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The Thracish tung (/ˈθrei:sɪʃ/) is a dead and poorly attested tung, generally thought to be Ind-Europish, spoken in fern times in South-East Europe by the Thracish folk. The speechly affinities of the Thracish tung are poorly understood, but it is generally agreed that it exhibited satem features.
A contemporary, neighboring tung, Dackish is usually regarded as closely related to Thracish. However, there is insufficient evidence with respect to either tung to enable the nature of this kinship to be decided.
The point at which Thracish quole is a matter of dispute. However, it is generally accepted that Thracish was still being noted in the 6th yearhundred AD: Antoninus of Piacenza wrote in 570 that there was a monkhouse in the Sinai, at which the monks spoke Greekish, Leeden, Surrish, Egyptish and Bessish – a Thracish bytung.[3]
Other theories about Thracish remain controversial.
- Some linguists have suggested that the Albanish tung and the ethnogenesis of the Albanians followed a migration by members of the Bessi westward into Albany.
- A classification put forward by some linguists, such as Harvey Mayer, suggests that Thracish (and Dackish) belonged to the Baltish stem of Ind-Europish.[4] However, this theory has not achieved the status of a general consensus among linguists.
These are among many competing hypotheses regarding the classification and fate of Thracish.[5]
Geographic distribution[]
The Thracish tung was spoken in what is now Bulgery,[6][7] Romany, North Mackedony, Northern Greekland, Europish Turkland and in parts of Bithynia (North-Western Asish Turkland).
Eastern Serbia is usually thought by paleolinguists to have been a Daco-Moesish speech area. Moesish (after Vladimir Georgiev et al.) is grouped with Dackish.
Remnants of the Thracish tung[]
Little is known for certain about the Thracish tung, since no phrase beyond a few words in length has been satisfactorily deciphered, and the sounder decipherments given for the shorter phrases may not be completely accurate. Some of the longer inscriptions may indeed be Thracish in root but they may not reflect actual Thracish language sentences, but rather jumbles of names or magical formulas.[8]
Enough Thracish lexical items have survived to show that Thracish was a member of the Ind-Europish language family and that it was a satemized tung by the time it is attested. Besides the aforementioned inscriptions, Thracish is attested through personal names, stownames, waternames, wortnames, divine names, etc. and by a small rime of words cited in Ferngreekish texts as being specifically Thracish.[9]
Other fern Greekish lexical items were not specifically identified as Thracish by the fern Greeks but are hypothesized by paleolinguists as being or probably being of Thracish root. Other lexical items are hypothesized on the basis of local anthroponyms, stownames, waternames, oronyms, etc. mentioned in primary sources.
Below is a beed showing both words cited as being Thracish in classical sources, and lexical elements that have been extracted by paleolinguists from Thracian anthroponyms, toponyms, etc. In this table the nearest sibwords are shown, with an emphasis on sibwords in Bulgarish, Albanish, Baltish, Windish, Greekish, and substratum and/or old-layer words in the Eastern Roomanish tungs: Romanian, Aromanian, et cetera. See also the List of reconstructed Dackish words.
Significant sibwords from any Ind-Europish tungs are listed. However, not all lexical items in Thracish are assumed to be from the Or-Ind-Europish tung, some un-IE lexical items in Thracish are to be expected.
