English Wordbook/S

Staff S of the English Wordbook.

Basic abbreviations:

• OE = Old English
• ME = Middle English
• SC = Scots
• WF = West Frish
• NF = North Frish
• SF = Saterlandish Frish
• WLG = West Low Theech
• ELG = East Low Theech
• NL = Netherlandish
• NHG = New High Theech
• IC = Icelandish
• HIC = High Icelandish
• NO = Nornish
• SW = Swedish
• DN = Danish
• MLG = Middle Low Theech
• MNL = Middle Netherlandish
• MHG = Middle High Theech
• OF = Old Frish
• OS = Old Saxish
• OHG = Old High Theech
• ON = Old Norse
• GO = Gottish
• PWG = Or-West-Theedish
• PG = Or-Theedish

For a full list of etymological and other abbreviations used in these wordlists, see: Offshortenings.

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Chancery English	Class	Anglish/English
		Attested	Unattested
sabotage	vb	cripple, undermine? (mine is from Old French)	underdelve (from undermine)
saboteur	n	-	crippler
sacred	adj	holy, hallowed	-
Sacrament	n	holy oath, holy undertaking, hallowing	forhallowing, holywork, holy work, holy-work (<OE haligweorc)
sacrifice	vb/n	give, give up,	bloot (<OE blotan), offer/offering
sacrilege	n	unholiness	holishending (cf. Du heiligshennis) (to shend, to defile)
sacrilegious	adj	unholy, sinful	-
sacrosanct	adj	holy, hallowed	-
sacrum	n	-	holybone, roodbone
sadism	n	fiendishness, heartlessness	meanlove, meanlust
sadistic	adj	heartless, coldhearted	overtuly
safe	n	strongbox	-
safe	adj	sound, fast; white; trusty, good, sheltered, shielded	-
safety	n	shelter, wholeness, soundness, frith (archaic)	munding, berg, frith
safe space	n	haven, hugbox	frithyard (<OE friþġeard)
sagacious	adj	insightful, wise, witty, foresightful	rede hedging, redhedging (<OE rǽdhycgende) hyesnotter (<OE hygesnottor) redesnotter, redsnotter (<OE rǽdsnotor) searthinkle (<OE searuþancol) shedwise (<OE scéadwís) smighful, smigh (<OE sméah) wisefast (<OE wísfæst) awittle, yarewittle (<OE gearuwitol)
sagacity	n	wit-hood, withood, wit and wisdom.
Saint (St.)	n	Holy	-
saint	n	-	holyman, hallow
sainthood	n	hallowdom	-
saliva	n	spit	-
salamander	n	-	landwater athex, land-newt, land-eft
salary	n	earnings, income, salt	toll
sally	vb/n	outfall
salmon	n	-	lax (<OE leax, cf. NHG Lachs, Yid. לאַקס (laks), ON, Ic. Sw. lax, Dn. Nw. laks)
saltire	n	Andrew's Rood (cross)	-
salutary	n	friendly, good, helpful, kindly; good, healthy, wholesome	-
salutation	n	greeting, welcome, hail	-
salvation	n	lifeline	redding (<OE hreddung) halwendness (<OE hālwendnes)
salvo	n	unload, outburst	-
sample	vb	to have a smack of, fore smack	-
samurai	n	-Easternwye	dawnlandish knight
sanctify	vb	hallow, behallow	-
sanctioned	adj		law-hallowed
sanctuary	n	haven, grith, holyroom, hallow, holystead, frithhouse, frithstow	-
sane	n	-	witfast
sans	prep	without	-
Santa Claus	n	Father Christmas	-
sapient	n	much wise; aware	-
sapphire	adj/n	-	bluehurst
sarcophagus	n	-	stonethrough sunkingthrough (Egypt)
sasquatch	n	Bigfoot	-
Satanism	n	-Heathenish	Ostroth; Satandom; Satan-worship
satchel	n	knapsack, rucksack	-
