The Anglish Moot
Register
Advertisement
Untranslated Page This article has not yet been translated into Anglish. Please translate it as soon as possible.


Tsakonish (also TsaconishTzakonish or Laconish; Tsakonish: τσακώνικα, α τσακώνικα γρούσσα; Greekish: τσακώνικα) is a latterday Hellenish tung which is both highly divergent from other spoken kinds of Latterday Greekish and, from a philological standord, is also tunglorewise branded separately from them. It is spoken in the Tsakonish land of the Peloponnese, Greekland. Tsakonish descends from Dorish, which was an Foreold Greekish tung on the Western bough of Hellenish tungs, and it is its only living afterbear[3] (along with the debatable Maniot undertung of Latterday Greekish). Although Tsakonish is treated as an undertung of Latterday Mean Greekish,[4][5][6] some kenbooks treat it as a sunderly tung,[7] since Latterday Mean Greekish descends from Ionish and Attish which are on the Eastern bough of the Hellenish tungs, while Tsakonish (as an afterbear of Dorish) is the only surviving member of the Western bough.

Tsakonish is critically threatened, with only a few hundred, mostly elderly, smoothspoken speakers left.[7] Tsakonish and Latterday Greekish are not mutually intelligible.

It is named after its speakers, the Tsakonish folk, which in turn may stem from 'Outer Lakonish'.[citation needed]

Landlorish spread[]

Pelopones ethnic

Old folkish landsheet of the Peloponnese; Tsakonish-speaking swathes in blue

Tsakonish is found today in a cluster of barrow towns and thorpes slightly inland from the Argolish Bight, although it was once spoken farther to the south and west as well as on the shores of Lacony (foreold Sparta).

Geographical barriers to travel and communication kept the Tsakonish relatively cut off from the lave of Greekland until the 19th yearhundred, although there was some trade between the towns along the shore. The rise of bulk learning and improved travel beginning after the Greekish Wye of Freedom meant that smoothspoken Tsakonish speakers were no longer as cut off from the lave of Greekland. Forby, throughout the wye, the Turkish army drove the Tsakonish east, and as an outcome, their true headstead shifted from Prastos to Leonidio, further making the folk much less cut off.[8] There began a fast decline from an estimated figure of some 200,000 smoothspoken speakers to the present estimate of a speaker count between 200 and 1,000.[7]

Since the inbringing of sparkflow to all thorpes in Tsakony by the late 1950s, the Greekish bulk middles can reach the most far-flung of lands and deeply sway the speech of younger speakers. Efforts to breathe life back into the tung by teaching it in local schools do not seem to have had much winth. Mean Latterday Greekish is the revetung of stewardship, business and learning, and it could be that the ongoing anwardening of Tsakony will lead to the tung's disappearance sometime this yearhundred.[citation needed]

The tung is found today in some thorpes in Tsakony on the slopes of Parnon in the southern shire of Kynouria, inholding the towns of Leonidio and Tyros and the thorpes of Melana, Agios Andreas, Vaskina, Prastos, Sitaina and Kastanitsa.

Revestanding[]

Tsakonish has no reevestanding. Boons and ledeworks of the Greekish Rightliefful Church have been overset into Tsakonish, but the foreold Koine of the traditional church services is usually noted as in other locations in Greekland. Some teaching tools in Tsakonish for note in local lorehalls have reportedly also been produced.[9]

Undertungs[]

There are three undertungs of Tsakonish: Northern, Southern, and Propontis.