There are 23 words mentioned by ancient sources thought explicitly to be of Thracish root and known meaning:
| Word | Meaning | Attested by | Sibwords |
|---|---|---|---|
| asa | colt’s foot (Bessi) | Dioskurides | Lit. dial. asỹs ‘horse-tail, Equisetum’, Latv. aši, ašas ‘horse-tail, sedge, rush’ |
| βόλινθος (bólinthos) | aurochs, Europish bison | Aristotle | Or-Windish *volъ ("ox"). Fore-Greekish, according to Beekes 2010: 225. |
| βρία (bría) | unfortified thorp | Hesychius, liken the Toponyms Πολτυμβρία, Σηλυ(μ)μβρία, and Βρέα in Thrace. | Likened to Greekish ῥίον (ríon; "peak, foothills") and Tocharish A ri, B riye ("town") as if < *urih₁-. Alternatively, liken Orwelsh *brix- ("hill"). |
| βρίζα (bríza) | rye | Galen | Maybe of Eastern root, liken Greekish ὄρυζα, Sanskrit vrīhí- ("rice"). |
| βρυνχός (brynkhós) | guitar | - | Likened with Windish *bręčati "to ring". |
| βρῦτος (brŷtos) | beer of barley | many | Germanish *bruþa- ("broth"), Old Irish bruth ("glow"), Leeden dēfrŭtum ("must boiled down"). |
| dinupula, si/nupyla | wild melon | Pseudoapuleus | Lithuanian šùnobuolas, lit. ("dog’s apple"), or with Windish *dynja ("melon"). |
| γέντον (génton) | meat | Herodian., Suid., Hesych | Taken from OIE *gʷʰn-tó-, cf. Sanskrit hatá- ‘hit, killed’ |
| καλαμίνδαρ (kalamíndar) | plane-tree (Edoni) | Hesych. | |
| κη̃μος (kêmos) | a kind of fruit with follicle | Phot. Lex. | |
| κτίσται (ktístai) | Ctistae | Strabo | |
| midne | thorp | inwriting from Rome | Latvian mītne ("a place of stay") |
| Πολτυμ(βρία) (poltym-bría) | board fence, a board tower | Old Norse spjald ("board"), Old English speld ("wood, log") | |
| ῥομφαία (rhomphaía) | broadsword | many | Likened with Leeden rumpō ("to rupture"), Windish: Russish разрубать, Polish rąbać ("to hack", "to chop", "to slash"), Polish rębajło ("eager swordsman") |
| σκάλμη (skálmē) | knife, sword | Soph. y Pollux, Marcus Anton., Hesych., Phot. L | Albanish shkallmë ("sword"), Old Norse skolm ("short sword, knife") |
| σκάρκη (skárkē) | a silver shat | Hesych., Phot. Lex. | |
| σπίνος (spínos) | a kind of stone (?) | Arist. | |
| τορέλλη (toréllē) | a refrain of lament mourn song | Hesych. | |
| ζαλμός (zalmós) | deerhide | Porphyr. | |
| ζειρά (zeira) | long robe worn by Arabs and Thracians | Hdt., Xen., Hesych. | |
| ζελᾶ (zelâ), also ζῆλα (zêla), ζηλᾱς (zelās) | wine | many | Likened with Greekish χάλις (khális; "unblended wine") and Macedonian κάλιθος (kálithos; "wine") |
| ζετραία (zetraía) | pot | Pollux | |
| zibythides | the noble, most holy one | Hesych. | Lith. žibùtė ("shining") |
An additional 180 Thracish words have been reconstructed.[10]
The proposed Thracish words in the Ferngreekish lexicon are not numerous. They include the parth- element in Parthenon;[citation needed] balios ("dappled"; < PIE *bhel-, "to shine", Bul. bel/bial (бял) "white" or bljaskav 'bright, shiny'; Pokorny also cites Illyrish as a possible source, the un-Greekish root is argued on phonological grounds), bounos, "hill, mound".[11]
The Thracian horseman hero was an important figure in Thracian religion, mythology, and culture. Depictions of the Thracish Horseman are found in numerous archaeological remains and artifacts from Thracian regions. From the Duvanli ring and from sibwords in numerous Ind-Europish tungs, mezēna is seen to be a Thracish word for "horse", deriving from OIE *mend-. Another Thracish word for "horse" is hypothesized, but it looks certain, there is no disagreement among Thraceloresmen: aspios, esvas, asb- (and some other variants; < OIE *ekwo, the Thracish showing a satem form similar to Sanskrit áśva-, "horse", Avestan aspa, "horse", Ossetic jäfs, Prussian aswinan ‘mare milk’, Lithuanian ašvíenis ‘stallion’, ašvà, dial. ešvà ‘mare’[12]), from Outaspios, Utaspios, an inscription associated with the Thracian horseman. Ut- based on the PIE root word ud- (meaning "up") and based on several Thracic items, would have meant "upon", "up", and Utaspios is theorized to have meant "On horse(back)", parallel to ancient Greek ephippos (epi-hippos).[13]
The early Ind-Europish tungs had more than one word for horse; for example Leeden had equus from OIE *ekwo- and mannus ("a pony") from another IE root, later receiving cabalus as a loanword.
