The Anglish Moot
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Umbrish is a dead Italish tung formerly spoken by the Umbers in the fern Italish land of Umberland. Within the Italish tungs it is nearly kindred to the Oskish cluster and is therefore linked with it in the cluster of Oskish-Umbrish tungs, a quid broadly overshadowed by 'Sabellish' in latterday bookmanship. Since that branding was first drafted a rime of other tungs in fern Italy were found to be more nearly kindred to Umbrish. Therefore, a new cluster, the Umbrish tungs, was thought up to hold them.

Body of writing[]

Umbrish is known from about 30 ingravings talemarked from the 7th through 1st yearhundreds BC. The largest hoard by far is the Iguvinish Writbreds, seven ingraved copperbrass breds found in 1444 near the thorp of Schiagia or, in an earthhouse at Gubbio (fern Iguvium), so says another folktale. The seven writbreds inhold logs on the wones and setnesses for elders of the fern belief in the land. Sometimes they are called the Ewgubish writbreds after the mid eld name of Iguvium/Eugubium.[3] The writbreds inhold 4000-5000 words.

Other small ingravings are from Tuder, Assisy and Spolete.

Staffrow[]

The Iguvinish writbreds were written in two staffrows. The older, the Umbrish staffrow, like other Old Italish writings, was brought forth from the Etruskish staffrow, and was written right-to-left, being pretty much even to the Newetruskish one, but noting a bookstaff shaped like a P from the Old Etruskish staffrow for the one of a kind Umbrish loud spoken of below. The newer was written in the Leeden staffrow. The writs are sometimes called Old Umbrish and New Umbrish. The unlikenesses are mainly found in rightspelling.[4] For bisen, <rs> in the Leeden staffrow is betokened by a lone token in the inlandish staffrow (mostly written down as ř; this stands for an unknown loud that unfolded steadily from midclependy *-d- in most falls). To shed them in a suttle way, the inlandish words are broadly written out in bold and the Leeden words in leaning staffkind.

Timeline of loudshifts[]

Umbrish shares some loudshifts with its sistertung Oskish.

Lippening of *kʷ to p[]

This shift is shared with Oskish, and so is a mean Sabellish shift, akin to the k/p split between Gaelish (Irish, asf) and Britwelsh (Norwelsh, asf). piře, pirse "what"; Oskish pídum against Leeden quid.

Starting tungfall[]

But unlike its sistertung Oskish, which had kept a lot of old marks, Umbrish shows a rime of inbringings, some of them shared by its neighbor to the west, Leeden. (Below, following the won, bold staffkind for Umbrish and Oskish stands for words written in the inlandish, Etruskish-stemmed staffrow, while leaning staffkind stands for words written in the Leeden-stemmed staffrow.)

Handling of form staffays[]

All staffays are made more onefold (a workway seen only dealwise in Leeden, and only mighty seldom in Oskish). So Or-Italish *ai and *ei become Umbrish low ē: kvestur : Oskish kvaísstur, Leeden quaestor 'wickner befastened with theedshat and outlay'; prever 'lone' : Oskish preivatud, Leeden prīvus; so Or-Italish *oi, *ou and *au become ō (written u in the inlandish staffrow) in initial syllables: unu 'one' : Old Leeden oinus; ute 'or' : Oskish auti, Leeden aut; tuta 'borough' : Oskish touto.

Mouthroofening of backroofs[]

Backroofs are mouthroofened and rubclankened before foreclepends and the foreglide /j/ to likely a mouthroofened hiss (maybe the backridge /ʃ/), written ç, ś or afoldly s (a shift much like this happened later in most Romanish tungs). For bisen: Umbrish śesna 'dinner' : Oskish kersnu, Leeden cēna; Umbrish façiu 'I do, I make' : Leeden faciō.

Roadening[]

Like Leeden, but unlike Oskish, midclependy -s- roadened to -r-. In late shapes of the tung, rearmost -s also becomes -r (a shift not seen in Leeden). For bisen, the streeningly manifold ending of -ā stems: Umbrish -arum, Leeden -arum against Oskish -asúm (liken this to Sanskrit -āsām).