satellite	n	moon	artificial: ironmoon, swail searsender, umworld loftvat ("around-world-air-vessel" att'd on the Old English Wikipedia as ymbeworuldlyftfæt) / * NB: 'ump-' as in 'umpteen' = around an amount
satiate	vb	fulfill, quench, slake	-
satire(ist)	n	heaning, heancraft(er), heanwriting(er)	-
satisfaction	n	gladness	cwemeness, quemeness (<OE cwemness), eadiness befrithening (cf. NHG Befriedigung) itheness (<OE  īeðnes)
satisfy	vb	gladden, slake, fulfill, sate, quench	queme, afill, befrith, sede (<OE ġesēdan)
saturate	vb	sop, soak, steep	indrench (<OE indrencan) sab (cf. SC sab)
Saturday	n	-	Sunneve (<OE sunnanǣfen, akin to NHG Sonnabend, W.Fries. sneon)
sauce	n	dip	-
sauerkraut	n	-	sourcole, sourkale
sauna	n	steam room	hot-house, hotroom, sweatbath
sausage	n	pudding, banger	swineflesh, meary (<OE mearh), worsh (cf. G. wurst)
savage	adj/n	wild; wilder	wildard
savanna	n	-	wendringly grassland barelands (cf. Eng. barrens)
save	vb	spare; keep, hold	nerry (<OE nerian, akin to NHG nähren, cf. OE herian -> NE herry)<br />redd (<OE hreddan 'to free from recover rescue save take away') berg/barrow (<OE beorgan 'to save, preserve', Goth bairgan, OHG bergan, ON bjarga) hain, stow, hoard, heal
savior	n	-sparer	healand (cf. NHG Heiland, from OHG Heliand 'the healing one') halend, healer, healant (<OE hælend, in light of MnE 'coolant') ner(i)gend (<OE, 'the Savior', cf. nerian)
savory	adj	-smeckfull	hearthaft (cf. NHG herzhaft) defty (cf. NHG deftig)
Saxon	n		Saxish
Saxony	n		Saxland (<OE Seaxland) Sexland Saxes Saxen
saxophone	n	saxhorn	-
scald	vb	forseethe	-
scale	vb	climb	-
scale	n	layout, frame, framework, mete, setup	animal skin: shale (<M. Eng. schale)
scalpel	n	-	leechsax
scandium	n		scadistuff (<OE scedenig "south end of Sweden")
scapegoat	n	-	fenman (from Old Dutch thews of offering a man-bloot by either throwing the chosen into a fen, lynching them or throwing them into streams to undo the anger of the gods.); folk-devil.
scaphoid bone	n	-	boatbone
scapula	n	shoulderbone, wingbone	-
scar	n	blight, blotch, flaw, pockmark, wale, weal, wheal, wen, welt
scarabaeus stercoreous	n	-	turd-weevil
scarce	adj	light, sparing; lacking, low, shy, wanting	-
scarcely	adv	barely, hardly, narrowly, slightly	-
scarcity	n	lack, shortness, seldomness, fewness, dearth	-
scarf	n	-	neckcloth (cf. Sw. halsduk; Dn. halstørklæde
scarlet	adj	bawsebrown	wormred (<OE wyrmread)
scatophilia	n	-	dritelust
scatter	vb	broadcast, cast, deal out, go-off, go through, let go, oversow, overspread, put to flight, spread, strew	-
scene	n	background, setting; blowup, fireworks; footing	-
schadenfreude	"n"		harmglee; warkglee
schizoid	adj	-	splitlike (calque of Gk. schizein "split, break, shatter" and -oeides "like") cleavemindy; mindcleavish
schizophrenia	n	-	splitmindness, shattermindness (calques of Gk. schizein "split, break, shatter" and phrēn "mind, understaing") kithshatter, kithcleave (cf. Ic. geðclofi) wit-cleftness
scholar	n	learner; bookman	loreman; fieldknower, learnand; writman; wordman; booklover
scholarship	n	knowledge, learning	bookhood, loreship; writdom
school	n	-	lorehall, learnhall?