In many cases in anward Thracelore, there is more than one etymology for a Thracian lexical item. For example, Thracish Diana Germetitha (Diana is from Leeden while the epithet Germetitha is from Thracish) has two different proposed etymologies, "Diana of the warm bosom" (Olteanu; et al.?) or "Diana of the warm radiance" (Georgiev; et al.?). In other cases, etymologies for the Thracish lexical items may be sound, but some of the proposed sibwords are not truly sibwords, thus confusing the affinity of Thracish.
Inwritings[]
Limits of the (southern) Thracish speechly territory according to Ivan Duridanov,1985
Ezerovo ingraving[]
Only four Thracish inwritings of any length have been found. The first is a gold ring found in 1912 in the thorp of Ezerovo, Bulgery; the ring was dated to the 5th yearhundred BC. On the ring an ingraving is found written in a Greekish staffrow and consisting of 8 lines, the eighth of which is located on the edge, the rim, of the rotating disk; it reads: ΡΟΛΙΣΤΕΝΕΑΣΝ / ΕΡΕΝΕΑΤΙΛ / ΤΕΑΝΗΣΚΟΑ / ΡΑΖΕΑΔΟΜ / ΕΑΝΤΙΛΕΖΥ / ΠΤΑΜΙΗΕ / ΡΑΖ // ΗΛΤΑ
Dimitar Dechev (Germanised as D. Detschew) separates the words thus[14][15] ΡΟΛΙΣΤΕΝΕΑΣ ΝΕΡΕΝΕΑ ΤΙΛΤΕΑΝ ΗΣΚΟ ΑΡΑΖΕΑ ΔΟΜΕΑΝ ΤΙΛΕΖΥΠΤΑ ΜΙΗ ΕΡΑ ΖΗΛΤΑ i.e. Rolisteneas Nerenea tiltean ēsko Arazea domean Tilezypta miē era zēlta proposing the following wend
- I am Rolisteneas, an afterbear of Nereneas; Tilezypta, an Arazish woman, bore me to the ground.
Kyolmen ingraving[]
Another ingraving, hitherto undeciphered, was found in 1965 near the thorp of Kyolmen, Varbitsa Municipality, dating to the sixth yearhundred BC. Written in a Greekish staffrow variant, it is possibly a tomb stele ingraving similar to the Frygish ones; Peter A. Dimitrov's transcription thereof is:[16]
- ΙΛΑΣΝΛΕΤΕΔΝΛΕΔΝΕΝΙΔΑΚΑΤΡΟΣΟ[17]
- ΕΒΑ·ΡΟΖΕΣΑΣΝΗΝΕΤΕΣΑΙΓΕΚΟΑ[18]
- ΝΒΛΑΒΑΗΓΝ[17]
i.e.
- ilasnletednlednenidakatroso
- eba·rozesasnēnetesaigekoa
- nblabaēgn
Duvanli ingraving[]
A third ingraving is again on a ring, found in Duvanli, Kaloyanovo Municipality, next to the left hand of a skeleton. It dates to the 5th yearhundred BC. The ring has the meting of a horseman with the ingraving surrounding the meting. It is only somedeal legible (16 out of the initial 21)
- ΗΥΖΙΗ.....ΔΕΛΕ / ΜΕΖΗΝΑΙ
i.e.
- ēuziē.....dele / mezēnai
The meaning of the ingraving is 'Horseman Eusie protect!'
These are the longest inwritings preserved. The beliving ones are mostly lone words or names on vessels and other artifacts.
