Staff S of the English Wordbook.
Basic abbreviations:
- OE = Old English
- ME = Middle English
- SC = Scots
- WF = West Frish
- NF = North Frish
- SF = Saterlandish Frish
- WLG = West Low Theech
- ELG = East Low Theech
- NL = Netherlandish
- NHG = New High Theech
- IC = Icelandish
- HIC = High Icelandish
- NO = Nornish
- SW = Swedish
- DN = Danish
- MLG = Middle Low Theech
- MNL = Middle Netherlandish
- MHG = Middle High Theech
- OF = Old Frish
- OS = Old Saxish
- OHG = Old High Theech
- ON = Old Norse
- GO = Gottish
- PWG = Or-West-Theedish
- PG = Or-Theedish
For a full list of etymological and other abbreviations used in these wordlists, see: Offshortenings.
| Chancery English | Class | Anglish/English | ||
| Attested | Unattested | |||
| sabotage | vb | cripple, undermine? (mine is from Old French) | underdelve (from undermine), undergrave | |
| saboteur | n | - | crippler | |
| sacred | adj | holy, hallowed | - | |
| Sacrament | n | holy oath, holy undertaking, hallowing | forhallowing, holy work, holy-work (<OE haligweorc) | |
| sacrifice | vb/n | give, give up, | bloot (<OE blotan), offer/offering | |
| sacrilege | n | unholiness | holishending (cf. Du heiligshennis) (to shend, to defile) | |
| sacrilegious | adj | unholy, sinful | - | |
| sacrosanct | adj | holy, hallowed | - | |
| sacrum | n | - | holybone, roodbone | |
| sadism | n | fiendishness, heartlessness | meanlove, meanlust | |
| sadistic | adj | heartless, coldhearted | overtuly | |
| safe | n | strongbox | - | |
| safe | adj | sound, fast; white; trusty, good, sheltered, shielded | - | |
| safehouse | n | frithhouse (<OE friþhūs) | ||
| safety | n | shelter, wholeness, soundness, frith (archaic) | munding, frith | |
| safe space | n | haven, hugbox | frithyard (<OE friþġeard) | |
| sagacious | adj |
insightful, witty, foresightful |
rede hedging, redhedging (<OE rǽdhycgende), hyesnotter (<OE hygesnottor), redesnotter, redsnotter (<OE rǽdsnotor), searthinkle (<OE searuþancol), shedwise (<OE scéadwís), smighful, smigh (<OE sméah), wisefast (<OE wísfæst), awittle, yarewittle (<OE gearuwitol) | |
| sagacity | n | wit-hood, withood, wit and wisdom. | ||
| Saint (St.) | n | Holy | - | |
| saint | n | - | holyman, hallow | |
| sainthood | n | hallowdom | - | |
| saliva | n | spit | - | |
| salamander | n | - | landwater athex, land-newt, land-eft | |
| salary | n | earnings, income, salt | toll | |
| sally | vb/n | outfall | ||
| salmon | n | - | lax (<OE leax) | |
| saltire | n | Andrew's Rood (cross) | - | |
| salutary | n | friendly, good, helpful, kindly; good, healthy, wholesome | - | |
| salutation | n | greeting, welcome, hail | - | |
| salvation | n | lifeline |
redding (<OE hreddung) halwendness (<OE hālwendnes) | |
| salvo | n | unload, outburst | - | |
| sample | vb | to have a smack of, fore smack | - | |
| samurai | n | -Easternwye | dawnlandish knight | |
| sanctify | vb | hallow, behallow | - | |
| sanctioned | adj | law-hallowed | ||
| sanctuary | n | haven, grith, holyroom, hallow, holystead, frithhouse, frithstow | - | |
| sane | n | - | witfast | |
| sans | prep | without | - | |
| Santa Claus | n | Father Christmas | - | |
| sapient | n | much wise; aware | - | |
| sapphire | adj/n | - | bluehurst | |
| sarcophagus | n | - | stonethrough, sunkingthrough (Egypt) | |
| sasquatch | n | Bigfoot | - | |
| Satanism | n | Heathenish | Ostroth; Satandom; Satan-worship | |
| satchel | n | knapsack, rucksack | - | |
| satellite | n | moon |
artificial: ironmoon, swail searsender, umworld loftvat ("around-world-air-vessel" att'd on the Old English Wikipedia as ymbeworuldlyftfæt) / * NB: 'ump-' as in 'umpteen' = around an amount | |
| satiate | vb | fulfill, quench, slake | - | |
| satire(ist) | n | heaning, heancraft(er), heanwriting(er) | - | |
| satisfaction | n | gladness |
quemeness (<OE cwemness), eadiness, befrithening (cf. NHG Befriedigung), itheness (<OE īeðnes) | |