science	n	knowledge, ken; lore, wisdom	witship (cf. Du. wetenschap, NHG Wissenschaft); kendom
scientist	n	knower	witshipper (cf. Du. wetenschapper, NHG Wissenschaftler) loreman, kenman, knowledgeman
scientific	adj	wisdomly, cunning; -craftly	worldkenly, witshiply, lorely
scientific language	n	-	craftspeech (<OE cræftspræc); cunningtongue
scintillate	vb	sparkle, flash, shine, leam	-
scissors	n	blades	shears (Scots cf. NHG. Scheren)
-scope	sfx	-	-seer
scorpion	n	-	stingtail, night-sting
scoundrel	n	-	makeshift
scout	n	pathfinder	foretrekker (< Afr. voortrekker, 'pioneer')
scowling	adj	-	black-browed
screen	n	sheet, sail; shroud	shirm (<PG skirmiz, compare Du. scherm NHG. Schirm)
scribe	n	writer, logger	bookman
scrotum	n	ballsack*, sack* (*but "sack" is from Latin saccus); hanger	cod (<OE codd) ballbag (Scots bawbag, OE. beall and ON. baggi) sceallen bag (<OE sceallan "testicles"; <ON baggi)
scrutinize	vb	-	scrut (<OE scrutinan) gaumgive (<Ic. gaumgæfa)
scrutiny	n	-	shroutening (<OE sċrūtnung)
scuba	n	-	siubt (Self-Inheld Underwater Breathing Tool)
sculpt	vb	carve, hew, shape, trim	-
sculpture	n	carving	-
sea monster	n	merfiend	fivel (<OE)
search	vb	seek; rake, comb, delve, hunt, cape	nease (<OE neosan, to search out, find out by enquiry) speer (<OE spyrian)
search word	n	headword	seekword
season	n	time, tide	sele (<ME), yeartime, yeartide (by analogy from German Jahrzeit)
seat of joy	n	-	gleestool (<OE glīwstōl)
sebum	n	tallow	-
secede	vb	leave, withdraw, cleave, sunder, split off	offsplit
secession	n	selfhhod, self-standing, freedom; withdrawal, walking away, breakaway, breakup, cleaving, sundering, splitting off	selfstead; offsplitting; frith
secessionist	n	freedomfighter	offsplitter
second	n	moment: tick, eyeblink	nutlog  (hour: log,  minute: shortlog)
second	adj	twoth	next, other, after (obsolete), twithe (twi- + th as in four-th)
secret	adj/n	adj: dern, hidden, withdrawn, unseen, inward, stealthy, untold, unbeheld, underground, underhanded, hushhush, inly n: dern	n: hiddle (<OE hydels), dyle (<ME diȝel, <OE dīegol) hushthought, hushword roun(d) (< OE run, 'mystery, secret, rune'), hem (cf.NHG. heimlich NHG "geheim", Du. "geheim", Sw. "hemmelighet", Da. "hemmelig")
secret society	n	-	himebind (cf. NHG "geheimbund") stealthfay (cf. Ic. "seynifélagið"), hidden guild
secretary	n	reeve; helper, greeter	inwriter
secrete	vb	seep, leak, ooze	-
sect	n	block, body	afterfollowing (<OE æfterfylgung)
section	n	bit, block
secular	adj	worldly, of this world, earthly	-
secular	n	worldling; worldhood	-
secularize	vb	-	formean, forworlden (cf. NHG verweltlichen)
secure	adj	shielded, belayed, fast, steadfast	inshielded, ward, warded, warden, wardened (Germanic), wardenenen (Germanic), bewardened, bewarden, guardened (Germanic), guarden (Germanic)
secure	vb	shield, ward, warden (Germanic), beward, guard (Germanic), ice, more, set, fasten	inshield, mound/mund (<OE mundian 'to protect, shelter, guard)
security	n	fastness; stronghold, bulwark	sickerness sickerhood (NHG. Sicherheit)