Handling of *d[]

While starting *d- is kept (spelled t in the inlandish staffrow), earlier midclependy *-d- (and sometimes *-l-) show up in the inlandish staffrow as a token broadly written down as ř, but as the string rs in Umbrish writs noting the Leeden staffrow. The true outspeech is unknown: piře, pirse "what" against Oskish pídum, Leeden quid.

Foresmack queath[]

Taken from the Iguvinish Writbreds, bred Va, lines 6-10 (written in the inlandish staffrow on the writbred):

(6) ...Sakreu (7) perakneu upetu, revestu, puře teřte, (8) eru emantu herte, et pihaklu pune (9) tribřiçu fuiest, akrutu revestu (10) emantu herte...

In Leeden: (6-7) ...Hostia solemnis digito, revisito, cum datur, (8) (aliquae) earum accipiantur oportetne, et cum piaculorum (9) ternio fiet, ex agro revisito (10) accipiantur oportetne...

In Anglish: (6-7) Let him pick the tibers to be given over, and when they are given over, let him look carefully at them (8) to see if (any) of them are to be underfanged, and in the fall of (9) a threefold gift, let him look carefully at them in the upland (10) to see if they are to be underfanged.

Taken from the Iguvinish Writbreds, bred VIa, lines 25-31 (written in the Leeden staffrow on the writbred):

(25)...Dei grabouie orer ose persei ocre fisie pir orto est (26) toteme iouine arsmor dersecor subator sent pusei neip heritu. (27) dei crabouie persei tuer perscler uaseto est pesetom est peretom est (28) frosetom est daetom est tuer perscler uirseto auirseto uas est. di grabouie persei mersei esu bue (29) peracrei pihaclu pihafei. di.grabouie pihatu ocre fisei pihatu tota iouina. di.grabouie pihatu ocrer (30) fisier totar iouinar nome nerf arsmo ueiro pequo castruo fri pihatu futu fos pacer pase tua ocre fisi (31) tote iiouine erer nomne erar nomne. di.grabouie saluo seritu ocre fisi salua seritu tota iiouina.

In Leeden:

"(25)...Iovi Grabovie huius opere, si in montis Fisie ignis ortus est (26) civitate Iguvina, ritus debiti omissi sunt quasi nec consulto. (27) Iovi Grabovie si in tui sacrifici, vitiatum est, peccatum est, peremptum est, (28) fraudatum est, demptum est, tui sacrifici visum, invisum, vitium est. Iovi Grabovie si ius sit hoc bove (29) optimo piaculo piator. Iovi Grabovie piato montem Fisiem piato civitatem Iguvinam piato montis Fisie piato civitatem (30) Iguvina nomen magistratus, formationes, viros, pecua, castra, fructus, piato esto favens propitius pace tua monti Fisii (31) civitati Iguvinae eius nomini eas nomini. Iovi Grabovie salvum servato montem Fisii salvam servato civitatem Iguvinae.

In Anglish:

"(25)...Jupiter Grabovius, if on the Fisish Hill fire has arisen, or if in the (26) theed of Iguvium the owed dightings have been left out, let it be as if they had been made.(27)...Jupiter Grabovius, if in your housel (anything) has been done wrongly, mistaken, misfared, (28) misled, left out, (if) in your right there is a seen or unseen flaw, Jupiter Grabovius, if it be right for this (29) yearling ox as a cleansing gift to be cleansed, Jupiter Grabovius, cleanse the Fisish Hill, cleanse the Iguvinish rich. Jupiter Grabovius, cleanse the name of the (30) Fisish Hill (and) of the Iguvinish rich, cleanse the aldermen (and) draftings, men (and) neat, heads (of corn) (and) ovest, Be bright (and) kind-hearted in your frith to the Fisish Hill, (31) to the Iguvinish rich, to the name of that, to the name of this. Jupiter Grabovius, keep sound the Fisish Hill, keep sound the Iguvinish rich."[5]

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