| satisfy | vb | gladden, slake, fulfill, sate, quench |
queme, afill, befrith, sede (<OE sēdan) | |
| saturate | vb | sop, soak, steep | indrench (<OE indrencan), sab (cf. SC sab) | |
| Saturday | n | - | Sunneve (<OE sunnanǣfen, akin to NHG Sonnabend, W.Fries. sneon) | |
| sauce | n | dip | - | |
| sauerkraut | n | - | sourcole | |
| sauna | n | steam room | hot-house, hotroom, sweatbath | |
| sausage | n | pudding, banger | swineflesh, meary (<OE mearh), worsh (cf. G. wurst) | |
| savage | adj/n | wild; wilder | wildard | |
| savanna | n | - | wendringly grassland, bareland (cf. Eng. barrens) | |
| save | vb | spare; keep, hold | nerry (<OE nerian akin to NHG nähren, cf. OE herian -> NE herry)<br />redd (<OE hreddan 'to free from recover rescue save take away'), barrow (<OE beorgan 'to save, preserve', OHG bergan, ON bjarga), hain, stow, hoard, heal | |
| savior | n | sparer | healand (cf. NHG Heiland, from OHG Heliand 'the healing one') halend, healer, healant (<OE hælend, in light of MnE 'coolant') ner(i)gend (<OE, 'the Savior', cf. nerian) | |
| savory | adj | smeckfull | hearthaft (cf. NHG herzhaft), defty (cf. NHG deftig) | |
| Saxon | n | - | Saxish | |
| Saxony | n | - | Saxland (<OE Seaxland), Saxes, Saxen | |
| saxophone | n | saxhorn | - | |
| scald | vb | forseethe | - | |
| scale | vb | climb | - | |
| scale | n | layout, frame, framework, mete, setup | animal skin: shale (<M. Eng. schale) | |
| scalpel | n | - | leechsax | |
| scandium | n | scadistuff (<OE scedenig "south end of Sweden") | ||
|
scapegoat |
n | - | fenman (from Old Dutch thews of offering a man-bloot by either throwing the chosen into a fen, lynching them or throwing them into streams to undo the anger of the gods.); folk-devil. | |
| scaphoid bone | n | - | boatbone | |
| scapula | n | shoulderbone, wingbone | - | |
| scar | n | blight, blotch, flaw, pockmark, wale, weal, wheal, wen, welt | - | |
| scarabaeus stercoreous | n | - | turd-weevil | |
| scarce | adj | light, sparing; lacking, low, shy, wanting | latesome (<OE lætsum and <ME latsǒm) | |
| scarcely | adv | barely, hardly, narrowly, slightly | - | |
| scarcity | n | lack, shortness, seldomness, fewness, dearth | - | |
| scarf | n | - | neckcloth (cf. Sw. halsduk; Dn. halstørklæde | |
| scarlet | adj | bawsebrown | wormred (<OE wyrmread) | |
| scatophilia | n | - | dritelust | |
| scatter | vb | broadcast, cast, deal out, go-off, go through, let go, oversow, overspread, put to flight, spread, strew | - | |
| scene | n | background, setting; blowup, fireworks; footing | - | |
| schadenfreude | "n" | harmglee; warkglee | ||
| schizoid | adj | - | splitlike (calque of Gk. schizein "split, break, shatter" and -oeides "like")
cleavemindy; mindcleavish | |
| schizophrenia | n | - | splitmindness, shattermindness (calques of Gk. schizein "split, break, shatter" and phrēn "mind, understaing"), kithshatter, kithcleave (cf. Ic. geðclofi), wit-cleftness | |
| scholar | n | learner; bookman | loreman; fieldknower, learnand; writman; wordman; booklover | |
| scholarship | n | knowledge, learning | bookhood, loreship; writdom | |
| school | n | - | lorehall, learnhall, teachhall | |
| science | n | knowledge, ken; lore, wisdom | witship (cf. Du. wetenschap, NHG Wissenschaft); kendom; Knownshaft (cf. Many germanic roots) | |
| scientist | n | knower |
witshipper (cf. Du. wetenschapper, NHG Wissenschaftler) loreman, kenman, knowledgeman | |
| scientific | adj | wisdomly, cunning; -craftly | worldkenly, witshiply, lorely | |
| scientific language | n | - |
craftspeech (<OE cræftspræc); cunningtongue | |
| scintillate | vb | sparkle, flash, shine, leam | - | |
| scissors | n | blades | shears (Scots cf. NHG. Scheren) | |
| -scope | sfx | - | -seer | |
| scorpion | n | - | throw-end, stingtail, night-sting | |
| scoundrel | n | - | makeshift | |
| scout | n | pathfinder | foretrekker (< Afr. voortrekker, 'pioneer') | |
