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WIKITONGUES-_Ricardo_speaking_Sardinian

WIKITONGUES- Ricardo speaking Sardinian

Not-inborn speaker of the Nuorish bytung of Siniscola.

Sardinish or Sardish (sardu/sadru [ˈsaɾdu/ˈsadru], limba sarda [ˈlimba ˈzaɾda] or lìngua sarda [ˈliŋɡu.a ˈzaɾda]) is a Romanish tung spoken by the Sardins on most of the iland of Sardiny. Many Romanish speechlorers reckon it the nearest afterbear to Leeden. However, it also melds a Fore-Leeden (mostly Ere-Sardinish and some Pounickish) underlayer, as well as a Byzantish Greekish, Catalandish, Spanish and Italish overlayer owing to the mootish yore of the iland, which became a Byzantish aught followed by a meaningful tide of self-law, fell into the Iberish bereach of sway in the late Mid Eld, and in the end into the Italish one in the 18th yearhundred.

In 1997, Sardinish was acknowledged by a landly law, along with other tungs spoken on the iland; in 1999, Sardinish was also bestowed acknowledging by the theedish Law no. 482/1999 with other eleven minoranze linguistiche storiche ("ashiftly speechly lesserhoods"), among which Sardinish stands out as the biggest rimewise, even if simble dwindling.

However, the life of the Sardinish-speaking fellowship is threatened, and UNESCO brands the tung as "markedly threatened", although a reckoned 68.4 hundredths of the ilanders bewrote to have a good mouthly wield of Sardinish in 2007. While the level of speech fitness is indeed kinshipwisely high among the older strind beyond retirement eld, it has been guessed to have dropped to less than 13 hundredths among children, with Sardinish being kept as a heritage tung.

Overlook[]

Sardinish is seen as the most onholdly Romanish tung, and its underlayer (Ere-Sardinish or Nuragish) has also been dug into. A 1949 study by the Italish-Americkish speechlorers Mario Pei, analyzing the flak of unlikeness from a tung's alder (Leeden, in the fall of Romanish tungs) by likening reardwork, forbowing, wordsetting, wordhoard, and intonation, bespoke the following hundmeals (the higher the hundmeal, the greater the distance from Leeden): Sardinish 8%, Italish 12%, Spanish 20%, Romeenish 23.5%, Occitanish 25%, Portingalish 31%, and French 44%. For byspel, Leeden "Pone mihi tres panes in bertula" (put three loaves of bread [from home] in the bag for me) would be the very alike "Ponemi tres panes in bertula" in Sardinish.

1024px-Romance-lg-classification-en

Chart of Romanish tungs based on building and comparative hallmarks (not on socio-functional ones). Koryakov (2001) ascribes Sardinish to the separated Iland Romanish branch of the Romanish tungs, along with old Corsish (latterday Corsish is in truth a deal of the broad Italish-Romanish speechkin within Italish-Dalmatish).[1]

Stacked up to the mainland Italish undertungs, Sardinish is all but incomprehensible for Italish folk, and is indeed seen as a distinct speechly group among the Romanish tungs.

Yore[]

Sardiny's kinshipwise isolation from mainland Europe encouraged the development of a Romanish tung that akeeps traces of its inlandish, fore-Roomanish tung(s). The tung is posited to have underlayerly infloods from Ere-Sardinish, which some loremen have tied to Baskish and Etruskish. Bylayerly infloods inhold Catalandish, Spanish, and Italish. The lay of the Sardinish tung with regard to the mootishly dominant ones did not shift until bundlerikedom and, most aberely, the 1950s.

Mores of latterday Sardinish[]

Forenuragish and Nuragish eld
Bronzo Nuragico

Hunter, Nuragish copperbrass standbilth

The mores of foreold Sardinish, also known as Ere-Sardinish, are as of yet unknown. Speering has sought to unearth murky, inlandish, fore-Roomanish mores. The more s(a)rd, indicating many stownames as well as the iland's folk, is reportedly either associated with or stemming from the Sherden, one of the Sea Folks. Other springs trace instead the more s(a)rd from Σαρδώ, a talewoven woman from the Anatolish Kingdom of Lydia, or from the Libyish mistlore hoad of the Sardus Pater Babai ("Sardinish Father" or "Father of the Sardins").

In 1984, Massimo Pittau claimed to have found the morelore of many Leeden words in the Etruskish tung, after likening it with the Nuragish tung(s). Etruskish elements, whilom thought to have first arisen in Leeden, would show a tie between the foreold Sardinish kithship and the Etruskers. Following Pittau, the Etruskish and Nuragish tung(s) are born from Lydish (and therefore Ind-Europish) as an outcome of contact with Etruskers and other Tyrrhenish folk from Sardis as told by Herodotus. Although Pittau puts forth that the Tirrenii landed in Sardiny and the Etruskers landed in latterday Tuscany, his views are not shared by most Etruskerlorers.

Following Bertoldi and Terracini, Ere-Sardinish has samenesses with the Iberish tungs and Siculish; for byspel, the word tail -ara in proparoxytones showed the morefold. Terracini put forth the same for word tails in -/àna/, -/ànna/, -/énna/, -/ònna/ + /r/ + a paragogic clepend (such as the stowname Bunnànnaru). Rohlfs, Butler and Craddock fay the word tail -/ini/ (such as the stowname Barùmini) as a one-of-a-kind element of Ere-Sardinish. Word tails in /a, e, o, u/ + -rr- found a match in north Africa (Terracini), in Iberia (Blasco Ferrer) and in southern Italy and Gascony (Rohlfs), with a nearer kinship to Baskish (Wagner and Hubschmid). However, these early ties to a Baskish forerunner have been questioned by some Baskish speechlorers.[51] Following Terracini, word tails in -/ài/, -/éi/, -/òi/, and -/ùi/ are wonted to Ere-Sardinish and northern Africanish tungs. Pittau emphasized that this concerns words originally ending in an accented clepend, with an attached paragogic clepend; the word tail was not wended into Leeden in some stownames, which show a Leeden body and a Nuragish word tail. Following Bertoldi, some stownames ending in -/ài/ and -/asài/ showed an Anatolish inflood. The word tail -/aiko/, widely noted in Iberia and possibly of Celtish more, and the folkstock word tail in -/itanos/ and -/etanos/ (for byspel, the Sardinish Sulcitanos) have also been noted as Ere-Sardinish elements (Terracini, Ribezzo, Wagner, Hubschmid and Faust).

Speechlorers Blasco Ferrer (2009, 2010) and Arregi (2017[52]) have tried to breathe life back into a theoretical tie with Baskish by tying words such as Sardinish ospile "fresh grazing for cattle" and Baskish ozpil; Sardinish arrotzeri "vagabond" and Baskish arrotz "outlander"; Sardinish golostiu and Baskish gorosti “holly”; Gallurish (Corso-Sardinish) zerru “pig” (with z for [dz]) and Baskish zerri (with z for [s]). Genetic data have found the Basks to be near the Sardins.

Since the New Stone Eld, some flak of sundriness across the iland's landships is also witnessed. The Arzachena kithship, for instance, hints at a tie between the northernmost Sardinish land (Gallura) and southern Corsica that finds further strengthening in the Naturalis Historia by Pliny the Elder. There are also some stylistic unlikenesses across Northern and Southern Nuragish Sardiny, which may show the being of two other theeds (Balares and Ilienses) named by the same Roomanish writer. Following the archeologist Giovanni Ugas, these theeds may have in truth played a deedwork in shaping the nowaday landspeechly unlikenesses of the iland.

Tokenly eld

About the 10th and 9th yearhundred BC, Feenish traders were known to have made their atdom in Sardiny, which acted as a landlorely middleman in between the Iberish and the Italish byland. In the eighth and seventh yearhundreds, the Feenish began to craft permanent wicks, mootishly arranged as stead-riches in like fashion to the Lebanish shorelands. It did not nim long before they started gravitating around the Pounickish sphere of sway, whose level of theedom spurred Cartain to send a series of expeditionary forces to the iland; although they were at first repelled by the landfolk, the North Africanish stead vigorously followed a thew of active overlordship and, by the sixth yearhundred, managed to set up its mootish lordship and landmightly control over South-Western Sardiny. Pounickish began to be spoken in the area, and many words came into foreold Sardinish as well. Names like giara "headland" (cf. Hebresh "wold, scrub"), g(r)uspinu "nasturtium" (from the Pounickish cusmin), curma "fringed rue" (cf. ḥarmal "Syrian rue"), mítza "spring" (cf. Hebresh mitsametza "spot whence something arises"), síntziri "marsh horsetail" (from the Pounickish zunzur "mean knotgrass"), tzeúrra "sprout" (from the Pounickish zeraʿ "seed"), tzichirìa "dill" (from the Pounickish sikkíria; cf. Hebresh šēkār "ale") and tzípiri "rosemary" (from the Pounickish zibbir) are commonly noted, moreso in the latterday Sardinish landspeeches of the Campidanish flatland, while going on northwards the inflood is more limited to stownames, like Macumadas in the Landshare of Nuoro or Magumadas in Gesico and Nureci, which stem from the Pounickish maqom hadash "new stead".