A Thracish or Thracish-Dackish stem of Ind-Europish[]
The Thracish tung in speechly lorebooks is usually treated either as its own stem of Ind-Europish, or is grouped with Dacian, together forming a Dack-Thracish stem of IE. Older lorebooks often grouped it also with Illyrian or Frygish. The belief that Thracish was near to Frygish is no longer popular and has mostly been discarded.[19] The Thrace-Illyrish grouping has also been called into question.[citation needed] Dack-Thracish or Thrace-Dackish is the main hypothesis.[citation needed]
No definite evidence has yet been found that demonstrates that Thracish or Dack-Thracish belonged on the same stem as Albanish or Baltish or Balt-Windish or Greek-Macedonish or Frygish or any other IE stem. For this reason lorebooks still treat Thracish as its own stem of Ind-Europish, or as a Dack-Thracish/Thrace-Dackish stem.
The generally accepted clades branched from the Or-Ind-Europish tung are, in alphabetical order, the Or-Albanish tung, Or-Anatolish tung, Or-Armenish tung, Or-Balt-Windish tung, Orwelsh tung, Orgermanish tung, Orgreekish tung, Or-Ind-Iranish tung, Or-Italish tung, and the Or-Tocharish tung. Thracish, Dackish, Frygish, Illyrish, Venetic, and Paeonish are fragmentarily attested and cannot be reliably categorized.
| Or-Ind-Europish | Dackish | Thracish | Frygish |
|---|---|---|---|
| *o | a | a | o |
| *e | ie | e | e |
| *ew | e | eu | eu |
| *aw | a | au | |
| *r̥, *l̥ | ri | ur (or), ur (ol) | al |
| *n̥, *m̥ | a | un | an |
| *M | M | T | T |
| *T | T | TA (aspirated) | TA |
| *s | s | s | ∅ |
| *sw | s | s | w |
| *sr | str | str | br |
Note: Asterisk indicates reconstructed IE sound. M is a cover symbol for the row of rearded stops (mediae), T for unrearded stops (tenues) and TA for aspirated stops (tenues aspiratae). ∅ indicates nought, a sound that has been lost.
| Ind-Europish | Dackish | Thracish |
|---|---|---|
| *b, *d, *g | b, d, g | p, t, k |
| *p, *t, *k | p, t, k | ph, th, kh |
| *ē | ä (a) | ē |
| *e (after consonant) | ie | e |
| *ai | a | ai |
| *ei | e | ei |
| *dt (*tt) | s | st |
Thrace-Dackish has been hypothesized as forming a stem of Ind-Europish along with Baltish.
For a big number of the 300 Thracish geographic names there are sibwords within the Baltish toponymy, most similarities between Thracish and Balt-Windish personal and geographic names were found, especially Baltish. According to Duridinov the "weightiest impression make the geographic sibwords of Baltish and Thracish" "the similarity of these parallels stretching frequently on the main element and the suffix simultaneously, which makes a strong impression". According to him there are occasional similarities between Windish and Thracish as Windish is related to Baltish, while almost no lexical similarities within Thracish and Frygish were found.[23] This significant relatedness show close affinity and kinship of Thracish with Baltish. The following table shows the sibwords:
Sibwords of Thracish and Baltish stownames[10]
| Thracian place | Lithuanian place | Latvian place | Old Prussish place | sibwords |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alaaiabria | Alajà | Lith. aléti ‘to be flooded’ | ||
| Altos | Altis | |||