| scowling | adj | - | black-browed, wild-eyed | |
| screen | n | sheet, sail, shroud | shirm (<PG skirmiz, compare Du. scherm NHG. Schirm) | |
| scribe | n | writer, logger | bookman | |
| scrotum | n | ballsack*, sack* (*"sack" is an Old English loan word from Latin saccus); hanger | cod (<OE codd), ballbag (Scots bawbag, OE. beall and ON. baggi), sceallen bag (<OE sceallan "testicles"; <ON baggi) | |
| scrutinize | vb | - | scrut (<OE scrutinan), gaumgive (<Ic. gaumgæfa) | |
| scrutiny | n | - | shroutening (<OE sċrūtnung) | |
| scuba | n | - | siubt (Self-Inheld Underwater Breathing Tool) | |
| sculpt | vb | carve, hew, shape, trim | - | |
| sculpture | n | carving | - | |
| sea monster | n | merfiend | fivel (<OE) | |
| search | vb | seek; rake, comb, delve, hunt, cape | nease (<OE neosan, to search out, find out by enquiry), speer (<OE spyrian) | |
| search word | n | headword | seekword | |
| season | n | time, tide | sele (<ME), yeartime, yeartide (by analogy from German Jahrzeit) | |
| seat of joy | n | - | gleestool (<OE glīwstōl) | |
| sebum | n | tallow | - | |
| secede | vb | leave, withdraw, cleave, sunder, split off | offsplit | |
| secession | n | selfhhod, self-standing, freedom; withdrawal, walking away, breakaway, breakup, cleaving, sundering, splitting off | selfstead; offsplitting; frith | |
| secessionist | n | freedomfighter | offsplitter | |
| second | n | moment: tick, eyeblink |
nutlog (hour: log, minute: shortlog) | |
| second | adj | twoth | next, other, after (obsolete), twithe (twi- + th as in four-th) | |
| secret | adj/n |
adj: dern, hidden, withdrawn, unseen, inward, stealthy, untold, unbeheld, underground, underhanded, hushhush, inly n: dern, hidings |
n: hiddle (<OE hydels), dyle (<ME diȝel, <OE dīegol hushthought, hushword, roun(d) (< OE run, 'mystery, secret, rune'), hem (cf. NHG. heimlich NHG "geheim", Du. "geheim", Sw. "hemmelighet", Da. "hemmelig") | |
| secret society | n | - | himebind (cf. NHG "geheimbund") stealthfay (cf. Ic. "seynifélagið"), hidden guild | |
| secretary | n | reeve; helper, greeter | inwriter | |
| secrete | vb | seep, leak, ooze | - | |
| sect | n | block, body | afterfollowing (<OE æfterfylgung) | |
| section | n | bit, block | ||
| secular | adj | worldly, of this world, earthly | - | |
| secular | n | worldling; worldhood | - | |
| secularize | vb | - | formean, forworlden (cf. NHG verweltlichen) | |
| secure | adj |
shielded, belayed, fast, steadfast |
inshielded, ward, warded, warden, wardened (Germanic), wardenenen (Germanic), bewardened, bewarden, guardened (Germanic), guarden (Germanic)
fast (<OE fæst ) | |
| secure | vb | shield, ward, warden (Germanic), beward, guard (Germanic), ice, more, set, fasten | inshield, mound/mund (<OE mundian 'to protect, shelter, guard)
awork (cf. NHG erwirken) | |
| security | n | fastness; stronghold, bulwark | - | |
| sediment | n | dregs, silt, draff, dross | - | |
| seduce | vb | fortee, lead on | spane (<OE spanan), adwell, bepeach (<OE bepǣċan) | |
| segment | n | lith; string, thread | - | |
| segregation | n | - | beshedding, asunderhood | |
| seize | vb | hold, hend, clutch, take, gripe |
fang (<OE fangen), reach (<OE geræcan), lach/laght, laught, or lachen for past tense, participle, or as an adjective (<ME lacchen, cf. OE læccan) | |
| seizure | n | fit | - | |
| select | vb | choose, pick, wale | - | |
| selenium | n | - | moonstuff | |
| self-effacement | n | - | self-naughting | |
| self-esteem | n | self-worth | - | |
| self-restraint | n | - | forhaveness (<OE forhæfnes) | |
| semester | n | sixmonth, half-year | - | |
| seminar | n | workshop | - | |
| sempiternity | n | - | endlessness, unendinghood, alwayness, everlastingness | |
| semi- | pref | half-, sam-/sand-/some- (<OE sam-) | - | |
| semicircle | n | - | halfring, samring | |
| semisphere | n | - | halfball, samball | |
