This is the nearish spread of Old Northmannish and kindred tungs in the early 10th hundredyear. The red ground is the spread of the speech Old West Northmannish; the orange ground is the spread of the speech Old East Northmannish. The pink ground is Old Gutnish and the green ground is the spread of the other Theedish tungs with which Old Northmannish still kept some evenway understanding.
Old Norse or Old Northmannish (Old West Northmannish: Norrœnt mál. Old East Northmannish: Dǫnsk tunga) was a Northern Theedish tung spoken in Sheddeny from 800 until about 1300. As a Theedish speech, it is akin to English, Theech, and Netherlandish; however, being a North Theedish tung, it is nearer to the nowen tungs of Sheddeny. Withal, it is also slightly akin to other Ind-Europish tungs, such as Romish, Greekish, Sanskrit, the Welsh and Winnetish tungs, and other stems of Ind-Europish. It sprang straight from Ornorthmannish and soon split into the bytungs of Old West Norse, Old East Norse, and Gutnish. Old West Norse begat the nowen tungs Nornish, Icelandish, and Faroish, whilst Old East Norse begat the nowen tungs Danish, Swedish, and Elfdalish. Of these, Icelandish is the speech that has shifted the least, keeping all of Old Northmannish's stavecraft.
Speechsteadlore[]
Framework board of speechsteads:
| Lip | Teeth | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Lip-velar | Throat | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stop | p b | t d | k g | ||||
| Nose | m | n | (ŋ) | ||||
| Fricative | f v | θ (ð) | s | (ɣ) | h | ||
| Trill | r | ||||||
| Approximant | j | w | |||||
| Tongueside Approximant | l |
Stavecraft[]
Old Northmannish is a tung of many word endings.
Namewords and Honewords[]
Namewords and honewords take endings for abying, kin, and atell, and whether they are strong or weak. Here is the stavecraft of a manly nameword, armr, "arm."
| Abying | One | Many |
|---|---|---|
| nemmeningly | armr | armar |
| streeningly | arms | arma |
| foryeavingly | armi | ǫrmum |
| wrayingly | arm | arma |
Old Northmannish can bind the words "a/an" and "the" to the end of words as well. As a forebisen, úlfr ("a wolf") and úlfrinn" ("the wolf")
Wording Forebisen[]
Þórr heitir áss, ok er sterkr mjök ok oft reiðr. Hann á hamar góðan. Þórr ferr oft til Jötunheima ok vegr þar marga jötna með hamrinum. Þórr á ok vagn er flýgr. Hann ekr vagninum um himininn. Þar er Þórr ekr, er stormr.
Anglish Awending:
A god hight Thor, that is much strong and oft wrathful. He has a good hammer. Thor fares oft to Ettinhome and slays there many ettins with the hammer. Thor also owns a wain that flies. He drives the wain about the sky. Where Thor goes, there are storms.
Deedwords[]
Wordsetting[]
Wordhoard[]
Old Northmannish loan words in English/Anglish[]
The living together of the English and Northmen in the Danelaw beget many Old Northmannish loan words in the English word-hoard . The share of loan words in steadly bytungs in Scotland and northern England is even higher than in mean English. Below is a list of some Old Northmannish loan words in English and Scots.
| English | Scots | Old Northmannish | orspringly meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| aloft | alaft | á lopt | on loft |
| anger | anger | angr | swench |
| awe | awe | agi | qualmthrea |
| are | are | er, erum, eruð, eru | to be (2. sg and pl) |
| auk | auk | auk | far-northern seabird |
| awkward | ackwart | ǫfugr | turned-backward |
Old Northmannish Speechcraft[]
Old Northmannish is well-known for its leethsongs. It is the tung of the Icelandish sagas, the greatest spring of knowledge about the Northmannish gods, folklore, and eretide.