The Roomanish lordship began in 238 B.C. and brought Leeden to Sardiny, but was often contested by the nearby Sardinish tribes and showed itself unfit to fully supplant the fore-Leeden Sardinish tungs, inholding Pounickish, which went on to be spoken in the Y.L. 4th yearhundred as attested by votive inwrits. Some murky Nuragish mores remained unchanged, and in many falls Leeden took in the nearby mores (like nur, seemingly from Norax, which makes its appearance in nuraghe, Nurra, Nurri and many other stownames). Barbagia, the barrowy middle land of the iland, yets its name from the Leeden Barbaria (a name meaning "Land of the Barbars", alike in root to the word Barbary), since its folk refused couthly and speechly inblending for a long time: 50% of stownames of middle Sardiny, namely in the land of Olzai, are in truth not kindred to any known tung. Besides the stownames, on the iland there are still a few names of worts, deers and geological formations directly traceable to the foreold Nuragish eld. Cicero called the Sardinish rebels latrones mastrucati ("thieves with rough wool cloaks") to emphasize Roomanish superiority.

Throughout the long Roomanish lordship, Leeden gradually became the speech of most of the iland's indwellers. As an outcome of this workway of Roomanishening, the latterday Sardinish tung is today branded as Romanish or new-Leeden, with some dinly costs resembling Old Leeden. Some speechlorers assert that latterday Sardinish, being part of the Iland Romanish group, was the first tung to split off from Leeden, all others unfolding from Leeden as Mainland Romanish.

At that time, the only written works being made in Sardiny were mostly in Leeden: the inborn (Ere-Sardinish) and not-inborn (Pounickish) fore-Roomanish tungs were then already dead (the last Pounickish inwriting in Bithia, southern Sardiny, is from the twithe or third yearhundred Y.L.). Some ingraved leeths in foreold Greekish and Leeden (the two most weighty tungs in Roomany) are to be seen in Adder Shraff, Caraly, (Grutta 'e sa Pibera in Sardinish, Grotta della Vipera in Italish, Cripta Serpentum in Leeden), a burial monument built by Lucius Cassius Philippus (a Roomer who had been banished to Sardiny) in remembrance of his dead wife Atilia Pomptilla. We also have some religious works by Holy Louchiver and Eusebius, both from Caralis (Caraly).

Although Sardiny was couthwise swayed and mootishly ruled by the Byzantish Rich for almost five yearhundreds, Greekish did not come into the tung other than some ritual or formal expressions in Sardinish noting Greekish structure and, sometimes, the Greekish staffrow. Evidence for this is found in the condaghes, the first written leafwrits in Sardinish. From the long Byzantish eld there are only a few entries but they already yeave a glimpse of the folk-speechly lay on the iland in which, in addition to the shire's everyday New-Leeden tung, Greekish was also spoken by the athelborn. Some stownames, such as Jerzu (thought to stem from the Greekish khérsos, "untilled"), together with the personal names Mikhaleis, Konstantine and Basilis, show Greekish inflood.

Condaghe Silki

The condaghe of Holy Peter of Silki (1065-1180), written in Sardinish.

As the Muslims conquered southern Italy and Sickily, communications broke down between Constantinople and Sardiny, whose districts became gradually more seflawful from the Byzantish oecumene (Greekish: οἰκουμένη). Sardiny was then brought back into the Leeden couthly sphere.

Deemerdoms eld[]

Pag1 carta delogu

The first leaf of the Arborish Carta de Logu

Sardinish was the first Romanish tung of all to gain wickeny standing, being wielded by the four Deemerdoms, former Byzantish districts that became independent mootish entities after the Arab expansion in the Wendle Sea cut off any ties left between the iland and Byzantium. One of the oldest leafwrits left in Sardinish (the so-called Carta Volgare) comes from the Deemerdom of Caraly and was issued by Torchitorio I de Lacon-Gunale in around 1070, employing the Greekish staffrow. Old Sardinish had a greater rime of archaisms and Leedennesses than the nowaday tung does. While the earlier leafwrits show the being of an early Sardinish Koine, the tung noted by the sundry Deemerdoms already showed a certain range of bytungly sundriness. A special stall was occupied by the Deemerdom of Arborea, the last Sardinish kingdom to fall to foreign powers, in which a wendsome bytung was spoken, that of Middle Sardinish. The Carta de Logu of the Kingdom of Arborea, one of the first forfastenings in yore drawn up in 1355–1376 by Marianus IV and the Queen, the "Lady Deemster" (judikessa in Sardinish, jutgessa in Catalandish, giudicessa in Italish) Eleanor, was written in this wendsome kind of Sardinish, and bode in force until 1827. It is foreguessed the Arborish deemers tried to one the Sardinish undertungs so as to be rightful rulers of the whole iland under one rich (republica sardisca "Sardinish Ledewealth"); such a mootish goal, after all, was already manifest in 1164, when the Arborish Deemer Barison asked for his great seal to be made with the writings Baresonus Dei Gratia Rei Sardiniee ("Barison, by the grace of God, King of Sardiny") and Est vis Sardorum pariter regnum Populorum ("The folk's rule is even to the Sardins' own might").

Plucking from the Logudorish Sunderfreedom (1080)
« In nomine Domini amen. Ego iudice Mariano de Lacon fazo ista carta ad onore de omnes homines de Pisas pro xu toloneu ci mi pecterunt: e ego donolislu pro ca lis so ego amicu caru e itsos a mimi; ci nullu imperatore ci lu aet potestare istu locu de non (n)apat comiatu de leuarelis toloneu in placitu: de non occidere pisanu ingratis: e ccausa ipsoro ci lis aem leuare ingratis, de facerlis iustitia inperatore ci nce aet exere intu locu [...] »

Dante Alighieri wrote in his 1302–05 lorespel De vulgari eloquentia that Sardins, not being Italish (Latii) and having no lingua vulgaris of their own, resorted to aping Leeden instead. Dante's view has been dismissed, as Sardinish had been following its own path in a way which already could not be understood by not-ilanders. In the beloved 12th-yearhundred verse from Raimbaut de Vaqueiras' leeth Domna, tant vos ai preiada, Sardinish epitomizes outlandish speech along with Theech and Berber, having the troubadour's wife say No t'entend plui d'un Todesco / Sardesco o Barbarì ("I don't understand you any more than [I could] a Theecher / Sard or Berber"); the Tuskish leethwright Fazio degli Uberti hints at the Sardins in his leeth Dittamondo as una gente che niuno non la intende / né essi sanno quel ch'altri pispiglia ("a folk that no one is fit to understand / nor do they come to a knowledge of what other folk say"). The Muslim landlorer Maughmet al-Idrisi, who lived in Palermo, Sickily at the hof of King Roger II, wrote in his work Kitab Nuzhat al-mushtāq fi'khtirāq al-āfāq ("The book of pleasant journeys into faraway lands" or, simply, "The book of Roger") that "Sardiny is large, barrowy, illy fed with water, two hundred and eighty miles long and one hundred and eighty long from west to east. [...] Sardins are folkstockwise Rūm Afāriqah, like the Berbers; they shun contacts with all the other Rūm theeds and are folk of purpose and valiant that never leave the arms".

File:Statuti Sassaresi XIV century 1a.png

Sardinish-tung setnesses of Sassari from the 13th–14th yearhundreds

The written works of this eld first and foremost consist of lawful leafwrits, besides the aforenamed Carta de Logu. The first leafwrit containing Sardinish elements is a 1063 donation to the abbey of Montecassino underwritten by Barisone I of Torres. Other leafwrits are the Carta Volgare (1070–1080) in Campidanish, the 1080 Logudorish Sunderfreedom, the 1089 Donation of Torchitorio (in the Marseille archives),[note 5] the 1190–1206 Marsellaise Chart (in Campidanish) and an 1173 communication between the Bishop Bernardo of Civita and Benedetto, who oversaw the Opera del Duomo in Pisa. The Setnesses of Sassari (1316) and Castelgenovese (about 1334) are written in Logudorish.

The first chronicle in lingua sive ydiomate sardo, called Condagues de Sardina, was forthset anonymously in the XIII yearhundred, relating the happenings of the Deemerdom of Torres.