sediment	n	dregs, silt, draff, dross	-
seduce	vb	fortee, lead on	spane (<OE spanan), adwell
segment	n	lith; string, thread	-
segregation	n	-	beshedding, asunderhood
seize	vb	hold, hend, clutch, take, gripe	fang (<OE fangen), reach (<OE geræcan), lach/laght, laught, or lachen for past tense, participle, or as an adjective (<ME lacchen, cf. OE læccan)
seizure	n	fit	-
select	vb	choose, pick, wale	-
selenium	n	-	moonstuff
self-effacement	n	-	self-naughting
self-esteem	n	self-worth	-
self-restraint	n	-	forhaveness (<OE forhæfnes)
semester	n	sixmonth, half-year	-
seminar	n	workshop	-
sempiternity	n	-	endlessness, unendinghood, alwayness, everlastingness
semi-	pref	half-, sam-/sand-/some- (<OE sam-)	-
semicircle	n	-	halfring, samring
semisphere	n	-	halfball, samball
senate	n	witenagemot	witansmoot, witansimoot; eldermoot [elder: <L. senex + moot (council)]
senator	n	witan	folkwit (<OE folcwita), elder
senile	adj	doddery, doddering, elderly, old, doted	-
senior	n	-	sinny (cf PG sinīgaz and calque of Goth sineigs)
senior citizens	n	elderly, old folks, eldfolk, eldman, the old	-
sensate	adj	feeling	-
sensation	n	1. feeling	2. upthrill
sensational	adj	amazing	wuldersome
sense	n	1.feeling 2. meaning; wit(s)	seave (<OE sefa)
sense	vb	feel	-
senseless	adj/n	feelingless	-
senses	n	the five wits
sensible	vb	-	feelbere (calque), begetful
sensitive	adj	feeling, keen, sharp	-
sentence	n	wordset; byword, saw (etym. 2), wordstring, saying	cwide (<ME, OE cwide)
sentence	vb	doom	-
sententious	adj	pithy	-
sentience	n	awareness	awaredom (obsolete OED word)
sentient life	n	wight, being	-
sentiment	n	feeling, thought	-
separate	vb	sunder, split, break, cleave, fork	shed (<ME sheden: cf. NHG/Du. scheiden)
separate	adj	sundry, freestanding, sundered cleave, cloven	shedded
separation	n	splitting, split	shedding, asunderhood
September	n	-	Holymonth (which was noted in OE), Sheddingmonth, Harvestmonth (<OE)
Septuagesima	n	-	Berueingtide (<OE berwosungtid)
sequel	n	-	afterfollowing, forthsetting (<NHG Fortsetzung)
sequence	n	aftermath, backwash, child, outcome, outgrowth, upshot; string; setup	gatherbinding
sequential	adj	back-to-back, straight, through	fayed, gatherbinding
sequoia	n	-	ettinfirwood (cf. Du. reuzenpijnboom)
series	n	line, stream (entert.) saga	-
serious	adj	earnest, unfunny, heavy, weighty	-
seriously	adv	earnestly, thoroughly, wholeheartedly, with heart & soul, willingly, agoodly, weightily	-
serpent	n	snake, worm  (<OE wyrm), adder	slang (cf. NHG Schlange, Du. slang, Da. slange)
servant	n	help, helper; hireling, besteader housekeeper, maid (fm.), dey (fm.), bondsman, loaf-eater, shalk, man, boy, may, thane, (<OE þegn), thrall, knight	thew (obs.) theener, theen (<OE þēonest cf. NHG Diener) ambight (<OE ambiht)
serve	vb	help, dish, hye, bestead, give	theen (<OE þeġnian cf. NHG/Du. dienen) thew, ambight (<OE geambihtan; onþéowian)
serve a meal	vb	help, give	mess (<ME messen) "Could you mess out the bread and ale for our guests?"