The Propontis bytung was spoken in what was formerly a Tsakonish colony on the Sea of Marmara (or Propontis; two thorpes near Gönen, Vatika and Havoutsi), whose members were resettled in Greekland with the 1924 befolking wrixles.[7] Propontis Tsakonish seems to have died out about 1970, although it had already stopped being the primary tung of its fellowship after 1914 when they were internally banished with other Greeks in the land due to the outbreak of World Wye I.[10] Propontis Tsakonish was overall more orholdly when it comes to speechcraft, but it was also swayed by the nearby Thracish undertungs of Greekish which were much nearer to Mean Latterday Greekish.[11] The emergence of the Propontis fellowship is either dated to the 13th yearhundred settling of the Tsakonish by Overking Mickel VII, named outright by Byzantish George Pachymeres[12] or about the time of the 1770 Orlov Uprising[13]. For a byspel of the standardizing Thracish Greekish inflood, liken the Northern and Southern word for water, ύο (ýo, stemming from Foreold Greekish ὕδωρ) to Propontish νερέ and Mean νερό (neréneró).


Of the two mainland undertungs of Tsakonish, Southern Tsakonish is spoken in the thorpes of Melana, Prastos, Tiros, Leonidio, Pramatefti and Sapunakeika, while Northern Tsakonish is found in Sitena and Kastanitsa. The Northern thorpes were much more exposed to the lave of Greekish sitheship, and as an outcome Northern Tsakonish experienced much heavier Mean Greekish inflood when it comes to word-hoard and reardwork, before it began to die out much faster than Southern Tsakonish.[14] As early as 1971, it became hard for researchers in the northern thorpes to find any utterers who could yive more than "a few sundered words".[15] There may have once been a fourth, Western, undertung of Tsakonish given the shapes witnessed by Evliya Celebi in the 17th yearhundred.[16]

Leonidio-Tsakonian-sign

(Tsakonish/Greekish) "Our tung is Tsakonish. Ask and they'll tell you./Groússa námou eíni ta Tsakónika. Rotíete na nioúm' alíoi./I glóssa mas eínai ta Tsakónika. Rotíste na sas poun.", twitunged (Tsakonish and Mean Greekish) token in the town of Leonidio.

Wordbuilding[]

Another unlikeness between Tsakonish and the everyday Demotish Greekish bytung is its tideword layout – Tsakonish keeps sundry timeworn shapes, such as participial periphrasis for the anward tide. Certain complementisers and other bywordy traits found in the mean Latterday Greekish bytung are missing in Tsakonish, with the outstander of the Latterday που (/pu/) relativiser, which takes the shape πφη (/pʰi/) in Tsakonish (take heed: traditional Tsakonish rightspelling has the twiwrit πφ to stand for aspirated /pʰ/). Nameword wordbuilding is broadly similar to Mean Latterday Greekish, although Tsakonish tends to drop the nemmeningly abying, rearmost  (-s) from werely namewords, thus Tsakonish ο τσχίφτα for Mean o τρίφτης (o tshífta/o tríftis: "grater").

Contact[]

There has always been contact with Koine Greekish speakers and the tung was affected by the neighboring Greekish undertungs. Moreover, there are some word borrowings from Arvanitika and Turkish. The core word-hoard remains recognizably Dorish, although loresmen disagree on the extent to which other true Dorishdoms can be found. There are only a few hundred, mainly elderly true inborn speakers living,[7] although a great many more can speak the tung less than flowingly.


Reardwork[]

Clipples[]

  • A [a] can appear as a bendback of Dorish [aː], in settings where Attish had η [ɛː] and Latterday Greekish has [i]: αμέρα [aˈmera] matching with Latterday ημέρα [imera] "day", στρατιώτα [stratiˈota] matching with Latterday στρατιώτης [stratiˈotis] "soldier".
  • Ε [e] [i] before clipples: e.g. Βασιλήα [vasiˈlia] instead of βασιλέα [vasiˈlea].
  • O sometimes [o] > [u]: ουφις [ufis] < όφις [ˈofis] "snake", τθούμα [ˈtʰuma] < στόμα [ˈstoma] "mouth". Final [o] > [e] after coronals and front clipples: όνος [ˈonos] > όνε [ˈone], χοίρος [ˈxyros] > χιούρε [ˈxjure], γραφτός [ɣrafˈtos] > γραφτέ [ɣrafˈte], χρέος [ˈxreos] > χρίε [ˈxrie], but δρόμος [ˈðromos] > δρόμο [ˈðromo]
  • Υ outspoken in Latterday Greekish [i], this was [u] in Dorish and [y] in Attish. The bendback of this speechstead in Tsakonish is [u], and [ju] after coronals (suggesting a root in [y]). σούκα [ˈsuka] matching with Latterday Greekish σύκα [ˈsika] "figs", άρτουμα [ˈartuma] matching with άρτυμα [ˈartima] "bread"; λύκος [ˈlykos] > λιούκο [ˈljuko] [ˈʎuko] "wolf"
  • Ω [ɔː] in Foreold Greekish, regularly goes to [u]: μουρήα [muˈria] (Foreold Greekish μωρέα [mɔːˈrea], Latterday Greekish μουριά [murˈʝa]), αού [au] < λαλών [laˈlɔːn] "speaking".