| senate | n | witenagemot | witansmoot, witansimoot; eldermoot [elder: <L. senex + moot (council)] | |
| senator | n | witan | folkwit (<OE folcwita), elder | |
| senile | adj | doddery, doddering, elderly, old, doted | - | |
| senior | n | - | sinny (cf PG sinīgaz and calque of Goth sineigs) | |
| senior citizens | n | elderly, old folks, eldfolk, eldman, the old | - | |
| sensate | adj | feeling | - | |
| sensation | n | 1. feeling | 2. upthrill | |
| sensational | adj | amazing | wuldersome | |
| sense | n | 1.feeling 2. meaning; wit(s) | seave (<OE sefa) | |
| sense | vb | feel | - | |
| senseless | adj/n | feelingless | - | |
| senses | n | the five wits | ||
| sensible | vb | - | feelbere (calque), begetful | |
| sensitive | adj | feeling, keen, sharp | - | |
| sentence | n | wordset; byword, saw (etym. 2), wordstring, saying | quide (<ME, OE cwide) | |
| sentence | vb | doom | - | |
| sententious | adj | pithy | - | |
| sentience | n | awareness | awaredom (obsolete OED word) | |
| sentient life | n | wight, being, all flesh | - | |
| sentiment | n | feeling, thought | - | |
| separate | vb | sunder, split, break, cleave, fork | shed (<ME sheden: cf. NHG/Du. scheiden) | |
| separate | adj | sundry, freestanding, sunder, cleave, cloven | shedded | |
| separation | n | splitting, split | shedding, asunderhood, asunderness | |
| September | n | - | Holymonth (which was noted in OE), Sheddingmonth, Harvestmonth (<OE) | |
| Septuagesima | n | - | Berueingtide (<OE berwosungtid) | |
| sepulchre | n | moldstow (O.E.) | ||
| sequel | n | - | afterfollowing, forthsetting (<NHG Fortsetzung) | |
| sequence | n | aftermath, backwash, child, outcome, outgrowth, upshot; string; setup | gatherbinding | |
| sequential | adj | back-to-back, straight, through | fayed, gatherbinding | |
| sequoia | n | - | ettinfirwood (cf. Du. reuzenpijnboom) | |
| series | n | line, stream (entert.) saga |
- | |
| serious | adj | earnest, unfunny, heavy, weighty | - | |
| seriously | adv | earnestly, thoroughly, wholeheartedly, with heart & soul, willingly, agoodly, weightily | - | |
| serpent | n | snake, worm (<OE wyrm), adder | slang (cf. NHG Schlange, Du. slang, Da. slange) | |
| servant | n | help, helper; hireling, besteader
housekeeper, maid (fm.), dey (fm.), bondsman, loaf-eater, shalk, man, boy, may, thane, (<OE þegn), thrall, knight |
thew (obs.), theener, theen (<OE þēonest cf. NHG Diener), ambight (<OE ambiht) | |
| serve | vb | help, dish, hye, bestead, give |
theen (<OE þeġnian cf. NHG/Du. dienen), thew, ambight (<OE geambihtan; onþéowian) | |
| serve
a meal |
vb | help, give | mess (<ME messen)
"Could you mess out the bread and ale for our guests?" | |
| server | n | sender, broadcaster, outputter, mainframe | - | |
| serf | n | bondman, thrall | - | |
| service | n | besteading, help, choosing |
theen (<OE þēnest and akin to NHG Dienst), followth (<OE folgþ and ME)
| |
| servile | adj | bowing, scraping; thrallish | thewly (<OE þéowlic) | |
| servitude | n | threwdom (<OE þēowdōm) | ||
| session | n | sitting, stint | - | |
| settlement (foreign suffix) | n | hem, thorpe/thorp/dorp, wick, town, whistle-stop | settling, hemling, ham | |
| several | adj | sundry | - | |
| severe | adj | stern, hard, harsh, tough, thorough | - | |
| severely | adv | hardly, roughly, sternly, stiffly; | - | |
| sewer | n | drain, sieve | - | |
| sex | n | kind | folkhalf, hade | |
| sex act | n | kin-making, lovemaking, breeding | swiving, heamedlock (<OE hæmedlac) fleshly knowledge, bysleep (cf. NHG Beischlaf, DU bijslaap) | |
| sexual reproduction | n | breeding | swiveful matchyielding, swiveful matchbearing | |
| sexy | adj |
fetching, comely, hot, steamy, sultry, come-hither |
- | |
| shark | n | haye, dogfish | highcarl (cf. O.N. hákarl), dreadfish, sea dog | |
| shingles | n | tetter | - | |
| Shintoism/Shinto | n | Way of the Gods | Waygoddom, Shintodom (no direct translation) | |