server	n	sender, broadcaster, outputter, mainframe	-
serf	n	bondman, thrall	-
service	n	besteading, help, choosing	theen (<OE þēnest, cf. NHG Dienst) betheening (cf. NHG Bedienung) folgth (OE folgþ, ME, EME)
servile	adj	bowing, scraping; thrallish	thewly (<OE þéowlic)
session	n	sitting, stint	-
settlement	n	hem, thorpe/thorp/dorp, wick, town, whistle-stop	settlening, hemling, ham
several	adj	sundry	-
severe	adj	stern, hard, harsh, tough, thorough	-
severely	adv	hardly, roughly, sternly, stiffly;	-
sewer	n	drain, sieve	-
sex	n	kind	folkhalf, hade
sex act	n	kin-making, lovemaking, breeding	swiving, heamedlock (<OE hæmedlac) fleshly knowledge, bysleep (cf. NHG Beischlaf, DU bijslaap)
sexual reproduction	n	breeding	swiveful matchyielding, swiveful matchbearing
sexy	adj	fetching, comely, hot, steamy, sultry, come-hither	-
shantytown	n
shark	n	haye, dogfish	highcarl (cf. O.N. hákarl), dreadfish, sea dog
shingles	n	tetter	-
Shintoism/Shinto	n	Way of the Gods	Waygoddom, Shintodom (no direct translation)
shoelace	n	shoestring	-
shoe polish	n	blacking (earliest name for shoe polish)
shortage	n	dearth	shortdom, shorthood; lack is Germanic but not Old English (seemingly)
show mercy	vb	spare	orefast/arfast (<OE ārfæstan)
shrapnel	n	-	blastfall, blastrain, blastbits
shrine	n	weved (OED ‘altar’)	wighbed (<OE wigbed = altar)
siege	vb	beleaguer, (um)beset	-
Sierra Leone	n	-	Lein (pr. lee-in) Ridgelands
sign	n	token, shingle, mark	-
sign	vb	blaze; onmark, underwrite	undertoken (calque of Ger. speech cf. NHG unterzeichnen, Du. ondertekenen)
signal	n	bale-fire, beacon	-
signaling	v	bale-firing, beaconing	showing
significant	adj	noteworthy, weighty	markworthy
'signify'	v	show
sign language	n		Token Speech (cf. NHG Zeichensprache), deaf talk (calque of Balinese: "kata kolok"), tokening-speech
silence	vb	hush, make still, soothe	bestill, beroo (cf. NHG beruhigen)
silence	n	stillness	forsowing (<OE forsuwung), roo (Eng., ME ro <OE rō, cf. NHG Ruhe ) bestillness, word-break.
silicon	n	-	flintstuff
similar	adj	alike, akin	akind, samekind
simile	n	likeness	-
simony	n	church-mongering	trade in ecclesiastia; (by a church-monger)
simple	adj	onefold, untrimmed	-
single	adj	one ... only; alone, by oneself	-
singular	adj	(unique) one-of-a-kind, great
singularity	n	oneness
sir	n	Lord, m’lord	har (<ME harre<OE hearra, cf. NHG Herr)
sire	n	lord	har
Sirius	n	Dog Star, Brightest Star	-
site	n	stead	point, location:  ord (Eng.)
situate	vb	lay down, ground	-
situation	n	lay? (cf. lay of the land)	-
size	n	greatness, bigness, bulk	grete (<ME <OE grīetu, cf. NHG Größe)
skateboard	n/vb	-	rollboard roller board wheelboard (cf. Ic. hjólabretti)
skeleton	n	frame	boneset, boneframework
slander	n/vb	n: smear vb: belittle, defile, smear, sully, tarnish; lie	holen (<ME holen < OE hōlian
slave	n	bondman, thrall	theen (OE)
slavery	n	thralldom/thraldom
smuggler	n	-	owler
snow globe/snowglobe	n	-	snowkuggle (cf. NHG Schneekugel)
soccer	n	football	altheedish football (United States)
social media	n	-	fellowly means; friendly sarrow (“miracle, wonder; technology”)
socialism	n	thralldom; churlishness	rikeownership; allownership; worldrike, oneworldreevedom; fellowdoom, fellowdom, rikedom, unfolk, endfolk; allbinding, manbinding; “manbinding by the thralls, bindrike of the churls, worldreevedom of the knaves” (< ‘dictatorship of the proletariat’)