(Take heed: Tsakonish citation shapes for tidewords are dealnimmends, hence they are yiven as stemming from the foreold dealnimmend in -ών.)

Withlides[]

Tsakonish in some words keeps the fore-tokenly Greekish [w]-cling, betokened in some Foreold Greekish writs by the digamma (ϝ). In Tsakonish, this cling has become a rubclank [v]: βάννε [ˈvane] "sheep", matching with Foreold ϝαμνός [wamˈnos] (Attish ἀμνός).

Tsakonish has extensive shifts triggered by mouthroofening:

  • [k] > [tɕ] : κύριος [ˈkyrios] > τζιούρη [ˈtɕuri], sometimes [ts]: κεφάλι [keˈfali] > τσουφά [tsuˈfa]
  • [ɡ] > [dz] : αγγίζων [aŋˈɡizɔːn] > αντζίχου [anˈdzixu]
  • [p] > [c] : πηγάδι [piˈɣaði] > κηγάδι [ciˈɣaði]
  • [t] > [c] : τυρός [tyˈros] > κιουρέ [cuˈre], sometimes [ts]: τίποτα [ˈtipota] > τσίπτα [ˈtsipta], πίτα [ˈpita] > πίτσα [ˈpitsa]
  • [m] > [n] : Μιχάλης [miˈxalis] > Ν(ν)ιχάλη [niˈxali]
  • [n] > [ɲ] : ανοίγων [aˈniɣɔːn] > ανοίντου [aˈɲindu]
  • [l] > [ʎ] : ηλιάζων [iliˈazɔːn] > λιάζου [ˈʎazu]
  • [r] > [ʒ] : ρυάκι [ryˈaki] > ρζάτζι [ˈʒatɕi]. This cling seems to have been a rubclank trill in the 19th yearhundred, and [ʒ] survived latterly only in women's speech in Southern Tsakonish. A like shift happened with mouthroofened [rʲ] in Polish and Checkish, whereas in other tungs it went the other way about.

Word-beginning [r] > [ʃ]: *ράφων [ˈrafɔːn] > σχάφου [ˈʃafu]

Word-ending [s] > [r], which shows an earlier workway in Laconish; in Tsakonish, it is a liaison speechstead: τίνος [ˈtinos] > τσούνερ [ˈtsuner]

In Southern Tsakonish, [l] is deleted before back and middle clipples: λόγος [ˈloɣos] > Northern λόγo [ˈloɣo], Southern όγo [ˈoɣo]; λούζων [ˈluzɔːn] > Northern λούκχου [ˈlukʰu], Southern ούκχου [ˈukʰu];

Now and then [θ] > [s], which seems to show an earlier workway in Laconish, but in others [θ] is retained though the word is missing in Mean Greekish: θυγάτηρ [θyˈɣatir] > σάτη [ˈsati], but Foreold θύων [ˈθiɔːn] (Latterday σφάζω [ˈsfazo]) > θύου [ˈθiu]

Tsakonish avoids clusters, and reduces them to aspirated or prenasalised stops and offrubclanks:

  • [ðr, θr, tr] > [tʃ]: δρύας, άνθρωπος, τράγος [ˈðryas, ˈanθropos, ˈtraɣos] > τσχούα, άτσχωπο, τσχάο [ˈtʃua, ˈatʃopo, ˈtʃao]
  • [sp, st, sθ, sk, sx] > [pʰ, tʰ, tʰ, kʰ, kʰ]: σπείρων, ιστός, επιάσθη, ασκός, ίσχων [ˈspirɔːn, isˈtos, epiˈasθi, asˈkos, ˈisxɔːn] > πφείρου, ιτθέ, εκιάτθε, ακχό, ίκχου [ˈpʰiru, iˈtʰe, eˈcatʰe, aˈkʰo, ˈikʰu]
  • [mf, nθ, ŋx] > [pʰ, tʰ, kʰ]: ομφαλός, γρονθία, ρύγχος [omfaˈlos, ɣronˈθia, ˈryŋxos] > απφαλέ, γροτθία, σχούκο [apʰaˈle, ɣroˈtʰia, ˈʃukʰo]
  • [ks] > [ts]: ξερός [kseˈros] > τσερέ [tseˈre]
  • [kt, xθ] > [tʰ]: δάκτυλο, δεχθώ [ˈðaktylo, ðexˈθɔː] > δάτθυλε, δετθού [ˈðatʰile, ðeˈtʰu]
  • [l] after withlides often goes to [r]: πλατύ, κλέφτης, γλώσσα, αχλάδες [plaˈty, ˈkleftis, ˈɣlɔːsa, aˈxlaðes] > πρακιού, κρέφτα, γρούσα, αχράε [praˈcu, ˈkrefta, ˈɣrusa, aˈxrae]
  • [rp, rt, rk, rð] > [mb, nd, ŋɡ, nd]: σκορπίος, άρτος, άρκα, πορδή [skorˈpios, ˈartos, ˈarka, porˈði] > κχομπίο, άντε, άγκα, πφούντα [kʰomˈbio, ˈande, ˈaŋɡa, ˈpʰunda]

In the widespread tideword ending -ζω, [z] > [nd] : φωνάζων [foˈnazɔːn] > φωνιάντου [foˈɲandu]

[z, v] are fayed between clipples: μυία, κυανός [myˈia, kyaˈnos] > μούζα, κουβάνε [ˈmuza, kuˈvane]

[ɣ, ð] often drop out between clipples: πόδας, τράγος [ˈpoðas, ˈtraɣos] > πούα, τσχάο [ˈpua, ˈtʃao]

Leethcraft[]

Orspringly song – Tsakonish[17] Romish Umwriting IPA downwrit[citation needed]
Πουλάτζι ἔμα ἐχα τθὸ κουιβί τσαὶ μερουτέ νι ἔμα ἐχα

ταχίγα νι ἔμα ζάχαρι ποϊκίχα νι ἔμα μόσκο, τσαί ἁπό τὸ μόσκο τὸ περσού τσαὶ ἁπὸ τὰ νυρωδία ἑσκανταλίστε τὁ κουιβί τσ' ἑφύντζε μοι τ' αηδόνι. Τσ' ἁφέγκι νι ἔκει τσυνηγού μὲ τὸ κουιβί τθὸ χέρε. Ἔα πουλί τθὸν τόπο ντι ἔα τθα καϊκοιτζίαι, να ἄτσου τὰ κουδούνια ντι νἁ βάλου ἄβα τσαινούρτζα.