Iberish eld – Catalandish and Spanish inflood[]

The 1297 feoffment of Sardiny by Pope Boniface VIII led to the creation of the Aragonish Kingdom of Sardiny and a long tide of wye between the Aragonish and Sardins, ending with an Aragonish sye at Sanluri in 1409 and the renunciation of any succession right underwritten by William III of Narbonne in 1420. Throughout this tide the clergy adopted Catalandish as their main tung, relegating Sardinish to a secondary but nonetheless relevant status with regards to the wickeny acts and the Realm's law (the Carta de Logu was lengthened to most of the iland in 1421 by the Parliament). Agreeing with Fara's De rebus Sardois, the Sardinish attorney Sigismondo Arquer, writer of Sardiniae brevis historia et descriptio in Sebastian Münster's Cosmographia Universalis (whose bewriting would also be quoted in Conrad Gessner's "On the sundry tungs wielded by the sundry theeds across the globe" with some small shifts), uttered that Sardinish lasted in most of the Kingdom, with particular regard for the rural interior, and Catalandish and Spanish were spoken in the boroughs, where the athelborn in time became manitunged in both the homely and the Iberish tungs; Alghero is still a Catalandish-speaking enclave on Sardiny to this day.

The long-lasting wye and the so-called Black Death had a devastating effect on the iland, unbefolking large shares of it. Folk from the neighboring iland of Corsica began to settle in the northern Sardinish shore, leading to the birth of the Tuscanish-ringing Sassarish and Gallurish.

Plucking from sa Vitta et sa Morte, et Passione de sanctu Gavinu, Prothu et Januariu (A. Cano, ~1400)[102]

O

Deus eternu, sempre omnipotente, In s’aiudu meu ti piacat attender, Et dami gratia de poder acabare Su sanctu martiriu, in rima vulgare, 5. De sos sanctos martires tantu gloriosos Et cavaleris de Cristus victoriosos, Sanctu Gavinu, Prothu e Januariu, Contra su demoniu, nostru adversariu, Fortes defensores et bonos advocados, 10. Qui in su Paradisu sunt glorificados De sa corona de sanctu martiriu. Cussos sempre siant in nostru adiutoriu. Amen.

Despite Catalandish being widely spoken and written on the iland at this time (leaving a lasting inflood in Sardinish), there are some written records of Sardinish, which was reckoned to be the ordinary tung of the Sardins by the Jesuits in 1561. One is the 15th-yearhundred Sa Vitta et sa Morte, et Passione de sanctu Gavinu, Brothu et Ianuariu, written by Antòni Canu (1400–1476) and forthset in 1557.

The 16th yearhundred is instead marked by a new Sardinish literary revival: Rimas Spirituales, by Hieronimu Araolla, was aimed at "glorifying and enriching Sardinish, our tung" (magnificare et arrichire sa limba nostra sarda) as Spanish, French and Italish leethwrights had already done for their tungs (la Deffense et illustration de la langue françoyse and il Dialogo delle lingue). Antonio Lo Frasso, a leethwright born in Alghero (a stead he remembered fondly) who spent his life in Barcelona, wrote lyric dighting in Sardinish:[106]  ... Non podende sufrire su tormentu / de su fogu ardente innamorosu. / Videndemi foras de sentimentu / et sensa una hora de riposu, / pensende istare liberu e contentu / m'agato pius aflitu e congoixosu, / in essermi de te senora apartadu, / mudende ateru quelu, ateru istadu ....

Through the marriage of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon in 1469 and, later in 1624, the reorganization of the kingship led by the Count-Duke of Olivares, Sardiny would little by little join a broad Spanish couthly sphere and leave the exclusive Aragonish one. Spanish was seen as an elitist tung, gaining solid ground among the Sardinish athelborn; Spanish had thus a deep inflood on Sardinish, above all in those words, styles and couthly models owing to the weighty altheedish deedwork of the Habsburg Kingship as well as the Court. Most Sardinish writers would write in both Spanish and Sardinish until the 19th yearhundred and were well-versed in the former, like Vicente Bacallar y Sanna that was one of the founders of the Real Academia Española. A notable standout was Pedro Delitala (1550–1590), who chose to write in Italish instead. Nonetheless, the Sardinish tung kept much of its importance, earning heed from the Spaniards in light of it being the folkstock dern the folk from most of the Kingdom kept noting, above all in the interior.

Sardinish was also one of the few revetungs, along with Spanish, Catalandish and Portingalish, whose knowledge was needed to be an officer in the Spanish tercios.

A 1620 banns is in the Bosa backups.[note 13]

Ioan Matheu Garipa, a blesser from Orgosolo who overset the Italish Leggendario delle Sante Vergini e Martiri di Gesù Cristo into Sardinish (Legendariu de Santas Virgines, et Martires de Iesu Christu) in 1627, was the first writer to call Sardinish the nearest living kin of tokenly Leeden[111] and, like Araolla before him, worthened Sardinish as the tung of a specific folk-theedish fellowship.

Ploaghe, camposanto, lapidi in logudorese, 02

Some gravestones in the cemetery of Ploaghe. The first gravestone has writings in Sardinish, the other two in Italish.

Savoyard eld – Italish inflood[]

The Wye of the Spanish Aftercoming yave Sardiny to Eastrich, whose sovereignty was confirmed by the 1713–14 treaties of Utrecht and Rastatt. In 1717 a Spanish fleet reoccupied Caraly, and the following year Sardiny was handed over to Fettor Amadeus II of Savoy in exchange for Sickily. This transfer would not at first entail any social nor speechly shifts, though: Sardiny would still keep for a long time its Iberish selfhood, so much so that only in 1767 were the Aragonish and Spanish dynastic tokens swapped out by the Savoyard cross. This stance was mored in three mootish grounds: in the first stead, the Savoyards felt like they did not want to rouse altheedish suspicion and followed to the letter the laws dictated by the Treaty of London, underwritten on the twithe of Weedmonth 1718, whereby they committed themselves to heed the fundamental laws of the newly acquired Kingdom; in the other, they did not want to antagonize the hispanoloving locals, above all the elites; in the third, they lingered on hoping they could manage to dispose of the iland while still keeping the right of Kings by regaining Sickily. Such forewit was noted, when the King himself claimed that he was intentioned to ban neither Sardinish nor Spanish on two separate occasions, in 1726 and 1728. The deedsake that the new masters of Sardiny felt at loss as to how they could better deal with a couthly and speechly setting they saw as alien to the Mainland,[116] where Italish had long been the revetung, can be deduced from the study Memoria dei mezzi che si propongono per introdurre l'uso della lingua italiana in questo Regno ("Account of the forthput ways to bring the Italish tung into this Kingdom") intrusted in 1726 by the Piedmontish shiredom, to which the Jesuit Antonio Falletti from Barolo answered putting forth the ignotam linguam per notam expōnĕre ("to make known an unknown tung [Italish] through a known one [Spanish]") method as the best line of action for Italishening.

However, the Savoyard leadership chose in the end to directly impose Italish on Sardiny in Afterlithe 1760, owing to the earthmootish need to draw the iland away from the Spanish inflood and align Sardiny with the Italish Piedmont, rather than just owing to Italish flagwaving, which would be later pursued by the King Churl Ethelbert. In 1764, the behest was extended to all sectors of folkly life. Spanish was thus swapped out as the reevetung (even though it went on to be noted in the parish registers and wickeny deeds until 1828) and Sardinish was again marginalized, making way for the Italishening of the iland. For the first time, indeed, even the wealthy and most powerful families of rural Sardiny, the printzipales, started to perceive Sardinish as a handicap.

At the end of the 18th yearhundred, following the trail of the French overthrowing, a group of the Sardinish mid-born planned to break away from the mainland athelborn and institute an independent Sardinish Ledewealth under French borrow; all over the iland, a rime of mootish pamphlets thrutched in Sardinish were unlawfully distributed, calling for a bulk uprising against the Piedmontish rule and the barons' misbidding. The most well-known written work born out of such mootish unrest was the leeth Su patriottu sardu a sos feudatarios, noted as a testament of the French-inspired shiremighty and home-loving worths, as well as Sardiny's lay under leandom.