| Antisara | Sarija | Sarape | ||
| Armonia | Armona, Armenà | Lith. armuõ, -eñs ‘a swamp, bog’, arma ‘the same’ | ||
| Armula | Armuliškis | lit. arma ‘mud’ | ||
| Arpessas | Varpe, Varputỹs, Várpapievis | Warpen, Warpunen | Latv. vārpats ‘whirlpool’, the Lith. varpýti (-pa, -pia) ‘to dig’ | |
| Arsela | Arsen | Arsio, Arse | ||
| Aspynthos | Latv. apse, the Old-Pruss. abse, the Lith. apušẽ | |||
| Atlas | Adula | |||
| Asamus | aśman- ‘stone’, Lit. ašmuo, ašmenys, | |||
| Vairos | Vaira | Lit. vairus ‘diverse’ | ||
| Baktunion | Batkunu kaimas | |||
| Beres | Bẽrė, Bėrẽ, Bėr-upis, Bėrupė | Bēr-upe, Berēka | Lit. bėras, Latv. bęrs ‘brown, swarthy’ | |
| Bersamae | Lith. béržas, the Latv. bẽrzs, Old-Pruss. berse | |||
| Veleka | Velėkas | Lit. velėklės ‘place in the water’ | ||
| Bolba bria | Balvi, Bàlvis, Bolva | Lith. Bálvis 'a lake', the Old-Pruss. Balweniken | ||
| Brenipara | Messapian brendon, Latv. briedis ‘deer’ | |||
| Calsus | Kalsi, Kalsiņš, Kals-Strauts ‘dry stream’ | Latv. kalst, kaltēt ‘dry’ | ||
| Chalastra | Lith. sravà ‘a stream’, the Latv. strava ‘stream, torrent’ | |||
| Daphabae | Lith. dãpas ‘a flood’ , Old-Pruss. ape ‘river’ | |||
| Dingion | Dingas, Dindze, Dingupite | Dinge | Latv. dinga ‘a plant’ and ‘fertile place’ | |
| Dimae | Dūmė | Dūmis | Dumen | Lit. dūmas ‘dark (for beef)’, Latv. dūms ‘dark-brown’ |
| Egerica | Vegerė | Vedzere | ||
| Ereta | Veretà | |||
| Gesia | Gesavà | Dzêsiens | Gesaw | Latv. dzēse ‘heron’ |
| Ginula | Ginuļi | Ginulle | Latv. g'inis, g'inst ‘to spoil’ | |
| Armonia | Armona | Lit. armuo, -ens ‘quagmire’ | ||
| Iuras | Jūra Jūrė, Jūrupis | Lit. and Latv. jūra ‘sea’ | ||
| Kabyle | Kabile | Cabula | ||
| Kallindia | Galindo, Galinden, Galynde | Galindai, Lit. galas ‘end’ | ||
| Kapisturia | Kaplava | Kapas-gals | Kappegalin | Latv. kãpa, kãpe ‘long mountainous strip, dune, slope’, the Lith. kopà ‘sandy hill’ |
| Kurpisos | Kurpų kámas, Kurpulaukis | Kazūkurpe, Kurpesgrāvis, Kurpkalns | Lit. kurpti ‘to dig' | |
| Kersula | Keršuliškių kaimas | Lit. keršulis ‘pigeon’ | ||
| Knishava | Knisà | Knīsi, Knīši, Knīsukalns | Lith. knìsti ‘to dig, to rummage’ | |
| Kypsela | Kupšeliai | Kupšeļi | ||
| Kourpissos | Kurpų kaimas | Kazu-kurpe | ||
| Lingos | Lingė, Lingenai | Lingas, Lingi, Lingasdikis | Lingwar | Lit. lengė 'valley’ |
| Markellai | Markẽlis, Markelỹne | Marken | Lit. marka ‘pit’, merkti ‘dunk’ | |
| Meldia | Meldė, Meldínis | Meldine, Meldini | Mildio, Mildie | Zhemait. Melьdəikvirshe, Melьdəinəi, Lith. meldà, méldas ‘marsh reed’ , the Latv. meldi ‘reed’ |
| Mygdonia | Mūkė | Mukas | Zhemait. river Muka, Mukja | |
| Ostophos | Uõstas, Ũstas | Uostupe, Ũostup | Lit. pušynas ‘spurs forest’ | |
| Paisula | Paišeliai | Paissyn | Lit. paišai ‘soot’ | |
| Palae | Palà | Lit. palios ‘swamp' | ||
| Palnma | Palminỹs, Palmajos káimas | Paļmuota | Lit. palios ‘swamp' | |
| Panion | Old-Pruss. pannean ‘swamp, quagmire’ | |||
| Pannas | Panyen | Old Pruss. pannean ‘quagmire’, Gothic fani | ||
| Pautalia | Paũtupis | Pauteļi, Pautupīte, Pautustrauts | Pauta, Pauten | Lith. putà, pl. pùtos ‘foam, froth’, putóti ‘to foam’, the Latv. putas ‘foam’ |
| Pizos | Pisa ęzęrs | Pissa, Pissen, Pisse, Pysekaym, Piselauk | Latv. pīsa ‘swamp’ | |