Poulátzi éma ékha tʰo kouiví tse merouté ni éma ékha

takhíga ni éma zákhari poïkíkha ni éma mósko tse apó to mósko to persoú tse apó ta nirodía eskantalíste to kouiví ts' efíntze mi t' aïdóni. Ts' aféngi ni éki tsinigoú me to kouiví tʰo khére Éa poulí tʰon tópo nti, éa tʰa kaïkitzíe na átsou ta koudoúnia nti na válou áva tsenoúrtza.

puˈlatɕi ˈema ˈexa tʰo kwiˈvi tɕe meruˈte ɲ ˈema ˈexa

taˈçiɣa ɲ ˈema ˈzaxaʒi po.iˈcixa ɲ ˈema ˈmosko tɕ aˈpo to ˈmosko to perˈsu tɕ aˈpo ta ɲiroˈði.a eskandaˈʎiste to kwiˈvi tɕ eˈfidze mi t a.iˈðoɲi tɕ aˈfeɲɟi ɲ ˈeci tɕiɲiˈɣu me to kwiˈvi tʰo ˈçere ˈe.a pouˈʎi tʰon ˈdopo di ˈe.a tʰa ka.iciˈtɕi.e n ˈatsu ta kuˈðuɲa di na ˈvalu ˈava tɕeˈnurdza

Latterday Greekish Latterday Greekish outspeech (Romish guideline) IPA downwrit
Πουλάκι είχα στο κλουβί και μερομένο το είχα.

το τάιζα ζάχαρι και το πότιζα μόσχο και από τον πολύ τον μόσχο και την μυρωδιά του εσκανταλίστη και το κλουβί και μου έφυγε τ' αϊδόνι Κι' ο αφέντης το κυνηγάει με το κλουβί στο χέρι: Έλα πουλί στον τόπο σου, έλα στην κατοικία σου ν' αλλάξω τα κουδούνια σου να βάλω άλλα καινούργια

Pouláki íkha sto klouví ke meroméno to íkha

to táïza zákhari ke to pótiza móskho ke apó ton polí ton móskho ke tin mirodiá tou eskantalísti ke to klouví ke mou éfige t' aïdóni. Ki' o aféntis to kinigáï me to klouví sto khéri Éla poulí ston tópo sou, éla stin katikía sou n' allákso ta koudoúnia sou na válo álla kenoúrgia.

puˈlaci ˈixa sto kluˈvi ce meroˈmeno to ˈixa

to ˈta.iza ˈzaxari ce to ˈpotiza ˈmosxo c aˈpo tom boˈli tom ˈmosxo ce tim miroˈðja tu eskandaˈlisti ce to kluˈvi ce mu ˈefiʝe t a.iˈðoni c o aˈfendis to ciniˈɣa.i me to kluˈvi sto ˈçeri ˈela pouˈli ston ˈdopo su ˈela stiŋ ɡatiˈci.a su n alˈakso ta kuˈðuɲa su na ˈvalo ˈala ceˈnurʝa

Anglish oversetting

I had a bird in a bower and I kept it happy I gave it sweethurst and wineberries and from the great amount of drooves and their pith, it got naughty [perhaps means it got drunk] and fled. And its master now runs after it with the bower in his hands: Come my bird back where you belong, come to your house I will take off your old bells and buy you new ones.

Phonotactics[]

Tsakonish avoids withlide clusters, as seen, and drops rearmost [s] and [n]; as an outcome, staveset structure tends more to WC than in Mean Latterday Greekish. (The note of twiwrits in tradition spelling tends to overshadow this). For byspel, foreold [hadros] "hard" goes to Tsakonish [a.tʃe], where /t͡ʃ/ can be thought of as a single speechstead; it is written traditionally with a threewrit as ατσχέ (= atskhe).

Staffcraft[]

Tsakonish has undergone considerable shifts in wordbuilding: there is minimal fall forbowing.

The anward and unfulframed beckoning mood in Tsakonish are shaped with dealnimmends, like English but unlike the lave of Greekish: Tsakonish ενεί αού, έμα αού "I am saying, I was saying" ≈ Greekish ειμί λαλών, ήμην λαλών.