| shoelace | n | shoestring | - | |
| shoe polish | n | blacking (earliest name for shoe polish) | ||
| shortage | n | dearth |
shortdom, shorthood, lack is Germanic but not Old English (seemingly) | |
| show mercy | vb | spare | orefast/arfast (<OE ārfæstan) | |
| shrapnel | n | - | blastfall, blastrain, blastbits | |
| shrine | n | weved (OED ‘altar’) | wighbed (<OE wigbed = altar) | |
| Sicillian | adj | Sicilish (<OE Sicilisċ) | ||
| siege | vb | beleaguer, (um)beset | - | |
| Sierra Leone | n | - | Lein (pr. lee-in) Ridgelands | |
| sign | n | token, shingle, mark | - | |
| sign | vb | blaze; onmark, underwrite
undertoken (calque of Ger. speech cf. NHG unterzeichnen, Du. ondertekenen) | ||
| signal | n | bale-fire, beacon | - | |
| signaling | v | bale-firing, beaconing | showing | |
| significant | adj | noteworthy, weighty | markworthy | |
| signify | v | show | besay (cf. NHG besagen) | |
| sign language | n | token speech (cf. NHG Zeichensprache), deaf talk (calque of Balinese: "kata kolok"), tokening-speech | ||
| silence | vb | hush, make still, soothe | bestill, beroo (cf. NHG beruhigen) | |
| silence | n | stillness | forsowing (<OE forsuwung), roo (Eng., ME ro <OE rō, cf. NHG Ruhe)
bestillness, word-break | |
| silicon | n | - | flintstuff | |
| simian | adj | apeness | ||
| similar | adj | alike, akin | akind, samekind | |
| simile | n | likeness | - | |
| simony | n | church-mongering | trade in ecclesiastia; (by a church-monger) | |
| simple | adj | onefold, untrimmed | - | |
| sinful | adj | sakeful (<OE sacfull and <ME sā̆kful) | ||
| single | adj | one ... only; alone, by oneself | ||
| singular | adj | (unique) one-of-a-kind, great | onfoldly (<OE anfealdlice) | |
| singularity | n | oneness | ||
| sir | n | Lord, m’lord | har (<ME harre<OE hearra, cf. NHG Herr) | |
| sire | n | lord | har | |
| Sirius | n | Dog Star, Brightest Star | - | |
| site | n | stead | point, location:
ord (Eng.) | |
| situate | vb | lay down, ground | - | |
| situation | n | lay? (cf. lay of the land) | - | |
| size | n | greatness, bigness, bulk | grete (<ME <OE grīetu, cf. NHG Größe) | |
| skateboard | n/vb | - | wheelboard (cf. Ic. hjólabretti) | |
| skeleton | n | frame | boneset, boneframework | |
| slander | n/vb | n: smear
vb: belittle, defile, smear, sully, tarnish; lie |
holen (<ME holen < OE hōlian | |
| slave | n | bondman, thrall | theen (OE) | |
| slavery | n | thralldom/thraldom | ||
| slum | n | needmore (slang); wretchstead | ||
| smuggler | n | - | owler | |
| snow globe/snowglobe | n | - | snowkuggle (cf. NHG Schneekugel) | |
| soccer | n | football | altheedish football (United States) | |
| social media | n | - | fellowly middle; friendly sarrow (“miracle, wonder; technology”) | |
| socialism | n | thralldom; churlishness | rikeownership; allownership; worldrike, oneworldreevedom; fellowdoom, fellowdom, rikedom, unfolk, endfolk; allbinding, manbinding; “manbinding by the thralls, bindrike of the churls, worldreevedom of the knaves” (< ‘dictatorship of the proletariat’), evensthew, evensteven (cf. Ic. jafnaðarstefna); thrallruleness | |
| socialist | n, adj | enthraller; churl | rikeowned; rikebinder, manbinder, fellowshiply, fellowdomer, fellowdoomish; folkender, folksfoe; worldthrall | |
| social/societal | adj | friendly, sharing | - | |
| society | n | fellowship, friendship, folk; kith and kin |
sithership (<OE gesíðscipe) | |
| socket | n | outlet
bone: cup |
- | |
| sodium | n | - | saltstuff | |
| solar | adj | sun-like, sunly | - | |
| solder | vb | weld, tin | lead | |
| sole (foot) | n | - | ile (<OE ile, cf. Ic. il), footfolm | |
| solid | adj | hard | fast (dated sense of firm), earthlike (with each state of matter representing one element) | |
| solitude | n | aloneness, allaloneness | - | |
| solstice | n | sunstead | sunwend (cf. Du. zonnewende, NHG Sonnenwende), sunstandstill (cf. Du. zonnestilstand) | |