| Praizes Limne | Praustuvė | Lith. praũsti (prausiù, -siaũ) ‘to wash’, prausỹnės ‘washing’, the Latv. prauslât ‘to spray, to sprinkle’ | ||
| Purdae | Purdyakasnis | Porden, Purde | ||
| Pusinon | Pusyne, Pušinė, Pušyno káimasPušinė | Lit. pušynas ‘spurs forest’, Zhemait. Pushina 'a stream', Pushine 'meadows' | ||
| Pupensis vicus(village) | Pupių káimas, Pupinė | Pupa | Pupkaym, Paupayn | Leedenished vicus for ‘thorp', Lit. and Latv. pupa 'beans', kaimas 'thorp' (cf. Bobov Dol) |
| Purdae | Porden, Purde | Zhemait. Purdjaknisə Popelьki | ||
| Raimula | Raimoche | Lith. ráimas ‘motley, particoloured’ | ||
| Rhakule | Rãkija, Rakavos káimas | Roklawken, Rocke | Lith. ràkti, rankù, rakiaũ ‘to dig out, unearth’, Latv. rakt, rùoku ‘to dig’, rakņât ‘to dig’ | |
| Rhamae | Rãmis, Ramùne | Rāmava | Ramio, Rammenflys | Lit. ramus ‘quiet’ |
| Rhodope Mountains | Rudupe | Zhemait. Rudupja, Rudupə, Rudupi, Lith. rùdas ‘reddish, ruddy, dark yellow’, Lith. ùpė ‘river’ | ||
| Rhusion | Russe, Russien, Rusemoter | Lith. rūsỹs (and rúsas) ‘a pit for potatoes; cellar, basement’, the Latv. rūsa ‘a pit’ | ||
| Rumbodona | Rum̃ba, Rum̃ba, Rum̃b, Rum̃bas, Rumbai | Latv. rum̃ba ‘waterfall, river rapids’, Lith. rum̃bas, rùmbas, rumbà ‘periphery’ | ||
| Sarte | Sar̃tė, Sartà | Sār̃te, Sārtupe | Zhemait. Sarta, Sarti, Lit. sartas ‘red (horse)’, Latv. sarts ‘ruddy’ | |
| Scretisca | Skretiškė | Lit. skretė ‘circle’ | ||
| Seietovia | Sietuvà, Siẽtuvas | Zhemait. Setuva, Lit. sietuva ‘whirlpool’ | ||
| Sekina | Šėkinė | Lith. šėkas ‘recently mowed down grass, hay’, Latv. sêks ‘the same’ | ||
| Serme | Sermas | |||
| Silta | Šiltupis | Siltie, Siltums, Siltine | Lit. šiltas ‘warm, nice’ , Latv. sìlts ‘warm’ | |
| Skaptopara, Skalpenos, Skaplizo | Skalbupis, Skalbýnupis, Skalbstas, Skaptotai, Skaptùtis | Lith. skãplis ‘a type of axe’, Lith. skaptúoti ‘to cut, to carve' | ||
| Skarsa | Skarsin, Skarsaw | Lith. sker̃sas ‘transverse, oblique, slanting’, Sker̃sė, Sker̃s-upỹs, Sker̃sravi | ||
| Scombros | Lith. kumbrỹs, kum̃bris ‘hill, top of a mountain; small mountain’, Latv. kum̃bris ‘hump, hunch’ | |||
| Spindea | Spindžių káimas, Spindžiùs | Spindags | Lit. spindžius, spindis, 'clearing', Latv. spindis ‘spark’ | |
| Stambai | Strũobas, Struõbas | Lit. stramblys ‘cob’, Old-Pruss. strambo ‘stubble-field’ | ||
| Strauneilon | Strūnelė, Strūnà | Lit. sr(i)ūti ‘flow’ | ||
| Strymon | Lit. sraumuo ‘stream’ | |||
| Strauos | Latv. strava, Lit. srava ‘course’ | |||
| Suitula | Svite | Lit. švitulys ‘light’ | ||
| Souras | Sūris, Sūrupė, Sūupis | Sure | Lit. sūras ‘salty’ | |
| Succi | Šukis | Sukas, Sucis | ||
| Tarpodizos | Tárpija | Târpi, Tārpu pļava | Lith. tárpas ‘an interstice’ and ‘a gap, a crack’, Zhemait. Tarpu kalьne, Tarpdovdəi | |
| Tarporon | Lith. tárpas ‘an interstice’ | |||
| Tarpyllos | Terpìnė, Tárpija | |||
| Tirsai | Tirza | Tirskaymen | Lith. tir̃štis ‘density, thickness’ and ‘thicket, brush-wood’ | |
| Tranoupara | Tranỹs | Trani, Tranava | Lit. tranas ‘hornet’ | |
| Trauos | Traũšupis | Lith. traũšti ‘to break, to crumble’, traušus ‘brittle’, Latv. traušs, trausls ‘brittle, fragile’ | ||
| Tynta | Tunti, Tunte | Thuntlawken | Lit. tumtas, tuntas ‘flock' | |
| Urda, Urdaus | Ùrdupis, Urdenà | Urdava | Zhemait. Urdishki, Lit. urdulys ‘mount stream’, virti ‘spring’ | |