  • Ένει (Ení) = I am
  • Έσει (Esí) = you are
  • Έννι (Éni) = he/she/it is
  • Έμε (Éme) = we are
  • Έτθε (Éthe) = you are
  • Είνι (Íni) = they are
  • Έμα (Éma) = I was
  • Έσα (Ésa) = you were
  • Έκη (Éki) = he/she/it was
  • Έμαϊ (Émaï) = we were
  • Έτθαϊ (Éthaï) = you were
  • Ήγκιαϊ (Ígiaï) = they were
  • ένει φερήκχου (werely) ένει φερήκχα (wifely) ένει φερήκχουντα (neither) (feríkhou/feríkha/ferikhouda) = I bring
  • έσει φερήκχου (werely) έσει φερήκχα (wifely) έσει φερήκχουντα (neither) (feríkhou/feríkha/ferikhouda) = you bring
  • έννι φερήκχου (werely) έννι φερήκχα (wifely) έννι φερήκχουντα (neither) (feríkhou/feríkha/ferikhouda) = he/she/it brings
  • έμε φερήκχουντε (werely, wifely) έμε φερήκχουντα (neither) (feríkhude/feríkhuda) = we bring
  • έτθε φερήκχουντε (werely, wifely) έτθε φερήκχουντα (neither) (feríkhude/feríkhuda) = you bring
  • είνι φερήκχουντε (werely, wifely) έμε φερήκχουντα (neither) (feríkhude/feríkhuda) = they bring

Note: Dealnimmends shift according to the kun of the subject of the wordset


Tsakonish has kept the orspringly forbowing of the aorist beckoning mood.

  • ενέγκα (enéga) = I brought
  • ενέντζερε (enédzere) = You brought
  • ενέντζε (enédze) = He/She/It brought
  • ενέγκαμε (enégame) = We brought
  • ενέγκατε (enégate) = You brought
  • ενέγκαϊ (enég) = They brought

Writing layout[]

Traditionally, Tsakonish was written in the mean Greekish staffrow, along with twiwrits to stand for certain clings that either do not occur in Demotish Greekish, or that do not often occur in combination with the same clings as they do in Tsakonish. For byspel, the [ʃ] cling, which is not heard in mean Greekish, does arise in Tsakonish, and is spelled σχ (much like Theech sch). Another cling calls back to Checkish ř. Thanasis Costakis invented a rightspelling using dots, spiritus asper, and caron for note in his works, which has been noted in his staffcraft and several other works. This is more like the Checkish note of hooklings (such as š). Lastly, unroofened n and l before a fore clipple can be written double, to shed with a mouthroofened single bookstaff. (f.b. in Southern Tsakonish ένει [eɲi] "I am", έννι [eni] "he is" – the latter corresponding to Northern Tsakonish έμι [emi] and Mean Greekish είμαι [ime].)

Downwriting Tsakonish[18]
Twiwrits Costakis IPA
σχ σ̌ ʃ
τσχ σ̓
ρζ ρζ
τθ τ̒
κχ κ̒
πφ π̒
τζ (Κ) τζ ̌ – τζ & τρζ ̌ — τρζ

(Λ) τζ ̌ – τζ

(K) tɕ, trʒ

(L) tɕ d͡ʒ

νν ν̇ n (not ɲ)
λλ λ̣ l (not ʎ)
Take heed: (K) is for the northern bytung of Kastanitsa and Sitaina, (Λ) and (L) for the southern which is spoken about Leonidio and Tyros.

Byspels[]

Anglish Latterday Greekish Tsakonish (Greekish staffrow) Tsakonish (Leeden staffrow) Tsakonish (Costakis Rightspelling)
Where is his/her/its room? Πού είναι το δωμάτιό του/της; Κιά έννι το όντα σι; Kiá éni to óda si? κιά έν̇ι το όντα σι;
Where is the beach? Πού είναι η παραλία; Κιά έννι το περιγιάλλι; Kiá éni to perigiáli? κιά έν̇ι το περιγιάλ̣ι;
Where is the bar? Πού είναι το μπαρ; Κιά έννι το μπαρ; Kiá éni to bar? κιά έν̇ι το μπαρ;
Don't touch me there! Μη μ' αγγίζεις εκεί! Μη' μ' αντζίζερε όρπα! Mi m' andzízere órpa! Μη με ατζίζερε όρπα!


Advertisement