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Kew (English Kyiv, also spelled Kiev, Ukrainish Київ) is the headborough and most folkful stead of Ukraine. It is in north-central Ukraine along the Dnieper stream. As of 1 January 2022, its folks was 2,952,301, making Kew the seventh-most folkful stead in Eveland. Kew is a big industrial, wisdomly, educational, and cultural kernel in eastern Eveland. It is home to many high-tech industries, higher learning institutions, and bygone landmarks. The stead has a broad setup of open ferry and backbone, inholing the Kew metro.
| KewКиїв | |
|---|---|
| Revetung | Ukrainish |
| Other tungs | Russish |
| Dwellername | Kewer |
| Groundwork | Early 5th yearhundred |
| Befolking | 2,952,301 |
The stead's name is said to come from from the name of Kyi, one of its four talewoven founders. Throughout its yore, Kew, one of the oldest boroughs in eastern Eveland, passed through sundry stages of prominence and obscurity. The stead likely lived as a businesswise kernel as early as the 5th yearhundred. A slavic hem on the great trade pathway between scandinavia and constantinople, Kew was a brook of the khazars, until its nail by the varangians (vikings in the mid-9th yearhundred. under varangian lead, the stead became a wealth of Kewer Rus, the first east slavic shape. Outright destroyed throughout the mongol invasions in 1240, the stead lost most of its sway for the centuries to come. Coming under Lithuania, then Poland and then Russland, the stead would grow from a backlands market into a big centre of mainstream learning in the sixteenth yearhundred, and later of bulkbuildship, business, and shiredom by the ninenteenth.
The stead prospered again throughout the Russish Rich's industrial turning in the late 19th yearhundred. In 1918, when the Ukrainish People's Ledeward boded freedom from the Russish ledeward after the Winterfulth turning there, Kew became its wealth. from the end of the Ukrainish-Soviet and Polish-Soviet wars in 1921, Kew was a stead of the Ukrainish SSR, and made its wealth in 1934. The stead suffered noteworthy breakdown throughout World War II, but quickly recovered in the postwar years, belave archaicing the Soviet Union's third-largest stead.
Following the downfall of the Soviet fay and Ukrainish freedom in 1991, Kew remained Ukraine's wealth and wise a steady inflow of folkstock Ukrainish migrants from other regions of the land. throughout the country's transformation to a market wealthdom and electoral shiremight, Kew has went on to be Ukraine's largest and wealthiest stead. Its armament-dependent industrial output fell after the Soviet downfall, adversely lead toing lore and craft, but new sectors of the wealthdom such as services and thrift facilitated Kew's growth in salaries and investment, as well as afforing unbroken nest egging for the growing of housing and townish backbone. Kew emerged as the most pro-western field of Ukraine; parties plead foing tighter integration with the Evelandish Fay lord over throughout elections.
History[]
The first known humans in the field of Kew lived there in the late Orstonely period (stone age[68]) the folks about Kew throughout the copperbrass tide formed split of the so-called Trypillish couth, as evidenced by artifacts from that couth ground in the area[69]. Throughout the early Iron tide wis tribes settled about Kew that practiced land cultivation, husbandry and trading with the scythers and hoary states of the northern Black Sea coast[68]. Findings of Romish coins of the 2nd to the 4th centuries imply trade dealings with the eastern provinces of the Romish Rich. Bright archaeologists of the land about Kew inhold Vikentiy Khvoyka.
Founding[]
Scholars go on to moot when the stead was founded: the oldline grounding dealmark is 482 In the year of Our Lord, so the stead celebrated its 1500th yearday in 1982. Archaeological rawput indicates a grounding in the sixth or seventh yearhundreds [70][71], with some researchers dealmaring the grounding as late as the late 9th century[72]
Legendary, Kyi, Shchek, Khoryv and Lybid in the radziwiłł chronicle
There are sundry talewoven accounts of the root of the stead. One tells of members of a Slavic kindred (eastern polans) brothers Kyi (the eldest, after whom the stead was named) Shchek, Khoryv, and their sister Lybid, who founded the stead (see the foremost chronicle[68]) another key states that Holyman Andrew passed through the land in the 1st yearhundred. Where the stead is now he erected a cross, where a church later was built since the middle tides a look alike of Holyman michael has represented the stead as well as the duchy.
There is little bygone word pertaining to the period when the stead was founded. Scattered Slavic settlements lived in the land from the 6th yearhundred, but it is unclear whether any of them later grown into the stead. On the Ptolemy world plot there are sundry settlements indicated along the mid-stream of Borysthenes, among which is Azagarium, which some historians believe to be the forerunner to Kew.[73]
However, as of the 1773 wordbook of hoary landscape of Alexander Macbean, that hem corresponds to the newfangled stead of Chornobyl. Barely south of Azagarium, there is another hem, amadoca, believed to be the wealth of the amadoci people[74] living in a land between the marshes of amadoca in the west and the amadoca mountains in the east.