| solve | vb | answer | loose, loosen, lease (calque of Ger. speech) | |
| sophisticate | v | - | forbuild (cf. NHG verbilden) | |
| soporific | adj | - | sleep-giving | |
| sorbet | n | foam ice (<Icelandic frauðís, Hoschaf(<NHG ), water ice(<Danish) | - | |
| sorcerer | n | wizard, wyle | drye (<OE drȳ) | |
| sorcery | n | witchcraft, dwimmer | dreecraft, dryecraft, wylecraft | |
| sorrel | n | - | sourleaf | |
| sound | n | reard, cling, ring, loudness, pitch, loudening | din, sough, yar/yer, loud, loude, lidden(<OE hlýd, OE hlýden, cf. NHG. Laut, Du. geluid, Dan. lyd, Swed. ljud, Icel. hljóð), lemm (<OE "hlem") | |
| sound | v | ring, clink, cling, louden
sound like: to be heard like |
to sound like: onhear, hear on (NHG. anhören) | |
| soup | n | broth, gruel | - | |
| source | n | birthplace, root, begetter, dawn, onset, start, spring, wellspring, ere-, quell | ordfrom (<OE ord, "point", + from) | |
| sous vide | adj | - | wetbaking | |
| sovereign | adj | - | self-standing (cf. Sw. självständig) | |
| space | n | room | astrology: roomth | |
| spaceship | n | starship | - | |
| spacious | adj | roomy, wide | ||
| spatial | adj | - | roomthy | |
| special | adj | - | besunder (cf. NHG besondere), sunderly (<OE sundorlic, cf. NHG sonderlich) | |
| specialty | n | - | besunderhood (cf. NHG Besonderheit), ownhood/ship (cf. NHG Eigenheit/schaft) | |
| species | n | - | lifekin, lifekind | |
| specific | adj | outright | bestemed, bestevened (cf. NHG bestimmt) (see steven) | |
| specifically | adv | only, one, inborn, clean-cut, sharp | ||
| sphenoid bone | n | - | wedgebone | |
| sphere | n | ball | kuggle* (cf. NHG Kugel) (*Kugel is of either Semitic or Germanic origin) | |
| sphincter | n | - | closethew/closemoussock (cf. Du. sluitspier, NHG Schließmuskel) | |
| sphinx | n | - | maidenlee (cf. Ic. meyljón), wilibilth (calque of Anc. Egyptian šzp-ꜥnḫ) | |
| spice | n | - | croud (cf. Du. kruid) | |
| spillage (foreign suffix) | n | - | spilling | |
| spine | n | backbone | backridge | |
| spirit | n | gast, gost, ghost, breath, soul, mind | ferth (<OE ferhþ) | |
| sponge | n | - | swamb (<OE swamm) | |
| sport | n | lark, lake (etym. 2) | - | |
| sporty/sportive | adj | gamely (<OE gamenlīc and <ME gāmelīch) | ||
| spy | n/vb | sleuth: very late borrowing into Old English (near to 1200AD) from The Orrmulum. | speer (<OE spyrian)
loosesheerwere (<OE lēassċēawere) | |
| squadron | n | - | sheltron, shieldtrum (<OE scieldtruma); swathe (cf. NHG Geschwader); stafle (cf. NHG Staffel) | |
| square | n | - | fourside (cf. Du. vierkant)
in a city: tey (<OE tēge) | |
| squirrel | n | aquern O.E. ācweorna, O.N. loan in O.E. scug; skug. | shadow-tail | |
| SSD ("Solid State Drive") | n | - | SSD ("Still-Standing Drive" / "Stand Still Drive") | |
| stabilize | v | steady, still | besteady, bestill | |
| stable | n | - horsern (O.E) horse & ern) | ||
| stable | adj | steady, still, steadfast | - | |
| stadium | n | - | spurd (<OE spyrd), Ger. Rennbahn | |
| standard | adj | stock, mean | - | |
| stapes | n | stirrup | earstirrup, stirrupbone | |
| state | vb | utter | - | |
| state | n | condition: shape, lay (cf. lay of the land) polity: moot, rike |
- | |
| statue | n | - | standbilth (cf. Ger. Standbild; Du. Standbeeld) | |
| status | n | rank | - | |
| statute | n | - | setness | |
| stay | vb | belive, blive, hold, keep | - | |
| stellar | adj | starly | - | |
| sternum | n | breastbone | - | |
| stew | n | scouse | - | |
| stingray | n | - | - | |
| stomach | n | maw | - | |
| stoppage (foreign suffix) | n | stop | - | |
| store | vb | keep, hoard | - | |
| store | n | shop | chepstow | |
| story | n | tale, yarn | telling, atelling, ortelling (cf. NHG Erzählung), lore | |
| strange | adj | outlandish, weird, unwonted, wild, odd, freakish, eerie, queer
uncouth |
fremd | |
| stranger | n | outlander | fremder, fremdling, cume (<OE "cuma") | |