socialist	n, adj	enthraller; churl	rikeowned; rikebinder, manbinder, fellowshiply, fellowdomer, fellowdoomish; folkender, folksfoe; worldthrall
social/societal	adj	friendly, sharing	-
society	n	fellowship, friendship, folk; kith and kin	sithership (<OE gesíðscipe, cf. NHG Gesellschaft) big: theed/thede (<OE þeod), leedship (<OE léodscipe, from lede), thede, landleed, kinrike (<OE), folkstead (<OE), folkship (<OE) folcscipe)
socket	n	outlet bone: cup	-
sodium	n	-	saltstuff
solar	adj	sun-like, sunly	-
solder	vb	weld, tin	lead
sole (foot)	n	-	ile (<OE ile, cf. Ic. il), footfolm
solid	adj	hard	fast (dated sense of firm), earthlike (with each state of matter representing one element)
solstice	n	sunstead	sunwend (cf. Du. zonnewende, NHG Sonnenwende) sunstandstill (cf. Du. zonnestilstand)
solve	vb	answer	loose, loosen, lease (calque of Ger. speech)
sophisticate	v	-	forbuild (cf. NHG verbilden)
soporific	adj	-	sleep-giving
sorbet	n
foam ice (<Icelandic frauðís, Hoschaf(<NHG ), water ice(<Danish)
sorcerer	n	wizard	drye (<OE drȳ)
sorcery	n	witchcraft, dwimmer	dreecraft, dryecraft
sorrel	n	-	sourleaf
sound	n	reard, cling, ring, loudness, pitch, loudening	din, sough, yar/yer, loud, loude, lidden(<OE hlýd, OE hlýden, cf. NHG. Laut, Du. geluid, Dan. lyd, Swed. ljud, Icel. hljóð) lemm (<OE "hlem")
sound	v	ring, clink, cling, louden sound like: to be heard like...	to sound like: onhear/ hear on (NHG. anhören)
soup	n	broth, gruel	-
source	n	birthplace, root, begetter, dawn, onset, start, spring, wellspring, ere-, quell	ordfrom (<OE ord, "point", + from)
sous vide	adj	-	wetbaking
sovereign	adj	-	selfstanding (cf. Sw. självständig)
space	n	-	room astrology: roomth
spaceship	n	starship	-
spacious	adj	roomy, wide
spatial	adj	-	roomthy
special	adj	-	besunder (cf. NHG besondere) sunderly (<OE sundorlic, cf. NHG sonderlich)
specialty	n	-	besunderhood (cf. NHG Besonderheit) ownhood/ship (cf. NHG Eigenheit/schaft)
species	n	-	lifekin, lifekind
specific	adj	outright	bestemed, bestevened (cf. NHG bestimmt) (see steven)
specifically	adv	only, one, inborn, clean-cut, sharp
sphenoid bone	n	-	wedgebone
sphere	n	ball	kuggle* (cf. NHG Kugel) (*Kugel is of either Semitic or Germanic origin)
sphincter	n	-	closethew/closemoussock (cf. Du. sluitspier, NHG Schließmuskel)
sphinx	n	-	maidenlee (cf. Ic. meyljón) wilibilth (calque of Anc. Egyptian šzp-ꜥnḫ)
spice	n	-	croud (cf. Du. kruid)
spine	n	backbone	backridge
spirit	n	gast, gost, ghost, breath, soul, mind	-
sponge	n	-	swamb (<OE swamm)
sport	n	lark, lake (etym. 2)	-
spy	n/vb	sleuth: very late borrowing into Old English (near to 1200AD) from The Orrmulum.	speer (<OE spyrian) loosesheerwere (<OE lēassċēawere)
squadron	n	-	sheltron, shieldtrum (<OE scieldtruma); swathe (cf. NHG Geschwader); stafle (cf. NHG Staffel)
square	n	-	fourside (cf. Du. vierkant) in a city: tey (<OE tēge)
squirrel	n	aquern O.E. ācweorna, O.N. loan in O.E. scug; skug.	shadow-tail
SSD ("Solid State Drive")	n	-	SSD ("Still-Standing Drive" / "Stand Still Drive")
stabilize	v	steady, still	besteady, bestill
stable	adj	steady, still, steadfast	-
stadium	n	-	spurd (<OE spyrd), Ger. Rennbahn