The first systematic learn on the Sardinish tung was written in 1782 by the speechwritlorer Matteo Madau, with the name of Il ripulimento della lingua sarda lavorato sopra la sua antologia colle due matrici lingue, la greca e la latina. The home-loving intention that motivated Madau was to trace the shapen path through which Sardinish could grow to be the iland's true theedish tung; nevertheless, the Savoyardish climate of repression on Sardinish couth would induce Matteo Madau to veil its swingeing foresets with some literary devices, and the writer was unfit in the end to ever wend them into soothness. The first volume of comparative Sardinish bytunglore was written in 1786 by the Catalandish Jesuit Andres Febres, known in Italy and Sardiny by the fake name of Bonifacio d'Olmi , who came back from Lima where he had first forthset a book of Mapuche staffcraft in 1764. After he moved to Caraly, he became enthralled with the Sardinish tung as well and conducted some speering on three specific undertungs; the goal of his work, named Prima grammatica de' tre dialetti sardi, was to <<write down the laws of the Sardinish tung>> and spur the Sardins to <<cherish the tung of their Homeland, as well as Italish>>. The leadership in Turin, which had been monitoring Febres' activity, decided that his work would not be allowed to be published: Fettor Amadeus III had supposedly not been thankful for the fact that the book had a twitunged dedication to him in Italish and Sardinish, a misnim that his successors, while still echoing back to a broad begrip of "Sardinish ethel", would from then on avoid, and exclusively noting Italish to beyet their works. In the climate of monarchic restoration that followed Angioy's failed overthrowing, other Sardinish thinkers, all characterized by an attitude of overall willsomeness to their iland as well as shown troth to the House of Savoy, indeed put forth the "fraining of the Sardinish tung", while being careful enough to note only Italish as a tung to yet their point across. A few years after the major wither-Piedmontish uprising, in 1811, the blesser Vincenzo Raimondo Porru forthset a shy lorespel of Sardinish speechcraft, which, however, referred expressively to the southern bytung (hence the name of Saggio di grammatica del dialetto sardo meridionale) and, out of wariness towards the king, was made with the declared intention of easing the acquisition of Italish among his fellow Sardins, instead of shielding their tung. The more ambitious work of the loreyeaver and folkwit Giovanni Spano, the Ortographia sarda nationale ("Sardinish Theedish Rightspelling"), although it was reevely meant for the same purpose as Porru's, tried in sooth to set up a oned Sardinish rightspelling based on Logudorish, just like Florentish had become the ground for Italish.

In contrast to the Mainland's couthly dynamics set up between Italish and the sundry Romanish bytungs, in Sardiny the kinship between the Italish tung - recently brought in by Savoy - and the inborn one had been perceived from the beginning by the locals, learned and wanton alike, as a kinship (albeit uneven when it comes to mootish strength and standing) between two very different tungs, and not between a tung and one of its undertungs. The plurisecular Iberish tide also contributed in making the Sardins feel kinshipwisely detached from the Italish tung and its couthly sphere, and the Spanish themselves, comprising both the Aragonish and Castilish athelborn, had already considered Sardinish a distinct tung with heed to their own ones and Italish as well.

The lawman Carlo Baudi di Vesme claimed that the suppression of Sardinish and the imposition of Italish was desirable so as to make the ilanders "civilized Italish folk". The first and tertiary learning was thus offered exclusively through Italish, importing teachers from the Mainland to make up for the lack of Italish-speaking Sardins, and Piedmontish landsheetmakers swapped many Sardinish stownames out with Italish ones. The Italish learning, being imparted in a tung the Sardins were not familiar with, spread Italish for the first time in yore to Sardinish thorpes, marking the troubled transition to the new dominant tung; the lorehouse setting, which employed Italish as the sole means of communication, grew to become a worldkin around the then-onetunged Sardinish thorpes. In 1811, the hallow Salvatore Carboni forthset in Bologna the polemic book Sos discursos sacros in limba sarda ("Holy Discourses in Sardinish tung"), wherein the bookwrights lamented over the fact that Sardiny, "hoe provinzia italiana non podet tenner sas lezzes e sos attos pubblicos in sa propia limba" ("Being an Italish landshare nowadays, [Sardiny] cannot have laws and folkly acts made in its own tung"), and while claiming that "sa limba sarda, totu chi non uffiziale, durat in su Populu Sardu cantu durat sa Sardigna" ("the Sardinish tung, however unwickeny, will last as long as Sardiny among the Sardins"), he also asked himself "Proite mai nos hamus a dispreziare cun d'unu totale abbandonu sa limba sarda, antiga et nobile cantu s'italiana, sa franzesa et s'ispagnola?" ("Why should we show seediness and contempt for Sardinish, which is a tung as olden and loavesome as Italish, French and Spanish?"). In time, Sardinish came to be seen as sa limba de su famine / sa lingua de su famini, word-for-word oversetting into Anglish as "the tung of hunger" (thus, the tung of the needy), and Sardinish alders strongly supported the teaching of the new tung to their children, since they saw it as the gateway to breaking free from a dearth-stricken, rural, cut off and undergifted life.

In 1827, the bygone lawful dern of Sardiny or consuetud de la nació sardesca, the Carta de Logu, was fully abolished and swapped out by the more advanced Savoyard dern of Churl Felix "Leggi civili e criminali del Regno di Sardegna", written in Italish. Despite the inblending thew and the following loss of the iland's residual selflaw through the Perfect Fusion and the unification of the Italish byland, the landsong of the Savoyard Kingdom of Sardiny would still be S'hymnu sardu nationale ("the Sardinish Theedish Landsong"), also known as Cunservet Deus su Re ("God save the King"), before it was in truth swapped out by the Italish Marcia Reale as well, in 1861. However, even when the iland became part of the Kingdom of Italy under Fettor Emmannel II in 1861, Sardiny's distinct couth from the now oned Mainland made it an overall overlooked landshare within the newly boded unitary theed rich.

File:A Sardinian family while reading "L'Unione Sarda".jpg

./Special:FilePath/A_Sardinian_family_while_reading_"L'Unione_Sarda".jpg

Throughout the gearing-up for the First Worldwye, the Italish Fyrd fordrove all folk that were "of Sardinish stock" (di stirpe sarda) to enlist as Italish subjects and began the Sassari Footman Hoose on 1 Lide 1915 at Tempio Pausania and Sinnai. Unlike the other feether hooses of Italy, Sassari's conscripts were only Sardins (inholding many officers). It is as of yet the only onhood in Italy with a folksong in a tung other than Italish: Dimonios ("Fiends"), written in 1994 by Luciano Sechi. Its name stems from Rote Teufel (Theech for "red fiends"). However, compulsory landmightly service played a deedwork in speech shift.

The Sardinish-born wisdomlover Antonio Gramsci bemarked on the Sardinish speechly fraining while writing an errandwrit to his suster Teresina; Gramsci was aware of the long-tide fortwiggings of speech shift, and foreset that Teresa let her son acquire Sardinish with no betightening, since doing otherwise would result in "putting his imagination into a straitjacket" as well as him in time ending up "learning two slangs, and no tung at all".

In time, under Bundlerikedom, the Italish headships had Sardiny align with the “theedish layout”, by means of couthly inblending via the combined deedwork of the lorehouse and the fold layout and repression of the nearby couthly expressions, inholding Sardiny's greem festivals and improvised dighting competitions, and a large rime of Sardinish last names were wended to ring more Italish. Following an argument between the Sardinish leethwright Antioco Casula (also known as Montanaru) and the bundlerike newsman Gino Anchisi, who uttered that <<once the land is moribund or dead, so will the landspeech (sic)>>, the latter managed to have Sardinish banned from the thrutcherwring, as well. Another well-known leethwright from the iland, Salvatore (Bore) Poddighe, fell into a severe woefulness and took his own life a few years after his masterwork (Sa Mundana Cummedia) had been seized by Caraly's law intrustee. When the note of Sardinish in lorehalls was banned in 1934 as part of a theed-wide learning plan against the othertunged "bytungs", the then Sardinish-speaking children were confronted with another means of communication that was supposed to be their own from then onwards. On a whole, this tide saw the most aggressive couthly inblending effort by the midmost leadership, which led to an even further folk-speechly degradation of Sardinish. 

However, the Sardinish Landsong of the once Piedmontish Kingdom was a chance to note a landspeech without penalty: as a royal tradition, it could not be forbidden.

Ongoing lay[]

Cartello Bilingue Italiano-Sardo

A twitunged mark in Villasor's town hall.

