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Revision as of 07:12, 21 April 2012
Icelandish (Icelandish: Íslenska) is a North Teutonish tung, it is the main tung of Iceland. Together with its nearest kin Faroeish, it is one of the two Ilandish Teutonish tungs.
Icelandic is an Indo-Europish tung belonging to the North Teutonish limb of the Teutonish tungs. It was the westernmost of the Indo-Europish tungs before the Europish settling of Americksland.
The greater share of Icelandish speakers live in Iceland. There are about 8,165 speakers of Icelandish living in Denmark, of whom roughly 3,000 are schoolers. The tung is also spoken by about 5,122 people in the Banded Folkdoms of Americksland and by 1,385 in Canada (mostly in the town of Gimli, Manitoba). The leedward-fed Árni Magnússon Body for Icelandishlore works as a nave for keeping olden Icelandish handwrits and learning the tung and its written works. Since 1995, on Bloodmonth 16 each year, the birthday of 19th hundredyear leethwriter Jónas Hallgrímsson is bemarked as Icelandish Tung Day.
Stare
The oldest kept writs in Icelandish were written around 1100 AD. Much of the writs are based on leethcraft and laws kept by word of mouth. The most bereemed of the writings, which were written from the 12th hundredyear onward, are the Icelandish Sagas, which are a gathering of the writings of yorer Snorri Sturluson and the Eddish Leeths. The Sagas are written in Old Icelandish, also called Old Nordish, which oncame to Iceland from the Nordish settlers from North Europe. The Danish oversee of Iceland from 1380 to 1918 had little outworking on the unfolding of Icelandish, for the tung was still spoken daily by Icelanders during this timespan. Icelandic has shifted little since the 13th hundredyear, whith shifts happening mainly in overall breathening. Nowa speakers can understand the first sagas and leeths (albeit with slight updating and footlogs), and while the skill is often oversaid, some speakers can indeed read the olden writings.
Wordstock
Early Icelandish wordstock was greatly brought from Old Norsish. The inleading of Christendom to Iceland in the 11th hundredyear, trade and knightship all brought on the need to bewrite new thinking, leading to borrowing from other Teutonish tungs and French. In the late 18th hundredyear, tung cleanliness began to get ground in Iceland, and since the early 19th hundredyear, it has seen wide support from the Icelandish leedward and folk. Tung cleanliness in Iceland has let Icelandish wordstock blive mainly Teutonish.
Tung cleanliness
During the 18th hundredyear, a scrithing was begun by writers and other learned folk to rid the tung of walsh words as much as maybesome and to make a new Icelandish wordstock and shape the mothertung to fit the unfolding of new thinkings, thus not borrowing new words as in many other tungs. Many words that were no longer used were given fresh meanings in the nowa tung, and new words were made from Old Norsish roots. Work is still being made in order to cleanse the tung further and to keep Icelandish up to date.
Writing framework
The Icelandish staffhoard is well-known for keeping two old staves which are no longer found in the Anglish or New English staffhoards: Þ, þ "thorn" and Ð, ð "eth", which in order, stand for the rearded and unrearded "th" galdors, like in Anglish "thin" and "this". The full Icelandish staffhoard is as follows:
| Upper staves | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | Á | B | D | Ð | E | É | F | G | H | I | Í | J | K | L | M | N | O | Ó | P | R | S | T | U | Ú | V | X | Y | Ý | Þ | Æ | Ö |
| Lower staves | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| a | á | b | d | ð | e | é | f | g | h | i | í | j | k | l | m | n | o | ó | p | r | s | t | u | ú | v | x | y | ý | þ | æ | ö |
In Icelandish, swayinglies with tittles (á, é, í, ó, ú, ýand ö) are freestanding staves, and not sunderings of the swayinglies they come from. The staff «é» was taken in by the tung in 1929 to instead «je», and the staff «z» was fordone in 1973.