standard	adj	stock, mean	-
stapes	n	stirrup	earstirrup, stirrupbone
state	vb	utter	-
state	n	condition: shape, lay (cf. lay of the land) polity: moot, rike	-
statue	n	-	standbilth (cf. Ger. Standbild; Du. Standbeeld)
status	n	rank	-
statute	n	-	setness
stay	vb	belive, blive, hold, keep	-
stellar	adj	starly	-
sternum	n	breastbone	-
stew	n	scouse	-
stingray	n	-	-
stomach	n	maw	-
store	vb	keep, hoard	-
store	n	shop	chepstow
story	n	tale, yarn	telling, atelling, ortelling (cf. NHG Erzählung), lore
strange	adj	outlandish, weird, unwonted, wild, odd, freakish, eerie, queer	fremd
stranger	n	outlander	fremder, fremdling, cume (<OE "cuma")
stratagem	n	forset	-
strategy	n	plot	wyecraft
stray	vb	wander	dwale (<ME dwalen)
street	n	road, way; roadway	wainway, wagonway (to be brooked inborough to tell between the walking path (walkway) and the faring path)
stress	n	burden, weight, load	thrutch (cf. NHG Druck) belasting (cf. NHG belastung, Du. belasting)
strict	adj	hash, hard, stern, forbidding	-
strive/strife	vb/n	fight	-
structure	n	makeup, set, setting, frame; building, boards	upmake
study	vb/n	learn, swot, either usage con (up on), thought; reading	n: learn
student	n	learner	learningchild (<OE leorningcild)
studio	n		workstead movies: filmingstead
stupid	n/adj	clueless (adj)	clueless (n)
sturgeon	n	-	stoor (<ME stor, <OE styria)
style	n	kind	-
stylus	n	spear, pecker, picker, stick, shaft, writing tool, needle	leadstick
sub-	pref	under- (subsequent) after-	-
subdue	vb	beat down	-
subdued	adj	beaten down	-
subject	v	thread	underthrow (cf. Du. onderwerpen, NHG. unterwerfen)
subject	n	-	underthrow (cf. D. onderwerp)
subjunctive	adj/n	-	underlinked (claque of Latin)
submarine	n/adj	adj: undersea	n: U-boat (short for undersea-boat), diveboat (cf. Du. duikboot)
submission	n	willing	underwilling, underwill, underwillness, underwillhood
submissive	adj	underwilling	-
submit	vb	give in, ingive, hand in, send	-
submitter	n	-	agiver (cf. NHG Ergeber), ingiver
subordinate	adj	-	underoathed
subscribe	vb	follow	underwrite (calque of Latin)
subscriber	n	follower	underwriter
substance	n	stuff (but a G (Frankish) root modified through Old French); being	anwork (<OE andweorc)
substitute	n	stand-in, fill-in, back-up	-
substitute	vb	swap, fill in, stand in, go as	outtrade (cf. NHG. austauschen) replace: aset (cf. NHG ersetzen)
subtitle	n	-	underqueath, undername, understerling
subtle	adj	low-key	-
suburb	n	-	underborough (<OE underburg), foreord (cf. NHG Vorort)
subzero	adj	below-freezing	-
succeed	vb	go after	spow (<OE spówan)
success	n	-	winth, spowing, afollowing
successful	adj	-	spowful, afollowfull
succumb	vb	fall to	alie (alying; alay; alain) (cf. NHG erliegen) undernick (<OE underhnigan)
sudden	adj	swift, rushing, rash	-
suddenly	adv	swiftly, rushingly, rashly, forthwith, straightaway	-
suffer	vb	-	thole (<OE þolian, þrowian), undergo (transitive), dree (<OE drēogan)
suffering	n	harm, ache, sorrow, woe, smarts	tholing, dreeing
suffice	vb	do, be enough, reach, work, meet (transitive)	outreach (cf. NHG ausreichen)
sufficiency	n	enoughness, fulth, fittingness	-
sufficient	adj	enough, done, right, even, fair, fit, befitting, becoming	filling, outreaching
suffix	n	-	word tail, endfastening, afterword