| Veleka | Velėkas | Lith. velėkles ‘a place, used for washing’ | ||
| Verzela | Vérža, Véržas | Lith. váržas ‘a basket for fish’, Latv. varza ‘dam’ | ||
| Vevocasenus | Vàive | Woywe, Wewa, Waywe | Leeden vicus | |
| Zburulus | Žiburių káimas | Lit. žiburỹs ‘a fire, a light, something burning; a torch’ | ||
| Zilmissus | Žilmà, Žilmas | Latv. zelme ‘green grass or wheat’ | ||
| Zyakozeron | Žvakùtė | Zvakūž | Lith. žvãkė ‘a light, a candle’ |
Orlay of the Thracians and their tung[]
According to Skordelis, when Thracians were subjected by Alexander the Great they finally assimilated to Greekish culture and became as Greekish as Spartans and Athenians, although he thought the Thracish tung a form of Greekish.[24] According to Crampton (1997) most Thracians were eventually Hellenized or Romanized, with the last remnants surviving in remote areas until the 5th yearhundred.[25] According to Marinov the Thracians were likely completely Romanized and Hellenized after the last contemporary references to them of the 6th yearhundred.[26] This theory holds as the main factor of immediate assimilation the Christianization of Roomany.
A quick extinction would intensely contrast the avoidance of Hellenization at least by Albanian till the present, possibly with the help of isolated mountainous areas.
Another author considers that the interior of Thrace have never been Romanized or Hellenized (Trever, 1939). This was followed also by Slavonization. According to Weithmann (1978) when the Slavs migrated, they encountered only a very superficially Romanized Thracish and Dackish population, which had not strongly identified itself with Imperial Rome, while Greekish and Roomanish populations (mostly harmen, wickners, chapmen) abandoned the land or were killed.[28] Because Pulpudeva lives on as Plovdiv in Windish tungs, not under Philippopolis, some authors suggest that Thracish was not utterly obliterated in the 7th yearhundred.[29]
The latest known note is described by Symeon the Metaphrast in a biography of Holy Theodosius the Cenobiarch (423–529), where he claimed that Thracish was spoken in a monkhouse, built on Mount Sinai just then, when Theodosius was there:[30] "There were four churches belonging to it, one for each of the three several theeds of which his community was chiefly composed, each speaking a different tongue; the fourth was for the note of such as were in a state of penance, which those that recovered from their lunatic or possessed condition before-mentioned, were put into, and detained till they had expiated their fault. The theeds into which his community was divided were the Greeks, which was by far the most numerous, and consisted of all those that came from any provinces of the coaserrich; the Armenians, with whom were joined the Arabians and Perses; and, thirdly, the Bessi, who comprehended all the northern theeds below Thrace, or all who spoke the Rownish or Sclavonish tongue. Each theed sung the first part of the mass to the end of the gospel in their own church, but after the gospel all met in the church of the Greeks, where they celebrated the essential part of the sacrifice in Greekish, and communicated all together..."