After the Other Worldwye, awareness anent the Sardinish tung and the danger of its slipping away did not look to concern the Sardinish elites and came into the mootish rooms much later than in other Europish peripheries marked by the long-standing atdom of folk-speechly lesserhoods; Sardinish was indeed dismissed by the already Italishened mid-born, as both the Sardinish tung and couth were still being held responsible for the iland's undergrowth. The Sardinish athelborn, susceptible to the Italish modernist discourse on Sardiny's desired path to growth, believed indeed that the latter had been held back by the ilanders' traditional practices, and that social and couthly forthgang could only be brought about through their rejection. At the time of drafting of the setness in 1948, the legislator decided in the end to specify the "Sardinish specialty" as a single need for mootish selflaw just on the grounds of a few folk-trade issues devoid of considerations of a distinct couthly, ashiftly and landlorely identity, that were on the contrary looked down upon as a potential warm-up to more autonomist or separatist claims. In the end, the besunder setness of 1948 did not acknowledge any besunder landlorely conditions about the land nor made any mention of a distinct couthly and speechly element, forechoosing instead to concentrate on rich-funded plans (baptised with the Italish name of piani di rinascita) for the heavy industrial growth of the iland, as well as the landmightly installations. In the meantime, the emphasis on Italish-only inblending thews went on, with ashiftly sites and ordinary wares ednamed in Italish (f.b. the many kinds of cheese, zippole instead of tzipulascarta da musica instead of carasauformaggelle instead of pardulas/casadinas, etc.). The Ministry of Folkly Learning reportedly asked that the teachers willing to teach Sardinish be put under surveillance. The rejection of the inlandish tung, along with a rigid model of Italish-tung learning, bodily punishment and shaming, led to bad teaching for Sardins.

There have been many bandwains, often expressed in the shape of mootish demands from the late '60s onwards, to yeave Sardinish even standing with Italish as a means to further couthly selfhood. One of the first demands was drafted in a resolution adopted by the Lorestead of Caraly in 1971, calling upon the theedish and landly headships to acknowledge the Sardins as a folk-speechly lesserhood and Sardinish as the iland's fellow-revetung. Critical acclaim in Sardinish couthly rings followed the home-loving leeth No sias isciau ("Don't be a slave") by Raimondo (Remundu) Piras some months before his death in 1977, urging twitunged learning to edwend the trend of unSardishening. Following tensions and claims of the Sardinish flag-waving movement for concrete couthly and mootish selflaw, inholding the acknowledging of the Sardins as a folkstock and speechly lesserhood, three separate bills were put forth to the Landly Gathering in the '80s. A survey conducted by MAKNO in 1984 showed that three-fourth of the Sardins had an upbeat attitude towards twitunged learning (22% of the interviewees, above all in the Landshare of Nuoro and Oristano, wanted Sardinish to be compulsory in Sardinish lorehalls, while 54.7% would rather see teaching in Sardinish as optional) and wickeny twitungdom like in the Aosta Valley and South Tyrol (62,7% of the befolking were all for it, 25,9% said no and 11,4% were unsure). Such consensus remains kinshipwisely steady to this day; another survey, conducted in 2008, bewrote that more than half of the interviewees, 57.3%, were all for the inbringing of Sardinish into lorehalls alongside Italish. Nonetheless, it was in the late 70s that a meaningful shift to Italish had begun to be noted not only in the Campidanish flatlands, but even in some inner areas that were formerly considered Sardinish-speaking bastions, manifesting a parallel shift of the worths upon which the folkstock and couthly selfhood of the Sardins was traditionally grounded.

No-smoking-sardinian

Twitunged No-smoking mark in Sardinish and Italish

In the 1990s, there had been a resurgence of Sardinish-tung glee, ranging from the more traditional kinds (cantu a tenore, cantu a chiterra, gosos etc.) to rock (Kenze Neke, Askra, Tzoku, Tazenda etc.) and even hip hop and rap (Dr. Drer e CRC Posse, Quilo, Sa Razza, Malam, Su Akru, Menhir, Stranos Elementos, Malos Cantores, Randagiu Sardu, Futta etc.), and with artists who noted the tung as a means to tout the iland and address its long-standing issues and the new challenges. A few films (like Su Re, Bellas Mariposas, Treulababbu, Sonetaula etc.) have also been dubbed in Sardinish, and some others (like Metropolis) were yeaven underqueaths in the tung. The first witshiply work in Sardinish (Sa chistione mundiali de s'Energhia), delving into the fraining of newfangled ellen supplies, was written by Paolo Giuseppe Mura, Worldken Lorespeaker at the Lorestead of Caraly, in 1995.

One of the first laws approved by the Sardinish legislator with heed to the shielding and furthering of the Sardinish tung and couth was soon rejected by the Forfasteningly Court in 1993; it was not until 1997 that Sardinish was at last acknowledged by the land law (n. 26 of 15 Winterfulth 1997 "Furthering and enhancement of the couth and tung of Sardiny") without there being any recourse from the Italish midmost leadership. In the end, sustained backerdom allowed for the formal acknowledging of twelve lesserhood tungs (Sardinish, Albanish, Catalandish, Theech, Greekish, Slovenish, Croatish, French, Arpitanish, Friulish, Ladinish and Occitanish) in the late 1990s by the framework law no. 482/1999, following Art. 6 of the Italish Forfastening. While the first section of said law utters that Italish is the revetung of the Ledewealth, a rime of metegifts are inheld so as to normalize the note of such tungs and let them become deal of the theedish fabric. However, Italy (along with France and Malta) has underwritten but never ratified the Europish Rightsledging for Landspeeches or Lesserhood Tungs.

Furthermore, many folk in Italy outside of Sardiny continue to regard Sardinish as an "Italish undertung", likewise many lorehouse and lorestead books in Italy have not stopped to group the tung under linguistica italiana (Italish speechlore), dialetti italiani (Italish undertungs) or dialettologia italiana (Italish bytunglore). Sardinish is yet to be taught at lorehouses, with the outstander of a few forseekly occasions; furthermore, its note has not stopped being disincentivized as antiquated or even indicative of a lack of learning, leading many locals to associate it with negative feelings of shame, backwardness, and landsharedom.[207]

Segnaletica bilingue Sardegna

Twitunged Italish–Sardinish road mark in Siniscola

A rime of other factors like a considerable inwandering flow from mainland Italy, the interior rural exodus to boroughy areas, where Sardinish is spoken by a much lower hundmeal of the befolking, and the note of Italish as a foreneed for jobs and shared advancement actually hinder any thew set up to uprear the tung. Therefore, following the model put forth by a UNESCO panel of loresmen in 2003, Sardinish is branded by UNESCO as a "markedly threatened" tung ("children no longer learn the tung as a mother tung in the home"), on the way to become "severely threatened" ("the tung is noted mostly by the grandalderly strind and up").

Tung note is far from steady; following the Expanded GIDS (Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale) forelay, Sardinish would fall between 7 ("Shifting: the child-bearing strind knows the tung well enough to speak it among themselves but none are transmitting it to their children") and 8a ("Deathbound: the only remaining active speakers of the tung are fellows of the grandalder strind"). While a reckoned 68% of the ilanders had indeed a good mouthly wield of Sardinish, speech skills among the children plummeted to less than 13%; some speechlorers, like Mauro Maxia, cite the low rime of Sardinish-speaking children as indicative of tung decline, calling Sardiny "a fall of speechly self-murder". By the data foropened by ISTAT in 2006, 52.5% of the befolking in Sardiny speaks just Italish in the household setting, while 29.3% alternates Italish and Sardinish and only 16.6% speaks Sardinish or other not-Italish tungs; outside the shared ring of kin and friends, the rimes define Italish as the overweighing tung (77,1%), while the note of Sardinish and other tungs drops to 5,2%. Today, most folk who note Sardinish as part of day-to-day life dwell mainly in the sparsely befolked areas in the countryside, like the barrowy land of Barbagia.[214][215]

A bill set forth by former head thane Mario Monti's cabinet would have lowered further Sardinish's ward level, undershedding between tungs shielded by altheedish agreements (Theech, Slovenish, French and Ladinish) and the acknowledged inlandish tungs which are not spoken in any richeother than Italy (all the other eight folk-speechly groups, inholding Sardinish). This bill, which was implemented in the end but later deemed unforfasteningly by the Court, triggered a witherdeed on the iland. Students expressed an interest in taking all (or part) of their exit examinations in Sardinish. In answer to a 2013 Italish initiative to yet rid of twitunged tokens on the iland, a crop of Sardins began a virtual bandwain on Google Maps to swap Italish stownames out with the orspringly Sardinish names. After about one month, Google wended the stownames back to Italish.[234][235][236]