sugar	n	-	sweethurst (hurst is old english for crystal), sweetstuff molecule: sweetmote
sugarcane	n	-	sweetreed (cf. Du. suikerriet)
suggest	vb	imply: foreset, hint, infold offer: foreset, bid, put forth	imply: ettle, bysay offer: forthput, rede
suggestion	n	imply: foreset, hint, infold offer: foreset, bid	imply: ettle, bysay offer: forthput, rede
suicide	n	self-murder, self-killing, self-slaughter
sui generis	adj	one-of-a-kind	-
sulfur	n	brimstone	brimstuff
sullen	n		dark-brooding
sum (up)	vb	cast up, tally up	-
sunflower	n	-	sunbloom, sunblossom (<NHG. Sonnenblume)
sun's dwelling	n	-	The sky
super	adj/pfx	adj: over, overly pfx: over-	-
supercalifragilisticexpialidocious	adj	-	overfairnessbrokenliatoneliteachworthy
supercontinent	n	-	overworlddeal
superhero	n	-	overheleth
superhuman	adj	-	overman
superior	adj	overly	-
supermarket	n	-	overchepstow
supernatural	adj	otherwordly	-
supernova	n	-	overnew
superposition	n	-	overstelling
supersede	vb	take over	forthring (cf. NHG verdrängen)
superstition	n	-	idle-belief
supervillain	n	-	overnithing, overnither
supervise	vb	oversee	-
supervisor	n	overseer	-
supplant	vb	take over	forthring (cf. NHG verdrängen)
supplement	n	-	togive
supply	n	yield, stock, spring	-
supply	vb	yield, feed, fill, afford	-
support	vb	shore (unknown origin, found in Germanic languages), back up, forward, foster, upbring, uphold, underprop, upstart, underset	bestaddle, understut (cf. NHG unterstützen), stut (< Scots)
support	n	back up, upholding	shore (unknown origin, found in Germanic languages), fultum
suppose	vb	ween, believe, guess, think, reckon	forethink
sure	adj	wis, siker, set	-
surface	n	overlay, layer, overside	-
surfeit	v	forset	-
surgeon	n	sawbones	woundleech (cf. NHG Wundarzt)
surname	n	last name	-
surpass	vb	overtake	-
surprise	vb	stun, astound, overcome, overtake	overrush (NHG überraschen)
surrender	vb	yield, hand over, give up	overgive
surround	vb	beset, forset, hem in, enring, inring	umbgive (cf. Du. omgeven; NHG umgeben), umbring (cf. Du. omringen; NHG umringen) Umbestand (Ymbstandan Old English)
survive	vb	outlive, live on	overlive (cf. NHG. überleben Du. overleven Dan. overleve Norw. overleve Swed. överleva)
susceptibility	n	openness, givenness, helplessness	-
susceptible	adj	given, open; helpless	alout (<OE áloten) v. forthlout (<OE forþlútan); onfally (<NHG. anfällig) (see onfall)
suspect	vb	mistrust, underlook	forthink (cf. Du./NHG. verdenken)
suspend	vb	-	hang freely: uphang (cf. Du. ophangen, NHG aufhängen)
suspicion	n	mistrustfulness, underlook	forthought (cf. Du. verdachting, NHG. verdacht)
suspicious	adj	mistrustful, wary	forthoughtful/ forthoughty (cf. Du. verdacht)
sustain	vb	underhold, uphold, stay	-
suitable	adj	fit	-
Swabia	n		Swabeland, Sweafland (<OE Swǣfaland)
Swabian	n		Swabish, Sweafish (<OE Swǣfisc)
swastika	n	fylfot, gleerune (as a religious symbol)	hookrood (cf. NHG Hakenkreuz)
syllable	n	-	staveset, staffle/stavle (cf. SW stavelse), staffgrip(e)/stavegrip(e) (cf. Du. lettergreep)
sympathy	n	-	sithfeeling (calque)
synesthesia	n	-	linked feeling (calque)
synonym	n	likeword, selfsame, sameness, kinword	otherword
synonymous with	prep	the same as, akin to
system	n	layout, makeup, setup	stellel (cf. Du. stelsel) outlay, upmake