OE embtrymian/ymbtrymian), umbstand (‹OE ymbstandan), beteld (‹OE beteldan), umbfang (‹OE ymbfōn), inring, umbring (cf. NL omringen; NHG umringen) | |
| survey | vb | overlook, look over | how (‹OE hāwian; rhymes with snow) | |
| survival | n | - | overliving | |
| survive | vb | outlive, live on, after-live | overlive (‹OE oferlibban), alive (‹OE alibban) | |
| susceptibility | n | openness, givenness, helplessness | - | |
| susceptible | adj | given, open; helpless | aloten (‹OE aloten; see alūtan); onfally ([ᛣ]: NHG anfällig) (see onfall) | |
| suspect | vb | mistrust, underlook | ortrow (‹ME ortrouen), forthink ([ᛣ]: NL/NHG verdenken); reasow (‹OE rǣswan) | |
| suspend | vb | hang, hang from | - | |
| suspicion | n | mistrustfulness, underlook | forthought (cf. NL verdachting, NHG Verdacht) | |
| suspicious | adj | mistrustful, wary | forthoughtful/ forthoughty (cf. NL verdacht) | |
| sustain | vb | underhold, uphold, stay | - | |
| suitable | adj | fit, meet | - | |
Sw[] | ||||
| Swabia | n | - | Sweaveland (‹OE Swǣfas + land), Swabeland | |
| Swabian | n(p) | - | Sweave (‹OE Swǣfas) | |
| Swabian | adj(p) | - | Sweavish (‹OE Swǣfas + -ish), Swabish | |
| swastika | n | fylfot | hookrood, hookgallow (cf. NHG Hakenkreuz); gleerune (as a religious symbol) | |
| Sweden (‹MNL) | n | - | Swedeland (‹NE), Sweerich (‹OE Swēorīce), Sweeland (‹OE Swēoland), Sweethede (‹OE Swēoþēod) | |
Sy[] | ||||
| syllable | n | - | staffay (<OE stæfgefēg), staffle/stavle (cf. SW stavelse), staffgrip(e)/stavegrip(e) (cf. NL lettergreep), wordbit | |
| symbol | n | mark, token, tag, stamp | - | |
| symmetry | n | evenness | foldmatch | |
| sympathy | n | understanding | evensorrow (see OE efensorgian) | |
| symptom | n | - | coathemark | |
| syndrome | n | - | coathedom | |
| synesthesia | n | - | linked feeling ([ᛣ]) | |
| synonym | n | likeword, selfsame, sameness, kinword | otherword | |
| synonymous with | prep | the same as, akin to | - | |
| Syria | n(p) | - | Sirry/Sirrey (‹ ME Sirīe ⁊ OE Syria) | |
| system | n | layout, makeup, setup | network, stellel (cf. NL stelsel), outlay, upmake | |