Padre Nostro sardo

Church of the Pater Noster (Jerusalem, Israel), Lord's Bead token in Sardinish

After an underwrit bandwain, it has been made mightly to shift the tung setting on Facebook from any tung to Sardinish. It is also mightly to switch to Sardinish even in Telegram and a rime of other foredrafts, like Vivaldi, F-Droid, Diaspora, OsmAnd, Notepad++, Swiftkey, Stellarium, Skype, VLC media player for Android, Linux Mint Debina Edition 2 "Betsy", etc. The DuckDuckGo seeksare is available in Sardinish as well. In 2016, the first self-working oversetting software from Italish to Sardinish was crafted. In 2015, all the mootish folds in the Sardinish land gathering had reached an agreement involving a series of amendments to the old 1997 law so as to be fit to inbring the corely teaching of the tung in Sardiny's lorehalls. The Oned Text on the Discipline of the Landly speechly thew had been approved in the end on Erelith 27, 2018, with the goal of astirring a path towards twitunged shiredom, contributions to twitunged bulk middless, publishing, IT lorehalls and websides; it also allowed for the foundation of a Sardinish board (Consulta de su Sardu) with thirty loresmen that would set forth a speechly standard based on the main ashiftly landspeeches, and would also have advisory duties towards the Landly body. Although there is still not an option to teach Sardinish on the iland itself, let alone in Italy, some speech learnsets are instead sometimes in stock in Theechland (Loresteads of Stuttgart, Munich, Tübingen, Mannheim etc.), Spany (Lorestead of Girona), Iceland and the Checkish Ledewealth (Brno lorestead). Shigeaki Sugeta also taught Sardinish to his conners of Romanish tungs at the Waseda Lorestead in Tokyo, Yapan.[257][258][259][260]

Minoranze linguistiche it

The Sardinish-speaking fellowship among the other lesserhood tung clusters officially acknowledged by Italy.[2][3]

Nowadays, the Sardinish-speaking fellowship is the least shielded one in Italy, despite being the largest lesserhood tung group officially acknowledged by the riche indeed the tung, which is receding in all bereaches of note, is still not allowed into any field of folkly life, such as learning (Italish–Sardinish twitungdom is still frowned upon, while the nearby loresteads do not play pretty much any deedwork whatsoever in backing the tung), politics (with the outstander of some flag-waving crops), righthood, administrative headships and folkly services, media, and couthly, churchly, trade and social activities, as well as facilities. By a 2017 bewriting on the bitly tung sundriness in Europe, Sardinish appears to be particularly vital on social media as part of many folk's everyday life for sundernote, but such vitality does not still wend into a strong and wide availability of web media for the tung. In 2017, a 60-stound Sardinish tung learnset has been set forth for the first time in Sardiny and Italy at the Lorestead of Caraly, although such a learnset was already at hand in other loresteads abroad.[275]

In 2015, the Gathering of Europe bemarked on the standing of theedish lesserhoods in Italy, noting the à la carte approach of the Italish rich towards them with the outstander of the Theech, French and Slovenish tungs, where Italy has applied full twitungdom due to altheedish agreements. Despite the formal recognition from the Italish rich, Italy does not in truth gather any information on the folkstock and speechly composition of the befolking, apart from South Tyrol. There is also virtually no thrutch and broadcasting middles exposure in mootishly or numerically weaker minorites like Sardinish. Moreover, the resources allocated to couthly upnimmings like twitunged learning, which lacks a consistent approach and offers no guarantee of continuity throughout the years, are greatly not enough to meet "even the most basic expectations".[278][279][280][281][282]

Pula Hinweisschild 01

Twitunged road tokens in Pula.

An answer to the Sardinish fraining being unlikely to be found anytime soon, the tung has become highly threatened: even though the endogamy rate among group fellows looks to be very high, the late recognition as a lesserhood tung, as well as the stepwise but pervasive Italishening furthered by the learning layout, the shiredom layout and the middles, followed by the intergenerational tung replacement, made it so that Sardinish's vitality has been heavily compromised. The Euroshardbilth upnimming, which has conducted a delving study on the current lay of the folk-speechly lesserhoods across Europe under the auspices of the Europish Intrust, ends their report on Sardinish as follows:

With couthly inblending having already happened, most of the younger strind, although they do understand some basic Sardinish, is now indeed Italish onetunged and onecouthly, being fit to speak not Sardinish, but a Sardinish-swayed kind of Italish[284][39][285][286], which is often nicknamed italiànu porcheddìnu (word-for-word "swinish Italish") by inborn Sardinish speakers.[287]

Whatever the orlay of the Sardinish tung might be, it shall therefore make up the underlayer of the one overweighing today, Italish, in a rime of speechly components specific to the iland.

Reardwork[]

All undertungs of Sardinish have dinly costs that are kinshipwisely timeworn when likened to other Romanish tungs. The flak of timewornness undersheds from stead to stead, with the bytung spoken in the Landshare of Nuoro being considered the most onholdly. Mid Eld evidence shows that the tung spoken in Sardiny and Corsica at the time was alike to latterday Nuorish Sardinish; while Corsica underwent a workway of Tuskishening that rendered the Corsish bytungs akin to Tuskish, the Sardinish undertungs are thought to have slowly unfolded through some Catalandish, Spanish and later Italish infloods.

The byspels listed below are from the Logudorish bytung:

  • Leeden clepends lost length contrast, but have all kept their orspringly cling; in particular, short /i/ and /u/, which did not shift in Sardinish, became instead /e/ and /o/, eachownly, in Italish, Spanish and Portingalish, where Leeden contrastive length ended in contrastive quality (for byspel, siccus > sicu "dry"; Italish secco, Spanish and Portingalish seco).
  • Preservation of the plosive clings /k/ and /ɡ/ before foreclepends /e/ and /i/ in many words; for byspel, centum > kentu "hundred"; decem > dèke "ten" and gener > ghèneru "son-in-law" (Italish centodiecigenero with /tʃ/ and /dʒ/).
  • Lack of twithedinnings found in other Romanish tungs; for byspel, potest > podest "(s)he can" (Italish può, Spanish puede, Romeenish poate); bonus > bónu "good" (Italish buono, Spanish bueno).

Sardinish inholds the following dinly benewings:

  • Shift of the Leeden -ll- into a retroflex [ɖɖ], shared with Sickilish and Southern Corsish; for byspel, corallus > coraddu "coral" and villa > bidda "thorp, town".
  • Like shifts in the samedsweyend clusters -ld- and -nd-solidus > [ˈsoɖɖu] "gelt", abundantia > [abbuɳˈɖantsi.a] "abundance".
  • Unfolding of -pl--fl- and -cl- into -pr--fr-, as in Portingalish and Galicish, and -cr-; for byspel, platea > pratza "open square" (Portingalish praça, Galicish praza; but Italish piazza), fluxus > frúsciu "flabby" (Portingalish and Galicish frouxo) and ecclesia > cresia "church" (Portingalish igreja, Galicish igrexa; but Italish chiesa).
  • Metathesis such as abbratzare > abbaltzare "to hug, to embrace".
  • Clepend faying before a beginning r in Campidanish, akin to Baskish and Gasconish: rēx > (g)urrèi/re "king"; rota > arroda "wheel" (Gascon arròda); rīvus > Sardinish and Gasconish arríu "river".
  • Clepend faying in Logudorish before a beginning s followed by a samedsweyend, as in the Western Romanish tungs: scrīptum > iscrítu "written" (Spanish escrito, French écrit), stēlla > isteddu "star" (Spanish estrella, French étoile)
  • Other than the Nuorish bytung, midclependy Leeden single hard plosives /p/, /t/, /k/ became soft approximant samedsweyends. Single soft plosives /b/, /d/, /ɡ/ were lost: caritātem (acc.) > caridàde [kaɾiˈðaðe]/[kaɾiˈdade] (Italish carità), locus > lógu [ˈloɣu]/[ˈloɡu] (Italish luogo). This also applies across word mires: porcu "pig", but su borcu "the pig"; tempus [ˈtempuzu] "time", but su tempus [su ˈðempuzu] "the time"; domu "house", but sa ’omu "the house". Such cling shifts have become a deal of the tung's staffcraft, making Sardinish an first mutating tung akin in this to the Ilandish Celtish tungs.

Although the latter two costs were gained throughout Spanish rule, the others show a deeper kinship between foreold Sardiny and the Iberish world; the retroflex dl and r are found in southern Italy, Tuscany and Asturias, and were likely involved in the palatalization workway of the Leeden clusters -ll-, -pl-, -cl- (-ll-- > Spanish and Catalandish -ll- /ʎ/, Gasconish -th- /c/; -cl- > Galicish-Portingalish -ch- /tʃ/, Italish -chi- /kj/), which as seen above had a different development in Sardinish.

Clepends[]

Clepends are /a/, /e/, /i/, /o/ and /u/, without length shedmaking. Metaphony occurs with /e/ and /o/, which in particular tend to be open-mid [ɛ] and [ɔ] when they are stressed and the following staffle does not contain /i/ or u or a palatal.

Front Middle Back
High i u
High-mid e o
Open-mid ɛ ɔ
Open a

The two extra clepends [ɛ, ɔ] arise within bytungly sundriness.

There are also nosely clepends [ã], [ẽ], [ĩ], [õ], [ũ] in some landspeeches, and even nosey twithedins when a midclependy n is deleted like in beni [bẽj̃~bẽĩ].