| stratagem | n | forset | - | |
| strategy | n | plot | wyecraft | |
| stray | vb | wander | dwale (<ME dwalen) | |
| street | n | road, way; roadway | wainway, wagonway (to be brooked inborough to tell between the walking path (walkway) and the faring path) | |
| stress | n | burden, weight, load | thrutch (cf. NHG Druck), belasting (cf. NHG belastung, Du. belasting) | |
| strict | adj | hash, hard, stern, forbidding | - | |
| strive/strife | vb/n | fight | - | |
| structure | n | makeup, set, setting, frame; building, boards | upmake | |
| study | vb/n | learn, swot, either usage
(up on), thought; reading |
n: learn | |
| student | n | learner | learningchild (<OE leorningcild) | |
| studio | n | - | workstead
movies: filmingstead | |
| stupidity | n | dumbness | addleheadiness, ass-headiness, | |
| stupid | adj | addled, addled-brained, addled-headed, not-all-there, away in the head/mind, dumb | have a dry brain, dwease (<OE dwǣs) | |
| sturgeon | n | - | stoor (<ME stor, <OE styria) | |
| style | n | kind | - | |
| stylus | n | spear, pecker, picker, stick, shaft, writing tool, needle | leadstick | |
| sub- | pref | under-
(subsequent) after- |
- | |
| subdue | vb | beat down | - | |
| subdued | adj | beaten down | - | |
| subject | v | thread | underthrow (cf. Du. onderwerpen, NHG. unterwerfen) | |
| subject | n | - | underthrow (cf. D. onderwerp) | |
| subjunctive | adj/n | - | underlinked (claque of Latin) | |
| submarine | n/adj | adj: undersea | n: U-boat (short for undersea-boat), diveboat (cf. Du. duikboot) | |
| submission | n | willing | underwilling, underwill, underwillness, underwillhood | |
| submissive | adj | underwilling | - | |
| submit | vb | give in, ingive, hand in, send | - | |
| submitter | n | - | agiver (cf. NHG Ergeber), ingiver | |
| subordinate | adj | - | underoathed | |
| subscribe | vb | follow | underwrite (<OE underwritan) | |
| subscriber | n | follower | underwriter | |
| substance | n | stuff (but a G (Frankish) root modified through Old French); being | anwork (<OE andweorc) | |
| substitute | n | stand-in, fill-in, back-up | - | |
| substitute | vb | swap, fill in, stand in, go as | outtrade (cf. NHG. austauschen) replace: aset (cf. NHG ersetzen) | |
| subtitle | n | - | underqueath, undername, understerling | |
| subtle | adj | low-key | - | |
| suburb | n | - | underborough (<OE underburg), foreord (cf. NHG Vorort) | |
| subzero | adj | below-freezing | - | |
| succeed | vb | go after | spow (<OE spówan), awin (<OE āwinnan) | |
| success | n | - | winth, spowing, afollowing | |
| successful | adj | - | spowful, afollowfull | |
| successor | n | after-comer | ||
| succumb | vb | fall to | alie (alying; alay; alain) (cf. NHG erliegen), undernick (<OE underhnigan) | |
| sudden | adj | swift, rushing, rash | - | |
| suddenly | adv | swiftly, rushingly, rashly, forthwith, straightaway | - | |
| suffer | vb | ache, harm | thole (<OE þolian, þrowian), undergo (transitive), dree (<OE drēogan), quilm (<OE cwylmian) | |
| suffering | n | harm, ache, sorrow, woe, smarts | tholing, dreeing, quilming (<OE cwylming) | |
| suffice | vb | do, be enough, reach, work, meet (transitive) | outreach | |
| sufficiency | n | enoughness, fulth, fittingness | - | |
| sufficient | adj | enough, done, right, even, fair, fit, befitting, becoming | filling, outreaching | |
| suffix | n | - | word tail, endfastening, afterword | |
| sugar | n | - | sweethurst (hurst is old english for crystal), sweetstuff
molecule: sweetmote | |
| sugarcane | n | - | sweetreed (cf. Du. suikerriet) | |
| suggest | vb | imply: foreset, hint, infold offer: foreset, bid, put forth |
imply: ettle, bysay offer: forthput, rede | |
| suggestion | n | imply: foreset, hint, infold offer: foreset, bid |
imply: ettle, bysay offer: forthput, rede | |
| suicide | n | self-murder, self-killing, self-slaughter | ||
| sui generis | adj | one-of-a-kind | - | |