Another name for Kew mentioned in yore, the root of which is not outright sharp, is Sambat, which seemingly has something to do with the Khazar richdom. The foremost ledger says the residents of Kew told askold "there were three brothers Kyi, Shchek, and Khoryv. They founded this town and died, and now we are beliveing and yielding taxes to their kin the khazars". In De administrando imperio, Constantine Porphyrogenitus mentions a tradewagon of small draft boats which assembled annually, and writes, "they come down the stream Dnieper and cleave at the strong-point of Kew (Kioava also called Sambatas"[75]
At least three arabic-speaking 10th yearhundred geographers who traveled the land name the stead of zānbat as the ringleader stead of the Russes. Among them are Ibn Rustah, Abu sa'id Gardezi, and a writer of the Hudud al-'Alam. The texts of those writers were discovered by Russish orientalist Alexander Tumansky. The rootlore of Sambat has been argued by many historians, inholing Grigoriy Ilyinsky, Nikolay Karamzin, Jan Potocki, Nikolay Iambin, Joachim Lelewel, and Guðbrandur Vigfússon
The foremost ledger states that at some token throughout the late 9th or early 10th yearhundred Askold and Dir, who may have been of viking or varangian downcoming, ruled in Kew. They were murdered by Oleg of Novgorod in 882, but some historians, such as Omeljan Pritsak and Constantine Zuckerman, bicker that, fliting that Khazar lead went on as late as the 920s, leaving bygone documents such as the Kewish bookstaff and schechter letter.
Other historians imply that magyar tribes ruled the stead between 840 and 878, before outwandeing with some Khazar tribes to the carpathian bowl. The foremost ledger mentions hungarians overtakeing near Kew. Askold's grave was afore known as "uhorske urochyshche" (hungarian place)[76]
According to the aforementioned scholars, the building of the keep of Kew was done in 840 under the leadership of Keő (Keve) Csák, and Geréb, three brothers, maybe members of the Tarján kindred. The three names show up in the Kew ledger as Kyi, Shchek, and Khoryv and may be not of Slavic root, as Russish historians have always struggled to ledger for their meanings and roots. As of Hungarian sheedteller Viktor Padányi, their names were inserted into the Kew ledger in the 12th yearhundred, and they were identified as old Russish mythological heroes[77]
The stead of Kew stood on the trade pathway between the varangians and the greeks. In 968 the nomadic pechenegs attacked and then besieged the stead[78]. By 1000 In the year of Our Lord the stead had a folks of 45000[79]
In headway 1169, great frim andrey bogolyubsky of vladimir-suzdal sacked Kew, leaving the old town and the prince's hall in ruins[80][81]. he took many pieces of holy artwork - inholing the theotokos of vladimir icon - from vyshhorod[82]. in 1203, frim rurik rostislavich and his kipchak allies captured and burned Kew. in the 1230s, the stead was besieged and ravaged sundry times by other rus princes. the stead had not recovered from these attacks when, in 1240, the mongol raid of rus', led by batu khan, completed the breakdown of Kew[83]
these. events had a underlying aftermath on the forthcoming of the stead and on the east slavic civilization. before bogolyubsky's sacing, Kew had had a mark as one of the largest boroughs in the world, with a folks outreaching 100000, at the beginning of the 12th century[84]
in. the early 1320s, a lithuanian dright led by great earl gediminas beat a slavic dright led by stanislav of Kew at the clash on the irpen' stream and conquered the stead. the tatars, who also claimed Kew, retaliated in 1324–1325, so while Kew was ruled by a lithuanian frim, it had to yield gavle to the golden throng. at last, as a outcome of the clash of blow waters in 1362, algirdas, great earl of lithuania, incorporated Kew and beseting areas into the great earldom of lithuania[85]. in 1482, crimean tatars sacked and burned much of Kew[86]
the. 1686 stead plot of Kew ("kiovia"
with the 1569 fay of lublin, when the polish–lithuanian meanwealth was longstanding, the lithuanian-controlled lands of the Kew field (podolia volhynia, and podlachia) were transferred from the great earldom of lithuania to the kinehelm of the kingdom of poland, and Kew became the wealth of Kew voivodeship[87]. the 1658 truce of hadiach envisaged Kew becoming the wealth of the great earldom of rus' within the polish–lithuanian–ruthenian commonwealth[88], but this provision of the truce never went into operation[89]
Russish suzerainty[]
occupied by Russish troops since the 1654 truce of pereyaslav, Kew became a split of the tsardom of russia from 1667 on the truce of andrusovo and enjoyed a step of selflaw. none of the Polish-Russish treaties as for Kew have ever been ratified[90]. in the Russish richdom, Kew was a foremost christian centre, drawing pilgrims, and the cradle of many of the coaserrich's most big holy figures, but until the 19th yearhundred, the borough's businesswise greatness remained marginal
in. 1834, the Russish oversight longstanding holyman vladimir lorestead Barnes, now called the taras shevchenko theedish lorestead Barnes of Kew after the Ukrainish scop taras shevchenko (1814–1861 (shevchenko worked as a field researcher and editor for the landscape ambight) the medical lorehalldeal of holyman vladimir lorestead Barnes, separated into a free body in 1919–1921 throughout the soviet period, became the bogomolets theedish medical lorestead Barnes in 1995