Samedsweyends[]

Sardinish has the following samedsweyends:[289][290]

Twilipped Lip-dental Toothy Alveolar Post-

alveolar

Retroflex Roofy Velar
Nosey m n (ɳ) ɲ (ŋ)
Plosive p b t d ɖ k ɡ
Offrubclink ts dz tʃ dʒ
Rubclink (β) f v θ (ð) s z ʃ ʒ (ɣ)
Tap (ɾ)
Trill r
Sided l
Approximant (w) j

There are three series of plosives or matching approximants:

  • Hard stops stem from their Leeden matches in composition after another stop. They are underscored (double) at the beginning of words, but this reinforcement is not written since it does not yield an unalike speechstead.
  • Twofold soft stops (after another samedsweyend) stem from their Leeden equivalents in composition after another stop.
  • Weak soft "stops" (actually approximants), sometimes transcribed ⟨β δ ğ⟩ (/β ð ɣ/ after clepends, as in Spanish), stem from single Leeden stops (soft or hard).

In Caraly and neighboring bytungs, the soft /d/ has become [ɾ] owing to roadening: digitus > didu/diru "finger".

The twin-soft retroflex stop /ɖɖ/ (wontly written -dd-) stems from the former retroflex sided approximant /ɭɭ/.

Rubclinks[]

  • The lip-dentals /f/ (sometimes said [ff] or [v] at the beginning of a word) and /v/.
    • Leeden starting v becomes b (vipera > bíbera "adder").
      • In middle Sardiny the cling /f/ goes missing, akin to the /f/ > /h/ shift in Gasconish and Old Spanish.
  • [θ], written -th- (as in the English thing), is a fettered bytungly kind of the speechstead /ts/.
  • /s/
  • /ss/, from inblending; for byspel, ipsa > íssa.
  • /ʃ/, outspoken [ʃ] at the beginning of a word, otherwise [ʃʃ], is written -sc(i/e)-; its soft evenmatch, /ʒ/, is often spelled with the bookstaff x.

Offrubclinks[]

  • /ts/ (or [tts]), a denti-alveolar offrubclink samedsweyend written -tz-, matches with Italish -z- or -ci-.
  • /dz/ (or [ddz]), written -z-, matches with Italish -gi-- or -ggi-.
  • /tʃ/ is written -c(i/e)- or -ç- (also ts in leanwords).
  • /ttʃ/
  • /dʒ/ is written -g(e/i)- or -j-.

Noses[]

  • /m/, /mm/
  • /n/, /nn/
  • /ɲɲ/, written -gn-[291] or -nny-/-nni-[292] (the roofy nose for some speakers or bytungs, although for most the outspeech is [nːj]).[citation needed]

Wets[]

  • /l/ is double [ll] at the beginning.
  • /r/ is written r.

Some permutations of l and r are seen: in most bytungs an l before samedsweyends (for byspel, -lt- or -lc-) becomes r: Leeden altum > artu "high/tall", marralzu/marrarzu "rock".

In the mouthroofy framework, Leeden l shifted into [dz], [ts], [ldz], [ll] or [dʒ], rather than the /ʎ/ of Italish: achizare (Italish accigliare), *volia > bòlla/bòlza/bòza "wish, longing" (Italish voglia), folia > fogia/folla/foza "leaf" (Italish foglia), fīlia > filla/fidza/fiza "daughter" (Italish figlia).

Staffcraft[]

Some distinctive costs typical of Sardinish are:

  • The morefold marker is -s (from the Leeden wrayingly morefold), as in Western Romanish tungs like French, Occitanish, Catalandish, Spanish, Portingalish and Galicish: sardusardus "Sardinish"; puddapuddas "hen"; margianemargianes "fox". In Italo-Dalmatish tungs like Italish, or Eastern Romanish tungs like Romeenish, the morefold ends with -i-e or -a.
    • The marked lithword stems from the Leeden ipsesu, sa, morefold sos, sas (Logudorish) and is (Campidanish). Today, such lithwords are only wonted in Balearish Catalandish and were once noted in Gasconish as well, whilst all the other Romanish tungs note shapes stemming from ille.
  • A periphrastic construction of "have to" (late Leeden habere ad) is noted for the toward tide: ap'a istàre < apo a istàre "I will stay", Folkatish 'habeo ad stare' (as in the Portingalish hei de estar, but here as periphrasis for estarei). All the other Romanish tungs have realisations of the alternative Folkleeden 'stare habeo', Italish "starò", Portingalish "estarei".
  • For forbiddings, a negative shape of the underlinked is noted: no bengias!, "don't come!" (liken Spanish no vengas and Portingalish não venhas, branded as part of the affirmative biddendly mood). Italish notes the unendingly (non venire) instead.
  • A wonted occurrence of a left-dislocated construction: cussa cantone apo cantadu ("That song I have sung": that is, "I've sung that song").
    • In yes/no frainings, fronting of a constituent (namely a boding element) is required, though it is not specifically a fraining-formation workway: Cumprendiu m'as? ("Understood me you have", that is, "Have you understood me?"), Mandicatu at? ("Eaten he/she has", that is "Has he/she eaten?"), Fattu l'at ("Done he/she has", that is "He/She's done it"), etc.
  • Askingly wordstrings might be built like echo frainings, with the askingly marker remaining in underlying steadholding: Sunt lòmpios cando? ("They arrived when?", that is, "when did they arrive?"), Juanne at pigadu olìas cun chie? ("John has picked olives with whom?"), etc.
  • Impersonal wordset constructions are commonly noted to swap the passive reard out, which is limited to the formal register: A Juanni ddu ant mortu rather than Juanni est istadu mortu.
  • The note of non de + nameword: non de abba, abbardente est ("not of water brandy it+is": that is, "It is not water, but brandy."); non de frades, parent inimigos ("Not of brothers, they look like foes": that is, "Far from being brothers, they are like foes").
  • The note of ca (from quia) or ki as subordinate linkwords: Ja nau ti l'apo ca est issa sa mere ("Already told I have you that is she the boss", that is "I've already told you that it's her the boss").
  • Existential notes of àer / ài ("to have") and èsser / èssi ("to be"): B'at prus de chentu persones inoghe! ("There is over a hundred folk in here!"), Nci funt is pratus in mesa ("There are the plates on the table").
  • Ite ("What") + mark-word + chiIte bellu chi ses! ("You are so beautiful!").
  • Nominal syntagmas without having a head: Cussu ditzionariu de gregu est prus mannu de su de Efis ("That Greekish wordbook is bigger than Efisio's"), Cudda machina est prus manna de sa de Juanne ("That car is bigger than John's").
  • Extraposition of the lexical head: Imprestami su tou de ditzionariu ("Kindly lend me your wordbook").
  • Ancu + undertied as a way to express a (malevolent) wish on someone: Ancu ti falet unu lampu! ("May you be struck by lightning!").
  • Foresettingly wrayingly fall: Apo bidu a Maria ("I've seen Mary").
  • Insertion of the affermative wordling ja / giaiJa m'apo corcau ("I did go to bed").
    • Note of the same wordling to express antiphrastic leechwrits: Jai ses totu istudiatu, tue! ("You're so well learned!", that is, "You are so ignorant and full of yourself!").
  • Reflexive note of intransitive deedwords: Tziu Pascale si nch'est mortu[293] eris sero ("Uncle Pascal passed away yesterday"), Mi nch'apo dormiu pro una parica de oras ("I've slept for a couple of stounds").
  • Note of àer in reflexive wordsets: Si at fertu a s'anca traballende ("He/She wounded himself/herself while working").
  • Combination of the perfective and forblowing deedword aspect: Est istadu traballende totu sa die" ("He/She has been working all day").
  • Forblowing aspect of the deedword, which is meant to show an effective situation rather than typical or habitual: Non ti so cumprendende ("I don't understand you").
  • Kinshipwise lack of bywords: with the outstander of some localized words like the Nuorish mescamente ("moreso"), as well as some latter Italish loanwords, all the Sardinish undertungs have feelfold ways with which to express the meaning conferred to the bywords by the other Romanish tungs (f.b. Luchía currit prus a lestru / acoitendi de María, "Lucy runs faster than Mary").

Wordhoard[]

Anglish Sardinish Leeden Corsish Italish Spanish Catalandish French Portingalish Romeenish
key crae/-i clave(m) chjave/chjavi chiave llave clau clé chave cheie
night note/-i nocte(m) notte/notti notte noche nit nuit noite noapte
to sing cantare/-ai cantare cantà cantare cantar cantar chanter cantar cânta
goat cabra/craba capra(m) capra capra cabra cabra chèvre cabra capră
tung limba/lìngua lingua(m) lingua/linga lingua lengua llengua langue língua limbă
platch pratza platea(m) piazza piazza plaza plaça place praça piață
bridge ponte/-i ponte(m) ponte/ponti ponte puente pont pont ponte pod (punte)
church crèsia/eccresia ecclesia(m) ghjesgia chiesa iglesia església église igreja biserică
sickhouse ispidale/spidali hospitale(m) spedale/uspidali ospedale hospital hospital hôpital hospital spital
milkcurd casu caseu(m)

Folkleeden:formaticu(m)

casgiu formaggio/cacio queso formatge fromage queijo brânză/caș

Landspeeches[]

Sardignwès rifondaedje mot påye2

The word for "frith" in all the kinds of Sardinish.