| Kin of tungs | Tungs |
|---|---|
| Ind-Europish tungs | |
| Theedish tungs | North Theedish tungs: Faroish - Nornish - Icelandish (High Icelandish) - Old Norse - Old Gutnish - South Yottish - Danish - Swedish - Gutnish (moot) - Elfdalish (moot) - Norn (dead) West Theedish tungs: Weser-Rhine Theedish tungs: Old Low Frankish - Netherlandish - Highsunlandish tung - Zeelandish - Flemish (moot) Elbe Theedish tungs: Old High Theech - Theech tung - Almennish - Bairish - Wymysorys tung - Langberdish (dead) - Littleburgish - Yiddish - Ripuarish North Sea Theedish tungs: Saxish (Old Saxish - Middle Low Saxish - Low Saxish) | English (Old English - Middle English - Latterday English - Anglish (moot) - Lowland Scottish - Northumbrish (moot) Cumbrish (moot) - Yola) | Frish (Old Frish - Western Frish - Northern Frish - Saterland Frish) East Theedish tungs (dead): Gottish - Wendlish - Burgundish |
| Celtish tungs | Mainland Celtish tungs (dead): Galatish - Gallish - Celtiberish - Gallaickish - Lepontish - East Celtish tung Gaelish tungs: Irish - Scottish Gaelish - Manx tung Britwelsh tungs: Cornish - Welsh - Little Brittish Other: Shelta |
| Balt-Windish tungs | Windish tungs: East Windish tungs: Russish - Ukrainish - White Russish - Russinish West Windish tungs: Slesish - Polish - Beheemish (a.k.a. Checkish) - Slovakish - Kashubish - West Pomeranish (dead) - Polabish (dead) - Upper Sorbish - Lower Sorbish South Windish tungs: Serb-Croatish (Serbish - Blackbarrowish - Bosnish - Croatish) - Bulgarish - Macedonish - Slovenish Baltish tungs: Eastern Baltish tungs: Lettish - Latgalish (moot) - Lithuish - Samogitish (moot) - Selonish (dead) - Zemgalish (dead) - Courlandish (dead) Western Baltish tungs (dead): Old Prussish - Sudovish - Western Galindish - Skalvish? Eastern Galindish (dead) |
| Italish tungs | Sabellish tungs (dead): Umbrish - Oskish - Volskish - Sabinish? - South Picenish - Marsish - Fore-Samnitish
|
| Hellenish tungs | Greekish - Tsakonish - Yevanish |
| Ind-Iranish tungs | Ind-Aryish: (Hindlandish offshoots: Hindish - Urdu tung) - Punjabish - Sindhish - Mean Rajasthanish - Gujaratish - Romani tungs - Kashmirish - Nepalish - Chhattisgarhish - Bhojpurish - Maithili tung - Odia tung - Bengalish - Assamish - Marathi tung - Singhalish - Maldivish
|
| Anatolish tungs | Hettitish - Palaish - Luvish - Lykish - Milyish - Carish - Sidetish - Pisidish - Lydish |
| Other Ind-Europish | Albanish - Armenish - Thracish (dead) - Dacish (dead) - Lusitanish (dead) - Illyrish (dead) - Messapish (dead) - Frygish (dead) - Paionish (dead) - Mysish (dead) - Liburnish (dead) - Cimmerish (dead) - Old Sickelish? (dead) |
| Affer-Aseyish tungs | |
| Semitish tungs | Amharish - Arabish - Aramaish - Ebrish - Assyrish |
| Uralish tungs | |
| Balt-Fennish | Estish - Finnish - Sami tungs - Livonish (deathbound) - Karelish - Vepsish - Ludish (moot) - Votish (deathbound) - Izhorish (deathbound) |
| Ugrish? | Ungrish - Chantish - Mansish |
| Turkish tungs | |
| Oghuz | Estemple Turkish - Azerish - Turkmen tung |
| Karluk | Uzbek tung - Uyghur tung |
| Khalaj | Khalaj tung |
| Oghur | Chuvash tung - Hunnish tung? (dead) - Avar tung? (dead) |
| Siberish | Sakha tung - Tuvish - Khakas tung - Chulym tung |
| Kipchak | Kazakh tung - Kyrgyz tung - Tatar tung - Krimlandish Tatar tung |
| Japonish tungs | |
| Japanish - Ryukyu tungs (moot) | |
| Mongolish tungs | |
| Khalkha tung - Buryat tung | |
| Southislandish tungs | |
| Philippine | Philipslandish - Yami tung - Ivatan tung |
| Malayish | Malay tung - Indonesish tung - Mualang tung |
| Polynesish | Tongish - Samoish - Marquesish - Firelandish - Tahitish - Maorish |
| Sinitish-Tibetish tungs | |
| Sinitish | Mandarin Chinish |
| Tibetish-Burmish | Burmish - Tibetish - Dzongkha tung |
| Tupish tungs | |
| Amazonish Tupi tung | |
| Niger-Congo tungs | |
| Swahilish - Yorubish tung - Zulu tung | |
| Koreish tungs | |
| Koreish - Jeju tung | |
| Southaseyish tungs | |
| Vietnamish | |
| Forbinded tungs | Papiamento tung |
| Lone tungs | |
| Baskish - Ainu tung | |
| Other | |
| Cherokee tung - Canaman Folktung - Esperantish (crafted) - Etruskish (dead) - Folkspraak tung (crafted) - Glosa (crafted) - Greenlandish - Toki Pona (crafted) - Volapuk (crafted) | |