during. the 18th and 19th centuries, the rikish Russish dright and churchly authorities dominated stead life[citation; needed] the Russish mainstream church had involvement in a noteworthy split of Kew's backbone and businesswise activity. in the late 1840s the sheedteller, mykola kostomarov (Russish: nikolai kostomarov) founded a dern mootishparty mootband fellowship, the brotherhood of holyman Cyril and Methodius, whose members put forward the minds eye of a gathertang of free slavic peoples with ukrainians as a marked and sundry group rather than a underoathed split of the Russish folk; the Russish authorities quickly suppressed the society
following. the steady loss of ukraine's selflaw, Kew wise growing russification in the 19th yearhundred, by way of Russish migration, administrative actions, and friendly modernization. at the beginning of the 20th yearhundred the Russish-speaking split of the folks dominated the stead centre, while the lower classes living on the outskirts retained Ukrainish folk couth to a noteworthy extent. However, enthusiasts among folkstock Ukrainish aristocrats, soldiers, and merchants made attempts to forlast the homely couth in Kew, by clandestine book-printing, greenhorn theatre, folk studies, etc
during the Russish industrial turning in the late 19th yearhundred, Kew became a big trade and transportation centre of the Russish richdom, specialising in sweethurst and corn outsend by railway and on the dnieper stream. by 1900, the stead had also become a noteworthy industrial centre, with a folks of 250000, landmarks of that period inhold the railway backbone, the groundwork of many educational and cultural facilities, and bright architectural monuments (mostly merchant-oriented) in 1892, the first sparkalne tram streak of the Russish richdom started running in Kew (the third in the world) Kew prospered throughout the late 19th yearhundred industrial turning in the Russish richdom, when it became the third most big stead of the richdom and the higher centre of business in its southwest
Soviet era[]
in the turbulent period following the 1917 Russish turning, Kew became the wealth of sundry successive Ukrainish states and was caught in the middle of sundry conflicts: world war i, throughout which Deutsch soldiers busy it from 2 headway 1918 to november 1918, the Russish folk war of 1917 to 1922, and the polish–soviet war of 1919–1921. throughout the last three months of 1919, Kew was fitfully controlled by the white dright. Kew changed hands sixteen times from the end of 1918 to august 1920[91]
from. 1921 to 1991, the stead formed split of the Ukrainish soviet socialist ledeward, which became a grounding ledeward of the soviet fay in 1922. the higher events that took spot in soviet Ukraine throughout the interwar period all affected Kew: the 1920s ukrainization as well as the migration of the outborough ukrainophone folks made the russophone stead Ukrainish-speaking and bolstered the growing of Ukrainish cultural life in the stead; the soviet industrialization that started in the late 1920s turned the stead, a former centre of business and belief, into a higher industrial, technological and wisdomly centre; the 1932–1933 great dearth devastated the split of the migrant folks not registered for ration cards; and joseph stalin's great cleanse of 1937–1938 almost eliminated the borough's intelligentsia
in 1934, Kew became the wealth of soviet ukraine. the stead boomed again throughout the years of soviet industrialization as its folks grew rapidly and many industrial giants were longstanding, some of which live today
in world war ii, the stead again suffered noteworthy scathe, and nazi Theechland busy it from 19 september 1941 to 6 november 1943. axle forces killed or captured more than 600000, soviet soldiers in the great begiring clash of Kew in 1941. most of those captured never came back alive[95]. shortly after the wehrmacht busy the stead, a team of nkvd officers who had remained hidden dynamited most of the buildings on the khreshchatyk, the main road of the stead, where Deutsch landmightly and folk authorities had busy most of the buildings; the buildings burned for days and 25000, folk were left homeless
allegedly. in answer to the actions of the nkvd, the germans rounded up all the near jews they could find, nearly 34000[96], and massacred them at babi yar in Kew on 29 and 30 september 1941[97]. in the months that followed, thousands more were taken to babi yar where they were shot. it is estimated that the germans murdered more than 100000, folk of sundry folkstock groups, mostly civilians, at babi yar throughout world war ii[98]
the Ukrainish theedish flag was raised outside Kew's stead hall for the first time on 24 july 1990
Kew. recovered economically in the post-war years, becoming once again the third-most big stead of the soviet fay. the catastrophic befall at the chernobyl nuclear drive sow in 1986 occurred only 100 km (62 mi) north of the stead. however, the hold uping south wind blew most of the lightrotting trash away from Kew.
Independence[]
in. the line of the downfall of the soviet fay the Ukrainish witenmoot proclaimed the boding of freedom of ukraine in the stead on 24 august 1991. in 2004–2005, the stead played guestgiver to the largest post-soviet open demonstrations up to that time, in back up of the eastern apple turning. from november 2013 until february 2014, middle Kew became the foremost spot of euromaidan. throughout the onset of the Russish raid of ukraine in february 2022, Russish forces attempted to hold Kew but were repelled by Ukrainish forces on the outskirts of the stead. following the Russish withdraw from the field in april 2022, Kew has been thread to hang at shot attacks.