Throughout their lifetale, the Sardins have always been a rather small befolking scattered across isolated cantons, sharing alike demographic patterns with Corsica; as an outcome, Sardinish developed a broad spectrum of undertungs over the time. Starting from Francesco Cetti's description in the 18th yearhundred,[294][295] Sardinish has been put forth as a pluricentric tung, being traditionally subdivided into two landspeeches spoken by roughly half of the whole shire: the bytungs spoken in North-Middle Sardiny, centered on the rightspelling known as Logudorish (su sardu logudoresu), and the bytungs spoken in Middle Southern Sardiny, centered on another rightspelling called Campidanish (su sardu campidanesu). All the Sardinish undertungs differ foremost in speechlimbwork, which does not hamper fathomsomeness; the view of there being a dialectal boundary separating the Campidanish and Logudorish bytungs has been indeed subjected to more latter underseeking, that shows a flowing speechly continuum from the Northern to the Southern ends of the iland. The dualist perception of the Sardinish undertungs, rather than pointing to a true isogloss, is in truth the outcome of a mindlorely clinginess to the way Sardiny was administratively subvidided into a Caput Logudori (Cabu de Susu) and a Caput Calaris (Cabu de Jossu) by the Spanish.

On the other hand, the Logudorish and Campidanish bytungs have been reckoned in other speering to have 88% of matches in 110-item wordlist, akin to the 85-88% rime of matches between Provençal Occitanish and the Catalandish bytungs, which by some standards is wontly (even though whimsily) seen to be characteristic for two unlike, albeit very nearly kindred, tungs. ISO 639 ekes four Sardinish tungs (Campidanish, Gallurish, Logudorish and Sassarish), each with its own tung key.

The bytung centered on the Logudorish model are broadly considered more onholdly, with the Nuorish underbytung (su sardu nugoresu) being the most onholdly of all. They have all kept the tokenly Leeden outspeech of the stop velars (kena against cena, "supper"), the front middle clepends (compare Campidanish iotacism, likely from Byzantish Greekish) and inblending of high-mid clepends (cane against cani, "dog" and gattos against gattus, "cats"). Lip-velars become onefold lips (limba against lingua, "tung" and abba against acua, "water"). I is fayed before samedsweyend clusters beginning in s (iscala against Campidanish scala, "stairway" and iscola against scola, "lorehall"). An east-west strip of thorpes in middle Sardiny speaks a wendsome group of bytungs (su sardu de mesania). Byspels inhold is limbas (the tungs) and is abbas (the waters). The bytungs centered on the Campidanish model, spreading from Caraly (once the mickleborough of the Roomanish landshare), show kinshipwisely more infloods from Cartain, Room, Constantinople and Late Leeden. Byspels inhold is fruminis (the rivers) and is domus (the houses).

Gallurese

Corso-Sardinish (yellow-red and yellow) with heed to Sardinish itself (green).

Sardinish is the inlandish and ashiftly tung of most Sardinish fellowships. However, Sardinish is not spoken as the homely and main tung in a meaningful rime of other ones, scoring to 20% of the Sardinish befolking. The afore-named Gallurish and Sassarish, despite being often colloquially seen as part of Sardinish, are two Corso-Sardinish wendsome tungs; they are spoken in the northernmost part of Sardiny, although some Sardinish is also understood by most folk living there (73,6% in Gallura and 67,8% in the Sassarish-speaking underland). Sassari, the next-largest stead on Sardiny and the main midst of the northern half of the iland (cabu de susu in Sardinish, capo di sopra in Italish), is found there. There are also two speech ilands, the Catalandish Algherish-speaking fellowship from the inner stead of Alghero (northwest Sardiny) and the Ligurish-speaking towns of Carloforte, in Holy Peter Iland, and Calasetta in Holy Antioch iland (south-west Sardiny).

Stockening[]

Sardinish has already been a stockened tung since the Mid Eld, even if the foregang led to the come-up of the above-named models of Logudorish and Campidanish. However, some fandings have been made to inbring a single writing layout for administrative means over the latter yeartens, but they have not been broadly acknowledged by inborn speakers.

The Landly Gathering Reases no. 52/105 of 28 Ereyule 1999 and n. 59/117 of 29 Ereyule 1998 afixed the Intrust fellows with the goal of underseeking a single rightspelling shape and think up an upnimming of speechly oning. The folk witted for the task were Eduardo Blasco Ferrer, Roberto Bolognesi, Diego Salvatore Corraine, Ignazio Delogu, Antonietta Dettori, Giulio Paulis, Massimo Pittau, Tonino Rubattu, Leonardo Sole, Heinz Jürgen Wolf, and Matteo Porru acting as the Intrust's secretary. The output of the Intrust was the "Limba Sarda Unificada" (LSU, "Oned Sardinish Tung"). Its laws were foropened in 2001 by the Seflawful Landship of Sardiny, but were met with some scathing about their overall spotlight on the more onholdly kinds, and in the end was not adopted by the landly Gathering.

The Landly Gathering Rease no. 20/15 of 9 Thrimilk 2005 thus appointed a new Intrust made up of Giulio Angioni, Roberto Bolognesi, Manlio Brigaglia, Michel Contini, Diego Corraine, Giovanni Lupinu, Anna Oppo, Giulio Paulis, Maria Teresa Pinna Catte and Mario Puddu. Their job whelmed a foredraft of measures for the shielding and furthering of the Sardinish tung, by means of a guide to be noted by the land shiredom. The Intrust's output, called "Limba Sarda Comuna" (LSC, "Shared Sardinish Tung"), was experimentally adopted by the Sardinish land alderdom with the Landly Gathering Rease no. 16/14 of 18 Eastermonth 2006. The loosening does not seek to onset the guide and further notes that it is "open to integrations" and that "all answers are of even speechly worth". This work does not refer to wordbuilding and wordsetting, which is already fairly samewise, and concerns itself foremost with spelling.

Foresmack queath[]

English Logudorish Sardinish Campidanish Sardinish LSC (Sardinish Written Standard) Leeden Italish
Our Father, who art in heaven,

hallowed be thy name. thy kingdom come, thy will be done, on earth as it is in heaven. Yeave us this day our daily bread, and foryeave us our debts, as we foryeave our debtors. And lead us not into costening, but free us from evil.

Babbu nostru chi ses in chelu,

Santificadu siat su nomine tou. Benzat a nois su rennu tou, Siat fatta sa boluntade tua, comente in chelu gai in terra. Dona nos oe su pane nostru de donzi die, Et perdona nos sos peccados nostros, Comente nois perdonamus a sos depidores nostros. Et no nos lesses ruer in tentatzione, Et libera nos dae male.

Babbu nostu chi ses in celu,

Santificau siat su nomini tuu. Bengiat a nosus su regnu tuu, Siat fatta sa boluntadi tua, comenti in celu aici in terra. Donasi oi su pani nostu de dogna dii, Et perdonasi is peccaus nostus, Comenti nosus perdonaus a is depidoris nostus. Et no si lessis arrui in tentatzioni, Et liberasi de mali.

Babbu nostru chi ses in chelu,

Santificadu siat su nòmine tuo. Bèngiat a nois su rennu tuo, Siat fata sa voluntade tua, comente in chelu gasi in terra. Dona་nos oe su pane nostru de ònnia die, E perdona་nos is pecados nostros, Comente nois perdonamus a is depidores nostros. E no nos lasses arrùere in tentatzione, E lìbera་nos de male.

Pater noster qui es in cælis,

sanctificetur nomen tuum. adveniat regnum tuum, fiat voluntas tua, sicut in cælo et in terra. Panem nostrum quotidianum da nobis hodie, et dimitte nobis debita nostra, sicut et nos dimittimus debitoribus nostris. et ne nos inducas in tentationem sed libera nos a malo.

Padre Nostro, che sei nei cieli,

Sia santificato il tuo nome. Venga il tuo regno, Sia fatta la tua volontà, Come in cielo, così in terra. Dacci oggi il nostro pane quotidiano, E rimetti a noi i nostri debiti Come noi li rimettiamo ai nostri debitori. E non ci indurre in tentazione, Ma liberaci dal male.

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