| suitable | adj | - | limply (<OE gelimplīc and <ME limplīche)
fadly (<OE fǣdlic) | |
| sulfur | n | brimstone | swevel | |
| sullen | n | dark-brooding, blackbrowed. | ||
| summit | n | hill head, hill top | ||
| sum (up) | vb | cast up, tally up | - | |
| summon | vb | - | beswear (cf. NHG beschören) | |
| sunflower | n | - | sunbloom, sunblossom (<NHG. Sonnenblume) | |
| sun's dwelling | n | - | The sky | |
| super | adj/pfx | adj: over, overly
pfx: over- |
- | |
| supercalifragilisticexpialidocious | adj | - | overfairnessbrokenliatoneliteachworthy | |
| supercillious | adj | overweening, overbearing, uppish, lofty, high and mighty, stuck-up | high-sighted | |
| supercontinent | n | overworlddeal | ||
| superhero | n | - | overheleth | |
| superhuman | adj | - | overman | |
| superior | adj | overly | - | |
| supermarket | n | - | overchepstow | |
| supernatural | adj | otherwordly, unearthly, ghostly | - | |
| supernova | n | - | overnew | |
| superposition | n | - | overstelling | |
| supersede | vb | take over | forthring (cf. NHG verdrängen) | |
| superstition | n | - | idle-belief | |
| supervillain | n | - | overnithing, overnither | |
| supervise | vb | oversee | - | |
| supervisor | n | overseer | - | |
| supplant | vb | take over | forthring (cf. NHG verdrängen) | |
| supplement | n | - | togive | |
| supply | n | yield, stock, spring | - | |
| supply | vb | yield, feed, fill, afford | - | |
| support | vb | shore (unknown origin, found in Germanic languages), back up, forward, foster, upbring, uphold, underprop, upstart, underset | bestaddle, understut (cf. NHG unterstützen), stut (< Scots) | |
| support | n | back up, upholding | shore (unknown origin, found in Germanic languages), fultum | |
| suppose | vb | ween, believe, guess, think, reckon | forethink | |
| suppress | vb | forthrutch (<OE forþryċċan) | ||
| sure | adj | wis, set | - | |
| surface | n | overlay, layer, overside | - | |
| surfeit | v | forset | - | |
| surge | n | streamwhelm | ||
| surgeon | n | sawbones | woundleech (cf. NHG Wundarzt) | |
| surname | n | last name | - | |
| surpass | vb | overtake | - | |
| surprise | vb | stun, astound, overcome, overtake | overrush (NHG überraschen) | |
| surrender | vb | yield, hand over, give up | overgive | |
| surround | vb | beset, forset, hem in, enring, inring | umbgive (cf. Du. omgeven; NHG umgeben), umbring (cf. Du. omringen; NHG umringen), umbstand (<OE ymbstandan) | |
| survive | vb | outlive, live on, after-live | overlive (<OE oferlibban), overstand (<OE oferstandan), alive (<OE alibban) | |
| survey | vb/n | umfrain or umbfrain (cf. NHG Umfrage) | ||
| susceptibility | n | openness, givenness, helplessness | - | |
| susceptible | adj | given, open; helpless | alout (<OE áloten) v. forthlout (<OE forþlútan); onfally (<NHG. anfällig) (see onfall) | |
| suspect | vb | mistrust, underlook | forthink (cf. Du./NHG. verdenken) | |
| suspend | vb | - | hang freely: uphang (cf. Du. ophangen, NHG aufhängen) | |
| suspicion | n | mistrustfulness, underlook | forthought (cf. Du. verdachting, NHG. verdacht) | |
| suspicious | adj | mistrustful, wary | forthoughtful/ forthoughty (cf. Du. verdacht) | |
| sustain | vb | underhold, uphold, stay | - | |
| suitable | adj | fit | - | |
| Swabia | n | Swabeland, Sweafland (<OE Swǣfaland) | ||
| Swabian | n | Swabish, Sweafish (<OE Swǣfisc) | ||
| swastika | n | fylfot, gleerune (as a religious symbol) | hookrood (cf. NHG Hakenkreuz) | |
| syllable | n | - | staveset, staffle/stavle (cf. SW stavelse), staffgrip(e)/stavegrip(e) (cf. Du. lettergreep) | |
| symmetry | n | - | foldmatch | |
| sympathy | n | - | sithfeeling (calque) | |
| synesthesia | n | - | linked feeling (calque) | |
| synonym | n | likeword, selfsame, sameness, kinword | otherword | |
| synonymous with | prep | the same as, akin to | - | |
| system | n | layout, makeup, setup | stellel (cf. Du. stelsel), outlay, upmake | |