Kinwords with Anglish
Icelandic and Anglish are both Teutonish tungs, so many kinwords can be found between them; each having akin meanings and the same root. The words that arise from the shared root have shifted spelling and sayingwise in each tung, but byspells are given below:
| Anglish word | Icelandic word |
|---|---|
| apple | epli |
| book | bók |
| root | rót |
| house | hús |
| mother | móðir |
| night | nótt |
| stone | steinn |
| that | það |
| word | orð |
| Kin of tungs | Tungs |
|---|---|
| Ind-Europish tungs | |
| Theedish tungs | North Theedish tungs: Faroish - Norish - Icelandish (High Icelandish) - Old Norse - Old Gutnish - South Jutish - Danish - Swedish - Gutnish (moot) - Elfdalish (moot) - Norn tung (dead) West Theedish tungs: Weser-Rhine Theedish tungs: Old Low Frankish - Netherlandish - Highsunlandish tung - Zeelandish - Flemish (moot) Elbe Theedish tungs: Old High Theech - Theech tung - Allmenish - Bairish - Wymysorys tung - Lombardish (dead) - Littleburgish - Yiddish - Ripuarish North Sea Theedish tungs: Saxish (Old Saxish - Middle Low Saxish - Low Saxish) | English (Old English - Middle English - Latterday English - Anglish (moot) - Lowland Scottish - Northumberish tung (moot) Cumberish tung (moot) - Yola) | Friesish (Old Friesish - Western Friesish - Northern Friesish - Saterland Friesish) East Theedish tungs (dead): Gottish tung - Wendish tung - Burgundish tung |
| Celtish tungs | Mainland Celtish tungs (dead): Galatish - Gaulish - Celtiberish - Gallaicish - Lepontish - East Celtish tung Gelish tungs: Irish - Scottish Gelish - Manx tung Brythonish tungs: Cornish - Welsh - Breton tung Other: Shelta |
| Balt-Windish tungs | Windish tungs: East Windish tungs: Russish - Ukrainish - White Russish -Russinish West Windish tungs: Slesish - Polish - Bohemish (a.k.a. Checkish) - Slovakish - Kashubish - West Pomeranish (dead) - Polabish/Onelbish (dead) - Upper Sorbish - Lower Sorbish South Windish tungs: Serb-Croatish (Serbish - Blackbarrowish - Bosnish - Croatish) - Bulgarish - Macedonish - Slovenish Baltish tungs: Eastern Baltish tungs: Lettish - Latgalish (moot) - Lithuish - Samogitish (moot) - Selonish (dead) - Zemgalish (dead) - Courlandish (dead) Western Baltish tungs (dead): Old Prussish - Sudovish - Western Galindish - Skalvish? Eastern Galindish (dead) |
| Italish tungs | Sabellish tungs (dead): Umbrish - Osckish - Volscish - Sabinish? - South Picenish - Marsish - Fore-Samnitish
|
| Hellenish tungs | Greekish - Tsakonish - Yevanish |
| Ind-Iranish tungs | Ind-Aryish: (Hindlandish offshoots: Hindish - Urdu tung) - Punjabish - Sindhish - Mean Rajasthanish - Gujaratish - Romani tungs - Kashmirish - Nepalish - Chhattisgarhish - Bhojpurish - Maithili tung - Odia tung - Bengalish - Assamish - Marathi tung - Singhalish - Maldivish
|
| Anatolish tungs | Hettitish - Palaish Luvish - Lykish - Milyish - Carish - Sidetish - Pisidish - Lydish |
| Other Ind-Europish | Albanish - Armenish - Thracish (dead) - Dacish (dead) - Lusitanish (dead) - Illyrish (dead) - Messapish (dead) - Frygish (dead) - Paionish (dead) - Mysish (dead) - Liburnish (dead) - Cimmerish (dead) - Sicelish? (dead) |
| Afrosunriselandish tungs | |
| Semitish tungs | Amharish - Arabish - Aramaish - Hebrew - Assyrish |
| Uralish tungs | |
| Balt-Fennish | Estish - Finnish - Sami tungs - Livonish (deathbound) - Karelish - Vepsish - Ludish (moot) - Votish (deathbound) - Izhorish (deathbound) |
| Ugrish? | Ungarish - Chantish - Mansish |
| Turkish tungs | |
| Oghuz | Mickleyard Turkish - Azerish - Turkmen tung |
| Karluk | Uzbek tung - Uyghur tung |
| Khalaj | Khalaj tung |
| Oghur | Chuvash tung - Hunnish tung? (dead) - Avar tung? (dead) |
| Siberish | Sakha tung - Tuvish tung - Khakas tung - Chulym tung |
| Kipchak | Kazakh tung - Kyrgyz tung - Tatar tung - Krimlandish Tatar tung |
| Japonish tungs | |
| Japanish tung - Ryukyu tungs (moot) | |
| Mongolish tungs | |
| Khalkha tung - Buryat tung | |
| Southialandish tungs | |
| Philippine | Philipslandish - Yami tung - Ivatan tung |
| Malayish | Malay tung - Indonesish tung - Mualang tung |
| Polynesish | Tongish - Samoish - Marquesish - Firelandish - Tahitish - Maorish |
| Sinitish-Tibetish tungs | |
| Sinitish | Chinesish |
| Tibetish-Burmish | Burmish - Tibetish - Dzongkha tung |
| Niger-Congo tungs | |
| Swahilish - Yorubish tung - Zulu tung | |
| Koreish tungs | |
| Koreish - Jeju tung | |
| Southasiatish tungs | |
| Vietnamish | |
| Forbinded tungs | Papiamento tung |
| Lone tungs | |
| Baskish - Ainu tung | |
| Other | |
| Cherokee tung - Canaman Folktung - Esperantish tung (crafted) - Etruscish tung (dead) - Folkspraak tung (crafted) - Greenlandish tung - Toki Pona Tung (crafted) - Volapuk (crafted) | |